Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Astragalus membranaceus Fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) has been used for anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we confirmed that the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of AM were enhanced after it was fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The anti-oxidative effect was measured by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical levels, total phenolic contents (TPC), reducing power, and H2O2 levels. AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed higher free radical scavenging activity than AM-NF (51.22%). In addition, AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed higher TPC (49.11 mg GAE/mL), reducing power (OD700 = 0.37), and H2O2 (1.71 µM) than AM-NF. The calycosin contents determined to AM-NF (17.24 ng/mL), AM-LP MG5145 (139.94 ng/mL), and MG5276 (351.01 ng/mL) using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed by investigating the inhibitory effects of fermented AM on cytotoxicity, NO production, and mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed no cytotoxicity. AM-LP MG5145 (50.86%) and MG5276 (51.66%) inhibited NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 downregulated macrophage iNOS, COX2, TNF-ɑ, and NF-κB expression. In conclusion, A. membranaceus fermented by L. plantarum MG5145 and MG5276 can be used in cosmetics and health foods as natural antioxidant compounds.

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Sweetpotato Leaves Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages via Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2051

Author(s):

Hyun-Dong Cho ◽

Cindi Brownmiller ◽

Harun Sorker ◽

Shahidul Islam ◽

Sun-Ok Lee

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Phenolic Contents ◽

Dicaffeoylquinic Acid ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Limited information is available regarding the health-promoting activities of sweetpotato leaves (SPL). The present study investigated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and phenolic contents in 29 SPL cultivars harvested in 2018 and 2019. Extracts showed total phenolic contents 9.4–23.1 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and DPPH radical scavenging activity indicated 36.6–247.3 mM of Trolox equivalent/g. SPL extracts were identified to contain bioactive components such as, chlorogenic acid (11.7–22.1 μg/mg), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (16.3–59.9 μg/mg), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (50.9–72.7 μg/mg), chlorophyll B (6.1–12.3 μg/mg), lutein (1.9–4.9 μg/mg), chlorophyll A (2.7–4.3 μg/mg) and β-carotene (0.1 ≤ μg/mg). RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells were pretreated with 100–200 μg/mL of SPL extracts and 20 μM of dexamethasone, and inflammation was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) treatment for 24 h. In LPS-treated cells, prostaglandin E2 production and COX-2 expression were not downregulated by pretreatment of SPL extracts. However, SPL pretreated cells showed significant suppression of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β levels under the LPS-induced inflammatory condition. In addition, SPL extracts induced an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation, IKK-α and IκB-α phosphorylation, and iNOS expression. These results indicate that SPL extract can be utilized as a functional food ingredient.

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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of the Seeds of A Sri Lankan Variety of Carica Papaya

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal ◽

10.13005/bpj/1673 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 539-547

Author(s):

Akshani Anjula Wijesooriya ◽

Srianthie A. Deraniyagala ◽

Chamari M. Hettiarachchi

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Sri Lankan ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Plant based remedies are of much importance in healthcare due to low side effects. The effective constituents contained in seeds of a papaya have not been utilized efficiently in the production of medicines. The purpose of this study was driven towards determining the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity and antibacterial properties of the aqueous seeds extract of a Sri Lankan variety (Red Lady) of papaya (AESP). The AESP prepared according to the method of “Kasaya” in Ayurvedic medicine was used for the investigations according to standard procedures. Total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the AESP were 13.5±2.2 mg (pyrogallol equivalence)/g and 315.9±104.6 mg (quercetin equivalence)/g respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of AESP ranged from 12.4% to 81.2% for concentrations of 1.0-20.0 mg/ml; ascorbic acid gave 31.7% - 91.9% activity. The AESP displayed strong reducing power compared to ascorbic acid in the reducing power assay. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the AESP ranged from 6.6% to 69.1% for concentrations ranging from 20.0-95.0 mg/ml; ascorbic acid activity was 37.7%-74.9%. The nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of AESP was 23.9%-62.7% for concentrations of 2.0-20.0 µg/ml; ascorbic acid gave 26.8%-63.5% activity. AESP concentrations ranging from 75.0-150.0 µg/ml exhibited human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization protection of 15.5%-22.7% compared to 50.8%-58.4% for aspirin. The AESP showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial species. AESP possess promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. The aqueous decoction of the discarded seeds of papaya would facilitate remedies for many diseases in which radicals are implicated as well as assist against certain bacterial infections and also has an anti-inflammatory potential.

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Effects of Sibseonsan as an Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Wrinkle, and Skin Whitening Treatment

Journal of Acupuncture Research ◽

10.13045/jar.2020.00024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Na Young Jo

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Cell Line ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Sibseonsan (SSS) is an effective anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkling, and whitening agent.Methods: To determine whether SSS had an anti-inflammatory effect, a murine macrophage cell line was used (RAW 264.7) and production of DPPH, NO, TNF-α, and PGE2 were measured. To ascertain potential anti-wrinkle effects of SSS in these cells, collagenase and elastase production were measured. To verify whether SSS had a whitening effect, tyrosinase activity and DOPA staining were performed using a melanoma cell line (B16/F10).Results: There was no significant reduction in survival of SSS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, up to 400 μg/mL. Free radical scavenging (23.96 ± 1.85%) was observed in RAW 264.7 cells treated with SSS at a concentration of 400 μg/mL. The SSS treatment group (400 μg/mL) significantly inhibited NO production compared with the LPS stimulated treatment group. The SSS treatment of macrophage cells appeared to reduce production of TNF-α in a concentration dependent manner. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of PGE2 by about 25% in the SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group (p = 0.05). Compared with the control, the production of collagenase and elastase in B16/F10 cells treated with SSS (400 μg/mL) was greater by 26.37% and 45.71%, respectively. The SSS treatment (400 μg/mL) group showed a significant reduction by about 17% in tyrosinase production in B16/F10 cells. The SSS treatment group showed little change in DOPA staining. Conclusion: SSS extract may be useful for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases and may have anti-wrinkle and whitening effects. These results may support the use of SSS in clinical practice.

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Amauroderma rugosum(Blume & T. Nees) Torrend: Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/304713 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pui-Mun Chan ◽

Gowri Kanagasabapathy ◽

Yee-Shin Tan ◽

Vikineswary Sabaratnam ◽

Umah Rani Kuppusamy

Keyword(s):

Submerged Culture ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Indigenous Communities ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Raw264.7 Cells ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

No Production ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Amauroderma rugosumis a wild mushroom that is worn as a necklace by the indigenous communities in Malaysia to prevent fits and incessant crying by babies. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritive composition and antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory effects ofA. rugosumextracts on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Nutritional analysis of freeze-dried mycelia ofA. rugosum(KUM 61131) from submerged culture indicated a predominant presence of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fibre, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. The ethanol crude extract (EE), its hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF), and aqueous (AF) fractions of mycelia ofA. rugosumgrown in submerged culture were evaluated for antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory effects. EAF exhibited the highest total phenolic content and the strongest antioxidant activity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. HF showed dose-dependent inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and NO radical scavenging activity. Gas chromatographic analysis of HF revealed the presence of ethyl linoleate and ergosterol, compounds with known anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, the nutritive compositions and significant antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory effects of mycelia extracts ofA. rugosumhave the potential to serve as a therapeutic agent or adjuvant in the management of inflammatory disorders.

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Inhibition of LPS-Induced Oxidative Damages and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phyllanthus emblica Extract via Down-Regulating NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS in RAW 264.7 Cells

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8080270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 270 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hui Min-David Wang ◽

Ling Fu ◽

Chia Chi Cheng ◽

Rong Gao ◽

Meng Yi Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Phyllanthus Emblica ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Dose Dependent

Phyllanthus emblica is an edible nutraceutical and functional food in the Asia area with medicinal and nutritive importance. The fruit extract of P. emblica is currently considered to be one of the effective functional foods for flesh maintenance and disease treatments because of its antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties. We examined the antioxidant abilities of the fruit extract powder by carrying out 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, iron reducing power, and metal chelating activity analysis and showed excellent antioxidative results. In 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the result showed that the samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells even at a high concentration of 2 mg/mL. To investigate its immunomodulatory function, our estimation was to treat it with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells to present anti-inflammatory capacities. The extract decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels in a dose-dependent manner measured by flow cytometry. We also examined various inflammatory mRNAs and proteins, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting assay, all three targets were decreased by the extract, also in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, P. emblica fruit extract powder not only lessened antioxidative stress damages, but also inhibited inflammatory reactions.

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Bio-Prospecting of a Few Brown Seaweeds for Their Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/neq024 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Rashmi C. Vinayak ◽

A. S. Sabu ◽

Anil Chatterji

Keyword(s):

Metal Ion ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Brown Seaweeds ◽

Methanolic Extracts

Methanolic extracts (MEs) of seven brown seaweeds occurring in the Indian coastal waters were screened for their cytotoxic and antioxidant properties following various assays. The methanolic extracts of seaweeds in the order ofDictyopteris australis > Spatoglossum variabile > Stoechospermum marginatum > Spatoglossum aspermumshowed significant cytotoxic activity. A very high DPPH radical scavenging activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts prepared fromSt. marginatum, Padina tetrastromatica, Dictyopteris delicatulaandS. aspermum. The total phenolic content of the MEs varied from 13.19 ± 0.32 to 25.29 ± 0.445 gallic acid equivalents (mg g−1of methanolic extract). The reducing power assay indicated a dose dependency, at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 and 2.0 mg mL−1of MEs and decreased in the following order:Butylated hydroxy toluene > P. tetrastromatica > D. delicatula > S. aspermum > S. variabile > S. marginatum > D. australis > S. marginatum. Furthermore,D. australis,S. aspermum, S. variabileandS. marginatumdemonstrated good metal ion chelating properties. All the above evidences suggest that, the antioxidant compounds found in brown seaweeds scavenge free radicals through effective intervention. This decisively promotes them as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

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Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Reducing Power of Careya arborea Roxb.

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.886.86 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 886 ◽

pp. 86-91

Author(s):

Wanvisa Ninlaor ◽

Thaksaorn Thongom ◽

Chawapon Phoomphong ◽

Warachate Khobjai

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Chloroform Extract ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

Active Substances

Antioxidant plays an important role in inhibiting and scavenging radicals, thus providing protection for human against infection and degenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the solvent on the extraction of the antioxidant compounds from Careya arborea (CA) Roxb. The leaves of CA were extracted by using water, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and their antioxidant activity was measured using 2, 2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The antioxidant activities of the extracts for DPPH and FRAP were in the order: water > methanol > ethanol > chloroform extract. According to the results, water is the most suitable solvent for extraction of active substances with antioxidant activities.

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Inhibitory Effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne. Extract on Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses in LPS-Treated Macrophages

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25061336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 1336

Author(s):

Jae Sung Lim ◽

Sung Ho Lee ◽

Sang Rok Lee ◽

Hyung-Ju Lim ◽

Yoon-Seok Roh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Related Factor ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Aucklandia lappa Decne., known as “Mok-hyang” in Korea, has been used for the alleviation of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and stress gastric ulcers in traditional oriental medicine. We investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of the ethanol extract of Aucklandia lappa Decne. (ALDE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ALDE significantly inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. The production of other proinflammatory mediators, including COX-2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, was reduced by ALDE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of ALDE was elucidated to be the suppression of LPS-induced nuclear translocation of p65, followed by the degradation of IκB and the inhibition of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). In addition, ALDE showed enhanced radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant effect of ALDE was caused by the enhanced expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1) via stabilization of the expression of the nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Collectively, these results indicated that ALDE not only exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways but also has an antioxidative effect through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruits on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26040920 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 920

Author(s):

Jae Sik Yu ◽

Sung Ho Lim ◽

Seoung Rak Lee ◽

Chang-Ik Choi ◽

Ki Hyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Radical Scavenging ◽

Morus Alba ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽

Etoh Extract ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

White Mulberry

In this study, the protective effects of white mulberry (Morus alba) fruits on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were investigated. The ethanol (EtOH) extract of white mulberry fruits and its derived fractions contained adequate total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with good in vitro antioxidant radical scavenging activity. The extract and fractions also markedly inhibited ROS generation and antioxidant activity. After treatment with the EtOH extract and its fractions, LPS stimulation-induced elevated nitric oxide (NO) production was restored, which was primarily mediated by downregulation of inducible NO synthase expression. A total of 20 chemical constituents including flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics were identified in the fractions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). These findings provide experimental evidence of the protective effects of white mulberry fruit extract against oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, suggesting their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential as natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Flavonoids from the Flowers of Chuju, a Medical Cultivar of Chrysanthemum Morifolim Ramat

Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society ◽

10.29356/jmcs.v61i4.458 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jun Hu ◽

Wei Ma ◽

Ning Li ◽

Kai-Jin Wang

Keyword(s):

Traditional Medicine ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

No Production ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Food Material ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Further Development ◽

Radical Scavenging Assay

Chuju, the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolim cv. Chuju, is a traditional medicine-food material used in China. Bioassay-guided chemical investigation on Chuju led the isolation of 16 flavonoids (1-16) characterized as quercetin (1), isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (2), eriodictyol (3), pyracanthoside (4), apigenin (5), apigetrin (6), acacetin (7), acacipetalin (8), luteolin (9), diosmetin (10), spinacetin (11), axillarin (12), bonanzin (13), cirsiliol (14), chrysosplenol D (15) and artemetin (16). Among them, compounds (11-16) were first reported from the Chrysanthemum species. Chuju flavonoids displayed strong antioxidant in DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, and high anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. These findings suggests that Chuju is an ideal source of natural flavonoids with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and is worthy of further development as health-promoting food or supplement.

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