Particleboards from Recycled Pallets

Worldwide production of wooden pallets continually increases, and therefore in future higher number of damaged pallets need to be recycled. One way to conveniently recycle pallets is their use for the production of particleboards (PBs). The 3-layer PBs, bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, were prepared in laboratory conditions using particles from fresh spruce logs (FSL) and recycled spruce pallets (RSP) in mutual weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. Particles from RSP did not affect the moisture properties of PBs, i.e., the thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA). The mechanical properties of PBs based on particles from RSP significantly worsened: the modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending from 14.6 MPa up to 10 MPa, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending from 2616 MPa up to 2012 MPa, and the internal bond (IB) from 0.79 MPa up to 0.61 MPa. Particles from RSP had only a slight negative effect on the decay resistance of PBs to the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans, while their presence in surfaces of PBs did not affect the growth activity of moulds at all.

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Particleboards from Recycled Thermally Modified Wood

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12111462 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1462

Author(s):

Ján Iždinský ◽

Zuzana Vidholdová ◽

Ladislav Reinprecht

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Serpula Lacrymans ◽

Thermally Modified Wood ◽

Modified Wood

In recent years, the production and consumption of thermally modified wood (TMW) has been increasing. Offcuts and other waste generated during TMWs processing into products, as well as already disposed products based on TMWs can be an input recycled raw material for production of particleboards (PBs). In a laboratory, 16 mm thick 3-layer PBs bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin were produced at 5.8 MPa, 240 °C and 8 s pressing factor. In PBs, the particles from fresh spruce wood and mixed particles from offcuts of pine, beech, and ash TMWs were combined in weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. Thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of PBs decreased with increased portion of TMW particles, i.e., TS after 24 h maximally about 72.3% and WA after 24 h maximally about 64%. However, mechanical properties of PBs worsened proportionally with a higher content of recycled TMW—apparently, the modulus of rupture (MOR) up to 55.5% and internal bond (IB) up to 46.2%, while negative effect of TMW particles on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was milder. Decay resistance of PBs to the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fries) S.F.Gray increased if they contained TMW particles, maximally about 45%, while the mould resistance of PBs containing TMW particles improved only in the first days of test. In summary, the recycled TMW particles can improve the decay and water resistance of PBs exposed to higher humidity environment. However, worsening of their mechanical properties could appear, as well.

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Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13010098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

Zhou Huaxu ◽

Lee Seng Hua ◽

Paridah Md Tahir ◽

Zaidon Ashaari ◽

Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Citric Acid Content ◽

Acidic Nature ◽

Biological Durability

This study investigated the effects of different citric acid content on the physico-mechanical and biological durability of rubberwood particleboard. Particleboards with density of 700 kg/m3 were produced with three different citric acid contents, namely 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Particleboards made from 10 wt% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were served as control for comparison purposes. FTIR analysis was carried out and the formation of ester linkages between -OH on cellulose and carbonyl groups of citric acid was confirmed. The peak intensity increased along with increasing citric content, which indicated that a higher amount of ester linkages were formed at higher citric acid content. Citric acid-bonded particleboard had inferior physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) compared to that of the UF-bonded particleboard. However, the performance of particleboard was enhanced with increasing citric acid content. Meanwhile, citric acid-bonded particleboard displayed significantly better fungal and termite resistance than UF-bonded particleboard owing to the acidic nature of citric acid. It can be concluded that citric acid is a suitable green binder for particleboard but some improvement is needed during the particleboard production process.

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Particleboards from Recycled Wood

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111166 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1166 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ján Iždinský ◽

Zuzana Vidholdová ◽

Ladislav Reinprecht

Keyword(s):

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Wood Products ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Spruce Wood ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Decay Test ◽

Wood Particles ◽

Points Of View

The effective recovery of wood waste generated in wood processing and also at the end of wood product life is important from environmental and economic points of view. In a laboratory, 16 mm-thick three-layer urea–formaldehyde (UF)-bonded particleboards (PBs) were produced at 5.8 MPa and 240 °C and with an 8 s/mm pressing factor, using wood particles prepared from (1) fresh spruce wood (C), (2) a mixture of several recycled wood products (R1), and (3) recycled faulty PBs bonded with UF resin (R2). Particles from spruce wood were combined with particles from R1 or R2 recyclates in weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. In comparison to the control spruce PB, the PBs containing the R1 recyclate from old wood products were characterized by lower thickness swelling after 2 and 24 h (TS-2h and TS-24h), lower by 18 and 31%; water absorption after 2 and 24 h (WA-2h and WA-24h), lower by 33 and 28%; modulus of rupture in bending (MOR), lower by 28%; modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), lower by 18%; internal bond (IB), lower by 33%; and resistance to decay determined by the mass loss under the action of the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana (Δm), lower by 32%. The PBs containing the R2 recyclate from faulty PBs were also characterized by a lower TS-2h and TS-24h, lower by 45% and 59%; WA-2h and WA-24h, lower by 61% and 51%; MOR, lower by 37%; MOE, lower by 17%; and IB, lower by 33%; however, their biological resistance to C. puteana was more effective, with a decreased Δm in the decay test, lower by 44%.

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Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13020220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Petar Antov ◽

Viktor Savov ◽

Ľuboš Krišťák ◽

Roman Réh ◽

George I. Mantanis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

High Density ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Natural Wood ◽

European Standards

The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

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Properties of Wood Particleboards Containing Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Particles

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10469

Author(s):

Manuel Ferrandez-Villena ◽

Antonio Ferrandez-Garcia ◽

Teresa Garcia-Ortuño ◽

Clara Eugenia Ferrandez-Garcia ◽

Maria Teresa Ferrandez Garcia

Keyword(s):

Construction Material ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Giant Reed ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Industrial Manufacturing ◽

Environmental Treatment ◽

Arundo Donax L

Agriculture is responsible for generating large amounts of waste that are not adequately managed in terms of their environmental treatment and economic administration. This work uses giant reed, which was traditionally used as a construction material in eastern areas of Spain. Nowadays, it is no longer used, which has led to its rapid, autonomous, uncontrolled proliferation on river banks, making it a serious environmental hazard because this plant causes significant blockages of bridges and other infrastructure when uprooted by the strong currents that occur as rivers flood. The aim of this work is to develop wood and giant reed particleboards, which help to counter the high dependence on wood in industrial manufacturing by using an easily renewable resource. It will thereby be possible to achieve two general objectives: controlling the growth of a weed and obtaining a product (particleboards) from a waste material. Particleboards containing 9% urea formaldehyde composed of different proportions of sawmill wood and giant reed (0, 50, 70 and 100%) have been manufactured by applying two different pressures (2.1 and 2.6 MPa) and a temperature of 120 °C for 4 min in a hot plate press. Density, thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) after immersion in water, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding strength (IB) and screw holding strength (SH) have been tested according to european norms (EN) for wood boards. With the addition of 70% reed particles, the density, MOR and TS decrease and the MOE, IB and SH increase; therefore, adding giant reed particles to wood boards can improve their properties, bringing about considerable industrial and environmental benefits.

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Effect of a waterproof agent on gypsum particleboard properties

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2006.051 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 318-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yuhe Deng ◽

Ling Xuan ◽

Qian Feng

Keyword(s):

Crystal Size ◽

Property Values ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Test Results ◽

Control Board ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

X Ray ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Gypsum Particleboard

Abstract This paper describes the influence of the addition of an organosilicon waterproof agent on the properties of gypsum particleboard (GPB). Test results showed that the additive at an appropriate concentration reduces the thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA), and increases the mechanical properties. TS was lowered to ∼1.6% and internal bond strength (IB) was increased to ∼0.4 MPa when 3% organosilicon agent was added. Accordingly, the TS was reduced by 53% and the IB increased by 45% relative to control board without additives. The modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were also increased in the presence of the organosilicon waterproof agent. The effect was pronounced for MOR. On the other hand, too high a content of organosilicon additive had a negative effect and the corresponding property values were poorer. X-Ray diffraction revealed that the content of gypsum dihydrate increased in the presence of the additive, but other chemical changes were not observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the crystal size in gypsum was reduced is the presence of the additive.

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Thermomechanical (TMP) and Chemo-Thermomechanical Pulps (CTMP) for Medium Density Fibreboards (MDF)

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.035 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 214-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Edmone Roffael ◽

Brigitte Dix ◽

Thomas Schneider

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Medium Density ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Pilot Plant Scale ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

Internal Bonding Strength

Summary Thermomechanical (TMP) and chemo-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP) were prepared from spruce under different pulping conditions. The fibres were dried at 70 °C and medium density fibreboards (MDF) were made therefrom in pilot plant scale using urea-formaldehyde resins as a binder. The results of testing the physical-mechanical properties reveal that the pulping temperature has a significant influence on the thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards. MDF prepared from fibres produced at high pulping temperature (180 °C) generally show lower thickness swelling and water absorption than MDF made from fibres produced at low pulping temperature (140°C and 160 °C). However, high pulping temperature may have a negative effect on the internal bond strength of the boards. In general, CTMP leads to MDF with higher internal bonding strength compared to those derived from TMP. In addition, the influence of different drying conditions (150 °C and 170 °C) of TMP and CTMP on the physical-mechanical properties of MDF was assessed. MDF made from CTMP showed lower thickness swelling when dried under high temperature.

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Development of Particleboard from Green Coconut Waste

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2120/1/012034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2120 (1) ◽

pp. 012034

Author(s):

J X Lim ◽

T K Ong ◽

C K Ng ◽

I W Chua ◽

Y B Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Water Resistance ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Three Samples ◽

Coconut Fibre

Abstract In this study, green coconut waste was successfully transformed into coconut fibre-based particleboards. In addition to urea-formaldehyde (UF), two types of green binder: BST00 (low ammoniated latex and epoxidized natural rubber latex-based) and BST20 (epoxidized natural rubber latex-based) were used in particleboard fabrication. The particleboards were fabricated using coconut pith and fibre with 15% binder loading through two pre-compression steps followed by a final hot compression at 140 °C for 15 mins at ∼2.1 MPa. Board properties such as density, thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and internal bond (IB) strength were determined in accordance with JIS A 5908 standard, except for modulus of rupture (MOR) (ASTM D1037). BST00-bonded particleboards exhibit the poorest properties among the three samples, making BST00 the least effective binder. BST20-bonded particleboards show the best overall properties with the highest density of ∼1 g/cm3, IB value of 0.416 MPa, MOR of 11.61 MPa, best water resistance with TS of 14% and WA of 24%. The UF-bonded particleboards have the highest MOR of 12.05 MPa. Overall, the UF- and BST20-bonded coir particleboards met the minimum JIS A 5908 requirement except density (0.4-0.9 g/cm3) and TS (<12%). The green binder BST20 has shown great potential to replace UF.

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The Making of Particleboard from Palm Oil Fiber and Dust Wood with Epoxy as a Resin

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.d5420.118419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 11016-11019

Keyword(s):

Epoxy Resin ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Binding Properties ◽

Japanese Industrial Standard ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Forest Logging ◽

Materials Used

Particleboard has been widely used in producing products such as cabinets, furniture and various home use products. In this study, epoxy resin has been used as a binder for replacing urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin which is widely used in the production of existing particleboards. Epoxy resin has strong binding properties in composing composite materials. Epoxy resin also does not release any gas as carcinogenic formaldehyde released by UF resin. The basic materials used in the production of this particleboard are palm oil fiber obtained from the Charuk Putting Palm Plant, Temerloh and dust wood obtained from the timber factory around Kuantan. The main purpose of the research scientifically known is to reduce the forest logging activities in addition to utilizing waste materials. There are 2 different size of particle material used in this study which are < 2.36mm (particle A) and 2.36mm < x < 4.75mm (particle B). The particleboard that has been produced was tested ith Universal Tensile Machine (UTM) for looking to the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and thickness swelling (TS). From the result, it shown that the value of Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) for particle A was 16,364 MPa while particle B was 35,578 MPa. The value of thickness swelling (TS) for particle A was 0% when it immersed for 2 hours compared o particle B which was 1.7% in the same duration. As a result of experiments, all tests have passed the minimum level of particleboard based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), 2003. Therefore, particleboard of a mixture of palm oil fiber and dust wood with epoxy as a resin can be used as a new alternative in the production particleboard for furniture industry in the future.

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Properties of Particleboard from Sawmill Wastes and Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) with Different Board Thickness and Resin Content

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.d5227.118419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 6808-6812

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Resin Content ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Internal Bonding ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Board Thickness ◽

European Standards

This study investigate the effect of the board thickness and resin content on the properties of particleboard. Single-layered sawmill wastes and rubberwood particleboards bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) resins were manufactured. The boards were fabricated with three different board thicknesses (15, 18 and 25mm) at three different resin contents (7, 8 and 9%). The boards produced were evaluated for their modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) in accordance with the European Standards. Board thickness does affect the mechanical properties of particleboard. The study revealed that thinner boards gave higher MOE, MOR, IB and TS. No significant effects were found among three resin contents for MOE, MOR, IB and TS. It can be concluded that the particleboard made from mix tropical wood from sawmill waste and with rubberwood were suitable for particleboard manufacturing.

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