scholarly journals Agro-Industrial Wastes: A Substrate for Multi-Enzymes Production by Cryphonectria parasitica

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Salvatore Savino ◽  
Daniela Bulgari ◽  
Eugenio Monti ◽  
Emanuela Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Esterase Production ◽  
Ssf Process

This study aims to produce a mix of enzymes through Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of raw materials. Four different, easily available, agro-industrial wastes were evaluated as SSF substrates for enzymes production by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. environmental strains named CpA, CpB2, CpC4, and CpC7. Among the tested wastes, organic wheat bran for human use and wheat bran for animal feed better supports C. parasitica growth and protease production without any supplements. SDS-PAGE analyses highlighted the presence of three bands corresponding to an extracellular laccase (77 kDa), to the endothiapepsin (37 kDa), and to a carboxylesterase (60.6 kDa). Protease, laccase, and esterase activities by C. parasitica in SSF were evaluated for 15 days, showing the maximum protease activity at day 9 (3955.6 AU/gsf,). Conversely, the best laccase and esterase production was achieved after 15 days. The C. parasitica hypovirulent CpC4 strain showed the highest laccase and esterase activity (93.8 AU/gsf and 2.5 U/gsf, respectively). These results suggest the feasibility of a large-scale production of industrially relevant enzymes by C. parasitica strains in SSF process on low value materials.

The sugar and alcohol industry in the biofuels and cogeneration era: a paradigm change (part II)

2014 ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Electo Eduardo Silv Lora ◽  
Mateus Henrique Rocha ◽  
José Carlos Escobar Palacio ◽  
Osvaldo José Venturini ◽  
Maria Luiza Grillo Renó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Steam Parameters

The aim of this paper is to discuss the major technological changes related to the implementation of large-scale cogeneration and biofuel production in the sugar and alcohol industry. The reduction of the process steam consumption, implementation of new alternatives in driving mills, the widespread practice of high steam parameters use in cogeneration facilities, the insertion of new technologies for biofuels production (hydrolysis and gasification), the energy conversion of sugarcane trash and vinasse, animal feed production, process integration and implementation of the biorefinery concept are considered. Another new paradigm consists in the wide spreading of sustainability studies of products and processes using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the implementation of sustainability indexes. Every approach to this issue has as an objective to increase the economic efficiency and the possibilities of the sugarcane as a main source of two basic raw materials: fibres and sugar. The paper briefly presents the concepts, indicators, state-of-the-art and perspectives of each of the referred issues.

Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis for Corncob Particles Briquettes: A Literature Review of the Utilization of Agricultural Waste and Analysis Calculation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Nissa Nur Azizah ◽  
Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly Girsang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Scale Production

Corncob is usually disposed of directly as waste, creating problems in the environment, while it can be converted into valuable materials. This research aimed to evaluate the literature review on briquette production from agricultural waste (using non-binder and cold press with a binder) and the current works on techno-economic analysis, to propose an optimal design for the production of briquette from corncob waste, and to perform a techno-economic analysis based on the selected optimal processing method. The engineering perspective based on stoichiometry and mass balance showed the potential corncob briquette manufacture in both home and large scales due to the possible use of inexpensive and commercially available equipment and raw materials. The economic perspective [based on several economic evaluation factors (i.e., gross profit margin, payback period, break-even point, cumulative net present value, return of investment, internal rate return, and profitability index) under ideal and non-ideal conditions by considering internal (i.e., sales, raw materials, utilities, and variable cost) and external aspects (i.e., tax)] confirmed the prospective development of the project in the large-scale production with a lifetime of more than 18 years. The main issue in the project is the raw material (i.e. tapioca flour), giving the most impact on the project’s feasibility. Even in severe conditions, the project is feasible. The great endurance was also confirmed in the case of a higher tax rate. This study demonstrates the importance of producing corncob-based briquettes for improving the economic value and giving alternatives for problem solvers in the utilization of agricultural waste.

An Improved And Suitable Method For Large Scale Produdcion Of Α-Monochlorocyclodecanone

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhua Ou ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Ruonan Liu ◽  
Hong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Ideal Approach

: α-Monochlorocyclododecanone was synthesized from cyclododecane and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) catalyzed with silica gel in MeOH. The product was obtained by crystallization with nearly 85% yield. The presented method used cheap raw materials, mild reaction conditions, simple separation method and environment-friendly process. Additionally, the current synthesis provided an ideal approach for large-scale production.

Strength and Impotence. The Developing Countries and the Development in New Territories

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Willy Østreng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

This article examines the possible political and economic effects of large-scale mineral extraction from the seabed. The findings presented indicate that development in new territories may conceivably serve to exacerbate existing conflict dimensions, notably the North/South dimension in global politics. Because of the developed countries' monopoly on know-how and economic capability, exploration and exploitation of the inorganic resources of the ocean floor has de facto been the exclusive domain of these countries. On the basis of this the author shows that if large-scale production of seabed resources should become a reality in the near future, the underdeveloped countries will be forced to watch it from the sidelines. As a consequence, the exploitation of offshore raw materials will probably contribute to the further widening of the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. Further commenting on the fact that the latter today are the main producers of the most promising seabed resources, the author expresses the view that exploitation will have a detrimental effect on the economics of the Third World countries, since it might lead to overproduction and price reductions.

The Origin of Puuc Slate Ware: New Data from Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Smyth ◽  
Christopher D. Dore ◽  
Hector Neff ◽  
Michael D. Glascock
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Classic Period ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Major Producer

AbstractThis paper reports results of the first neutron-activation analysis (NAA) of ancient pottery wares and clays from the Puuc region of Yucatan. Based on ceramics from Sayil, this investigation seeks to expand exploration into the nature of commercialization during the Terminal Classic period (A.D. 800–1000). This research sought to: (a) establish the chemical composition of major Puuc wares, (b) begin to define potential raw materials and production loci at Sayil, and (c) explore the question of whether Sayil was a major producer and exporter of ceramic wares. Compositional analysis reveals that three of the four major Puuc wares (Puuc Slate, Puuc Unslipped, and Puuc Red) exhibit some degree of chemical distinctiveness, suggesting discrete production units. Compositional analysis of clays from Sayil and Loltun Cave indicates that Puuc Slate and Puuc Red Ware are compatible with clays locally available at Sayil, supporting local production of these wares, whereas Puuc Unslipped Ware initially appears to be closer compositionally to clays from Loltun. In addition, Puuc Slate is an important ware found throughout northern Yucatan that shows evidence of large-scale production at Sayil. This analysis represents the first steps of a comprehensive investigation into the Maya economy of Terminal Classic Yucatan.

scholarly journals Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 752-756
Author(s):  
Jakob J. Mueller ◽  
Hans H. Wenk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

scholarly journals High-level expression of an acidic thermostable xylanase in Pichia pastoris and its application in weaned piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yajing Liu ◽  
Yongzhi Yang ◽  
Chengling Bao ◽  
Yunhe Cao
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Thermostable Xylanase ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Degrading Bacteria

Abstract An acidic thermostable xylanase (AT-xynA) which was stable at low pH and high temperature was considered to have great potential in animal feed. For large-scale production, AT-xynA activity was enhanced about 1-fold in Pichia pastoris by constructing a double-copy expression strain in this study. Furthermore, impacts of different AT-xynA levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, short-chain fatty acids, and bacterial community in weaned piglets were determined. Compared with the control group, ADFI and ADG were higher for the pigs fed 4,000 or 6,000 U/kg AT-xynA (P < 0.05). AT-xynA supplementation also significantly increased the digestibility of OM, GE, and DM (P < 0.05). AT-xynA supplementation increased the concentrations of acetate in ileal (P < 0.01) and cecal digesta (P < 0.05). Isobutyrate (P < 0.05) and valerate (P < 0.05) concentrations in colonic digesta also significantly increased compared with the control group. AT-xynA supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). AT-xynA alleviated anti-nutritional effects of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) by preventing the growth of Pateurella and Leptotrichia in the ileum (P < 0.05). AT-xynA increased the abundance of NSP-degrading bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Prevotella in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). In summary, AT-xynA addition could improve the growth performance of weaned piglets by altering gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Plastics by Ultrasonic Welding

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Andreas Gomer ◽  
Wei Zou ◽  
Niels Grigat ◽  
Johannes Sackmann ◽  
Werner Schomburg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Ultrasonic Welding ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Ultrasonic fabrication of fiber reinforced plastics made from thermoplastic polymer films and carbon or glass fibers enables cycle times of a few seconds and requires investment costs of only some 10,000 €. Besides this, the raw materials can be stored at room temperature. A fiber content of 33 vol % and a tensile strength of approximately 1.2 GPa have been achieved by ultrasonic welding of nine layers of foils from polyamide, each 100 µm in thickness, and eight layers of carbon fibers, each 100 µm in thickness, in between. Besides unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) samples, multi-directional CFRP plates, 116 mm, 64 mm and 1.2 mm in length, width and thickness respectively, were fabricated by processing three layers of carbon fiber canvas, each 300 µm in thickness, and eight layers of polyamide foils, each 100 µm in thickness. Furthermore, both the discontinuous and the continuous ultrasonic fabrication processes are described and the results are presented in this paper. Large-scale production still needs to be demonstrated.

scholarly journals High performance ceramic stones on the basis of by-products of waste heaps - screenings and coal slurry

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 03017
Author(s):  
Khungianos Yavruyan ◽  
Vladimir Kotlyar ◽  
Evgeniy Gaishun ◽  
Anastasia Okhotnaya ◽  
Elizaveta Lotoshnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Coal Slurry ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
General Description ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Molding Process

General description of coal dumps products processing is described: medium factional materials - screenings that do not contain carbon; kiln fractional - coal sand, coal containing up to 30%; petty factional - coal slurries, coal containing up to 50% are given. Ceramic kilns and technological properties of processing coal dumps products are given. Compositions of raw mixtures for obtaining products with a compressive strength of 10-15 MPa and density less than 800 kg / m3, and considering the fact that the molding process is carried out semi-rigid extrusion and the necessity of minimum costs for firing is defined. Depending on the technological properties of screenings, depending on the degree of grinding and firing temperature is taken into account. Flow production of modern equipment is pointed out. Technical and economic indicators showing high profitability and the prospect of large-scale production of clay tiles on the basis of coal dumps processing products due to minimal manufacturing cost are mentioned. The carried out results of the work allowed to choose the raw materials and to develop the technological scheme of production of high-performance ceramic stones with a minimum cost. Implementation of the results in practice will create a highly profitable production and make the Rostov region a major manufacturer of ceramic wall.

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Using Agro-Industrial Wastes as Co-Substrates

2017 ◽  
pp. 155-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Mohammed El Mahdi ◽  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Microbial Biodegradation ◽  
Current Area ◽  
The Cost

The diversity of agro industrial wastes makes them an attractive group of organic wastes for potential use in a wide variety of industrial and biotechnological applications. The new stimulating development in this current area of research approaches in combination with the technologies of large-scale production and biotechnology engineering, agro industrial wastes will be economically successful materials of the future. Increased public awareness of issues related to hydrocarbon pollution strongly influences the development of technologies that speed up cleaning hazardous contaminants. The cost of biodegradation technology and the low bioavailability including mass transfer limitations of hydrocarbons, especially those recalcitrant components, from various mediums into the aqueous phase for effective enzyme-based microbial biodegradation still constitute major challenges. Sustainable replacement of traditional microbiological media with agroindustrial wastes as substrates for biosurfactant production holds great potential; thereby decrease numerous management problems of handling industrial waste. These organic nitrogen-rich nutrients (biostimulation) are an effective means to enhance the bioremediation process and widely available as wastes in the environment; hence, they can serve as “natural waste-to-environmental clean-up.” However, current chapter have focused on the combined use of biosurfactants and enzymes produced from renewable resources such as agro-industrial waste, through assisted biostimulation and bioaugmentation, for hydrocarbon biodegradation.

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