scholarly journals Dynamics of Methane in Mangrove Forest: Will It Worsen with Decreasing Mangrove Forests?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Hironori Arai ◽  
Kazuyuki Inubushi ◽  
Chih-Yu Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Mangrove Sediment ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Twin System ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Major Factors

Mangrove forests sequester a significant amount of organic matter in their sediment and are recognized as an important carbon storage source (i.e., blue carbon, including in seagrass ecosystems and other coastal wetlands). The methane-producing archaea in anaerobic sediments releases methane, a greenhouse gas species. The contribution to total greenhouse gas emissions from mangrove ecosystems remains controversial. However, the intensity CH4 emissions from anaerobic mangrove sediment is known to be sensitive to environmental changes, and the sediment is exposed to oxygen by methanotrophic (CH4-oxidizing) bacteria as well as to anthropogenic impacts and climate change in mangrove forests. This review discusses the major factors decreasing the effect of mangroves on CH4 emissions from sediment, the significance of ecosystem protection regarding forest biomass and the hydrosphere/soil environment, and how to evaluate emission status geospatially. An innovative “digital-twin” system overcoming the difficulty of field observation is required for suggesting sustainable mitigation in mangrove ecosystems, such as a locally/regionally/globally heterogenous environment with various random factors.

Role of Local Governments in Managing Mangrove Damage: The Manokwari Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Hasbi As Siddiq ◽  
Enny Martha Sasea ◽  
Maskun Maskun
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ecological Pressure

Mangrove ecosystems are known as forests that are able to live adapt to extreme coastal environments such as changing salinity (2-22 ‰ to reach 38 ‰), but the existence of mangrove ecosystems is vulnerable to environmental changes, such as wind, erosion and abrasion. Changes in the environment are caused by ecological pressure that comes from nature and humans. Forms of ecological pressure originating from humans are generally associated with the use of mangroves such as land conversion for settlements, fishponds, and tourism. The development of mangrove forests in Kabupaten Manokwari requires the attention of the government and the community, because the lack of public awareness and coordination between agencies will greatly influence the preservation of mangrove forests, especially the damage to ecosystems in mangrove forest areas.

scholarly journals Mapping National Mangrove Cover for Belize Using Google Earth Engine and Sentinel-2 Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4258
Author(s):  
Jordan R. Cissell ◽  
Steven W. J. Canty ◽  
Michael K. Steinberg ◽  
Loraé T. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Google Earth ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Random Forest Classification ◽  
High Resolution Mapping ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Forest Classification ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Google Earth Engine ◽  
Terrestrial Biodiversity ◽  
Sentinel 2

In this paper, we present the highest-resolution-available (10 m) national map of the mangrove ecosystems of Belize. These important ecosystems are increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change, support both marine and terrestrial biodiversity, and provide critical ecosystem services to coastal communities in Belize and throughout the Mesoamerican Reef ecoregion. Previous national- and international-level inventories document Belizean mangrove forests at spatial resolutions of 30 m or coarser, but many mangrove patches and loss events may be too small to be accurately mapped at these resolutions. Our 10 m map addresses this need for a finer-scale national mangrove inventory. We mapped mangrove ecosystems in Belize as of 2020 by performing a random forest classification of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument imagery in Google Earth Engine. We mapped a total mangrove area of 578.54 km2 in 2020, with 372.04 km2 located on the mainland and 206.50 km2 distributed throughout the country’s islands and cayes. Our findings are substantially different from previous, coarser-resolution national mangrove inventories of Belize, which emphasizes the importance of high-resolution mapping efforts for ongoing conservation efforts.

scholarly journals Large-scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral

GCB Bioenergy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst-Detlef Schulze ◽  
Christian Körner ◽  
Beverly E. Law ◽  
Helmut Haberl ◽  
Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Biomass

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater: a review

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
K. G. Richards ◽  
M. G. Healy ◽  
L. Gill ◽  
C. Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
N Removal ◽  
C And N

Abstract. The removal efficiency of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in constructed wetlands (CWs) is very inconsistent and frequently does not reveal whether the removal processes are due to physical attenuation or whether the different species have been transformed to other reactive forms. Previous research on nutrient removal in CWs did not consider the dynamics of pollution swapping (the increase of one pollutant as a result of a measure introduced to reduce a different pollutant) driven by transformational processes within and around the system. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by reviewing the biogeochemical dynamics and fate of C and N in CWs and their potential impact on the environment, and by presenting novel ways in which these knowledge gaps may be eliminated. Nutrient removal in CWs varies with the type of CW, vegetation, climate, season, geographical region, and management practices. Horizontal flow CWs tend to have good nitrate (NO3−) removal, as they provide good conditions for denitrification, but cannot remove ammonium (NH4+) due to limited ability to nitrify NH4+. Vertical flow CWs have good NH4+ removal, but their denitrification ability is low. Surface flow CWs decrease nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions but increase methane (CH4) emissions; subsurface flow CWs increase N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but decrease CH4 emissions. Mixed species of vegetation perform better than monocultures in increasing C and N removal and decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but empirical evidence is still scarce. Lower hydraulic loadings with higher hydraulic retention times enhance nutrient removal, but more empirical evidence is required to determine an optimum design. A conceptual model highlighting the current state of knowledge is presented and experimental work that should be undertaken to address knowledge gaps across CWs, vegetation and wastewater types, hydraulic loading rates and regimes, and retention times, is suggested. We recommend that further research on process-based C and N removal and on the balancing of end products into reactive and benign forms is critical to the assessment of the environmental performance of CWs.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO MITIGATE THE DETERIORATION OF SEGARA ANAKAN LAGOON AS REVEALED BY ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Harnita Rosalina
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Coastal Fisheries ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Watershed Conservation ◽  
Segara Anakan Lagoon ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Selection Of

Segara Anakan is a lagoon located in estuary area of Citanduy and Cibeureum rivers. The main problem that exists in the region Segara Anakan is a shrinking area of Segara Anakan lead lagoon function becomes ineffective due to the increased volume of sediment in estuaries Citanduy. Refinement Segara Anakan will impact annual floods that occurred in the area downstream Citanduy. Have far-reaching is the decline in fish production, which makes the source of livelihood for the community residents of Kampung Laut, furthermore, the environmental changes that occurred in the area Segara Anakan have resulted in shrinking coastal fisheries resources and the expansion of land arising from silting. Assessment of the problem conducted by the method of approach of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to obtain the best alternatives among three alternatives being offered to sustain the function of Segara Anakan Lagoon. These three alternatives include the 1) Dredging the Lagoon and Upstream Watershed Conservation; 2) Dredging the Lagoon and Reclamation Work around Segara Anakan, and 3) Dredging the Lagoon and Citanduy Diversion. Some criteria and sub-criteria are adapted to support the selection of the alternatives and related questionnaires were developed, and the questionnaire filling was carried out through the implementation of Focus Group of Discussion or FGD. The criteria include several aspects of the criteria and sub-criteria are technical (floods, silting), socioeconomic (the tourist area, the local economy), as well as the environment (fisheries/shipping, agriculture and mangrove forests). Results of the analysis applying the AHP method showed the consistent value on the Alternative 3), i.e. the Dredging of the Lagoon and the Upstream Watershed Conservation (38%).

scholarly journals Distribusi Scylla spp. di perairan estuari Sungai Donan Segara Anakan Bagian Timur, Cilacap

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulistiono Sulistiono ◽  
Nurul Musyariafah Yahya ◽  
Etty Riani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Mangrove Crabs

Mangrove forests are ecosystems that make up coastal areas and river estuaries. The examples of mangrove ecosystems found in Indonesia are in Segara Anakan, Central Java. One of the aquatic biota with the economic value found in the mangrove forest ecosystem is the mud crab (Scylla spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of mangrove crabs (Scylla spp.) to the presence of mangrove species in the mouth of the Donan River, Segara Anakan. A sampling of crabs and observations of mangrove vegetation were carried out at five stations spread from the river to the sea. The results showed that there were three types of mangrove crabs caught in the vicinity of the study, namely Scylla tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. serrata. The types of mangroves found include Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Avicennia rumphiana, A. alba, A. officinalis, and Nypa. Regression analysis showed that mangrove density correlated with the abundance of Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla olivacea, but contradicts the abundance of Scylla serrate. PCA analysis showed that the Crab species Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla olivacea were associated with mangroves of Avicennia alba, Avicennia rumphiana, and Rhizophora apiculata. Meanwhile, Scylla serrata crabs are associated with Avicennia officinalis.

scholarly journals Synthesizing greenhouse gas fluxes across nine European peatlands and shrublands – responses to climatic and environmental changes

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3693-3738 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Carter ◽  
K. S. Larsen ◽  
B. Emmett ◽  
M. Estiarte ◽  
C. Field ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Prolonged Drought ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

Abstract. In this study, we compare annual fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and soil respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2) measured at nine European peatlands (n = 4) and shrublands (n = 5). The sites range from northern Sweden to Spain, covering a span in mean annual air temperature from 0 to 16 °C, and in annual precipitation from 300 to 1300 mm yr−1. The effects of climate change, including temperature increase and prolonged drought, were tested at five shrubland sites. At one peatland site, the long-term (>30 yr) effect of drainage was assessed, while increased nitrogen deposition was investigated at three peatland sites. The shrublands were generally sinks for atmospheric CH4 whereas the peatlands were CH4 sources, with fluxes ranging from −519 to +6890 mg CH4-C m−2 yr−1 across the studied ecosystems. At the peatland sites, annual CH4 emission increased with mean annual air temperature, while a negative relationship was found between net CH4 uptake and the soil carbon stock at the shrubland sites. Annual N2O fluxes were generally small ranging from –14 to 42 mg N2O-N m−2 yr−1. Highest N2O emission occurred at the sites that had highest concentration of nitrate (NO3−) in soil water. Furthermore, experimentally increased NO3− deposition led to increased N2O efflux, whereas prolonged drought and long-term drainage reduced the N2O efflux. Soil CO2 emissions in control plots ranged from 310 to 732 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1. Drought and long-term drainage generally reduced the soil CO2 efflux, except at a~hydric shrubland where drought tended to increase soil respiration. When comparing the fractional importance of each greenhouse gas to the total numerical global warming response, the change in CO2 efflux dominated the response in all treatments (ranging 71–96%), except for NO3− addition where 89% was due to change in CH4 emissions. Thus, in European peatlands and shrublands the feedback to global warming induced by the investigated anthropogenic disturbances will be dominated by variations in soil CO2 fluxes.

scholarly journals ASOSIASI GASTROPODA DENGAN TUMBUHAN MANGROVE PADA EKOSISTEM PANTAI DI NEGERI TIOUW DAN NEGERI HARIA KECAMATAN SAPARAUA KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Linus Takandare ◽  
Pamela Mercy Papilaya
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Mangrove Plants ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Ceriops Tagal

Background: Mangrove forests are one of the unique natural ecosystems with high ecological value. Mangrove ecosystems are one of the areas with high productivity because there are litter and decomposition of litter and detritus occurs. This study was conducted to determine the association between gastropods and mangrove plants. Method: Research on gastropod association with mangrove plants in the coastal waters of Tiouw Village and Haria Village was conducted in January 2018. Results: This study found from gastropods 6 species namely variabilis strombus, microurceus strombus, Nassarius luridus, Strombus urceus, Cypraea annulus, Strombus, Strombus, Nerita squamulata. From the mangrove plants, 10 species were found: Avicennia eucalyptifolia, Avicennia lanata, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera hainessi, Aegiceras floridum R, Aegiceras curniculatum L, Bruguiera palviflora, Bruguiera exaristafa, Ceriops tagal. Conclusion: Association values ​​ranged from 0.741-0.9773 with positive and negative types. This means that both types of seagrass are often found together or not found together in the observation location

Development of a Coupled 3D Groundwater-Vegetation Model for Coastal Wetlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxin Luo ◽  
Ting Fong May Chui
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Vegetation Model ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Hydrological Conditions

<p>Mangrove forests are mainly found in the intertidal zone. Their ability to live in saline water enables them to outcompete non-mangrove vegetation in harsh and specific coastal environment. Nevertheless, they can still be invaded by alien mangrove species in suitable hydrological conditions, possibly resulting in more fragile ecosystems. Subtropical mangrove ecosystem demonstrates high variability in mangrove growth and hydrological conditions. However, their interactions are not well-understood, especially for the mangrove interspecific competition in varying groundwater conditions. To address this issue, the present study developed a coupled three-dimensional groundwater-vegetation model based on MANTRA (MANHAM-SUTRA) to simultaneously simulate groundwater hydrodynamics and mangrove distribution. The developed model was then applied to a subtropical mangrove swamp invaded by Sonneratia spp. in Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong, China. Vegetation domain is updated yearly using the annual mangrove areas extracted from remote-sensing images from 2000 to 2018. Then, multidecadal simulations were performed to validate the model in simulating the interaction between groundwater and mangrove growth. For the piezometric head, all RMS errors are smaller than 0.2 m and the correlation coefficients are larger than 0.86, which proves the effectiveness of the model in groundwater level simulation within Mai Po. The seasonal variations in the groundwater salinity were also well captured in both the fringe forest and the mudflat. The simulated biomass of Sonneratia spp. is mainly distributed at the river outlets, which is also in good agreement with the historical measurements. The validated model can then be used to predict the invasion and the distribution of the exotic mangrove species in the context of future environmental changes for better management of mangrove swamps. Since Sonneratia is a common alien species in southern China, the model can also be used for regional management of mangrove invasion and conservation of native species. The insights obtained from this study may also provide references for other similar studies examining the interaction between coastal groundwater and vegetation.</p>

Emerging Technology Amendment Study in Smart Agro Farming to Diagnose the Agro Product Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-283
Author(s):  
Nilamadhab Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Temperature Measure ◽  
Product Promotion

Environmental habitation and ecosystem management are some vital issues for agro-farming. Smart monitoring of the agricultural activities is the major issue in recent years due to a range of factors including diseases growing, environmental changes, product promotion and distributions, and the apparent onset of global warming. With the advancement of new computing technologies in agricultural sectors, the smart agro farming has evolved in order to diagnose the agro product diseases, measure the moisture in the soil, measure the soil and environment temperature, measure fertilizers and pesticides, web-based product promotion and distribution, and others. The major problem is to address is the lack of the most appropriate agriculture inputs to continue the smart production activities. These inputs include farm equipment, seeds, planting materials, and livestock. Soil identification and classification are also the major factors in order to select the production of a particular crop for a specific soil type.

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