scholarly journals Proteins Derived from the Dairy Losses and By-Products as Raw Materials for Non-Food Applications

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Catarina Costa ◽  
Nuno G. Azoia ◽  
Lorena Coelho ◽  
Ricardo Freixo ◽  
Patrícia Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
By Products

The disposal of a high volume of waste-containing proteins is becoming increasingly challenging in a society that is aware of what is happening in the environment. The dairy industry generates several by-products that contain vast amounts of compounds, including proteins that are of industrial importance and for which new uses are being sought. This article provides a comprehensive review of the potential of the valorisation of proteins that can be recovered by chemical and/or physical processes from protein-containing milk by-products or milk surplus, particularly whey proteins or caseins. Whey proteins and casein characteristics, and applications in non-food industries, with special emphasis on the textile industry, packaging and biomedical, are reported in this review, in order to provide knowledge and raise awareness of the sustainability of these proteins to potentiate new opportunities in a circular economy context.

scholarly journals Sludge Thermal Utilization, and the Circular Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurand D. Bień ◽  
Beata Bień
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
By Products ◽  
Consumption Waste

Abstract In 2015, the European Commission has adopted an ambitious Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), which includes measures that would help stimulate Europe’s transition towards a circular economy. In general four key action areas have been defined: production, consumption, waste management and secondary raw materials. Actions will lead to the resource-efficient and environmentally friendly outcomes. Biological materials should be returned to the natural metabolic cycles after necessary pre-treatment while waste that can not be prevented or recycled is to be used for the energy recovery. Sewage sludge is a large-tonnage waste produced at wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs). Its utilization causes some problems. High water content in sludge, hazardous substances as heavy metals, organic toxins and pathogens limit some potential methods of sludge utilization. Thermal treatment methods offer a solution, some hazardous substances can be destroyed or removed, energy can be recovered and some nutrients can be obtained from ash or other by-products.

scholarly journals Consumer Perception of the Circular Economy Concept Applied to the Food Domain: An Exploratory Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11340
Author(s):  
Pedro Manuel Sousa ◽  
Maria João Moreira ◽  
Ana Pinto de de Moura ◽  
Rui Costa Lima ◽  
Luís Miguel Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Perceptual Maps ◽  
By Products

Every year, agri-food industries in industrialised countries produce approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of food loss and waste. The adoption of a circular economy policy has received special attention by the agri-food industries, allowing for the creation and development of new food products made of by-products that would otherwise be wasted or used for secondary applications. The present work, of an exploratory nature, aims to assess how consumers conceptualise the circular economy in order to identify consumer recognition of the use of by-products from the food industry to upcycle food products and to evaluate attitudes towards the circular economy. To this end, a mixed-methodology was applied to 340 participants. The first part was qualitative and used free word association to evaluate consumers’ conceptualisation of the circular economy and use of by-products as foods. Data were analysed by grouping the responses into exclusive and exhaustive categories and a correspondence analysis was also performed to originate perceptual maps. Additionally, a questionnaire was designed to evaluate major concepts and attitudes correlated with the circular economy. Data were reduced by principal component analysis (PCA) and participants grouped through clustering. Results showed that consumers understand circular economy as related mainly into Sustainability, Economy, and Circularity dimensions. Participants had great difficulty identifying the by-products used as foods or as food ingredients. From the quantitative data, four groups were identified based on the associations to the six principal components originated by the PCA. However, the results highlighted a very low association with all clusters of the Food Valorisation dimension within the concept of the circular economy, and also a lack of a clear understanding of consumers’ attitudes towards food products from the circular economy. Greater promotion and dissemination by the competent entities aimed at the general public may contribute towards greater integration, participation and acceptance of the circular economy concept for the upscaling of food by-products.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Agglomerates from Secondary Raw Materials Reinforced with Paper Fibres by Stamp Pressing Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 3946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Echterhof ◽  
Thomas Willms ◽  
Stefan Preiss ◽  
Matti Aula ◽  
Ahmed Abdelrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Paper Recycling ◽  
Cold Compression ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Arc Furnaces ◽  
First Results ◽  
Metallurgical Processes ◽  
By Products

The use of secondary raw materials in metallurgical processes such as steelmaking is an important contribution to the circular economy aspired to by EU members and many other countries. The agglomeration of dusts, fines and sludges is an important pretreatment step to enable the use of these materials in subsequent melting processes, such as steelmaking in electric arc furnaces (EAFs). It also reduces the amount of by-products and waste materials that are currently waste for disposal and are landfilled. The presented research is part of the Fines2EAF project, which aims to increase the value of steelmaking residues by internal recycling and use or reuse in the form of agglomerates. The approach followed in this project is the use of a hydraulic stamp press and alternative binder systems to produce cement-free agglomerates. The first results of lab-scale agglomeration tests of six different recipes with varying pressing forces are presented in this paper. It is shown that the addition of fibres from paper recycling has a strong effect on the cold compression stability of the agglomerates, by far exceeding other effects such as increased pressing force. Overall, the agglomerates produced in the lab show promising characteristics, for example, cold compression stability and abrasion resistance, which should allow for use in EAF steelmaking.

scholarly journals Cereal supply chain waste in the context of circular economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 03031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nastasia Belc ◽  
Gabriel Mustatea ◽  
Livia Apostol ◽  
Sorin Iorga ◽  
Valentin-Nicolae Vlăduţ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Single Cell Protein ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Biodegradable Material ◽  
By Products

Taking into consideration the circular economy context, from cereal production and processing result by-products and residues which can be transformed into the new raw materials. Straw, husks, brans, flours, bread waste, confectionary waste, so on, can be re-used using different processes such as: extraction, fermentation, microorganism cultivation, for obtaining added value products. These new products obtained can be: biofuels, enzymes, biodegradable material food contact, single cell protein, bio-adsorbent, nanoparticles, bio alcohol, bioactive compounds like fibres, phytochemicals, minerals, so on. This paper is a short review regarding sharing knowledge and good practices in implementing circular economy within food systems, specifically, cereal supply chain.

scholarly journals The Potential of Selected Agri-Food Loss and Waste to Contribute to a Circular Economy: Applications in the Food, Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Lady Laura Del Rio Osorio ◽  
Edwin Flórez-López ◽  
Carlos David Grande-Tovar
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Food Loss ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources ◽  
By Products

The food sector includes several large industries such as canned food, pasta, flour, frozen products, and beverages. Those industries transform agricultural raw materials into added-value products. The fruit and vegetable industry is the largest and fastest-growing segment of the world agricultural production market, which commercialize various products such as juices, jams, and dehydrated products, followed by the cereal industry products such as chocolate, beer, and vegetable oils are produced. Similarly, the root and tuber industry produces flours and starches essential for the daily diet due to their high carbohydrate content. However, the processing of these foods generates a large amount of waste several times improperly disposed of in landfills. Due to the increase in the world’s population, the indiscriminate use of natural resources generates waste and food supply limitations due to the scarcity of resources, increasing hunger worldwide. The circular economy offers various tools for raising awareness for the recovery of waste, one of the best alternatives to mitigate the excessive consumption of raw materials and reduce waste. The loss and waste of food as a raw material offers bioactive compounds, enzymes, and nutrients that add value to the food cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This paper systematically reviewed literature with different food loss and waste by-products as animal feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products that strongly contribute to the paradigm shift to a circular economy. Additionally, this review compiles studies related to the integral recovery of by-products from the processing of fruits, vegetables, tubers, cereals, and legumes from the food industry, with the potential in SARS-CoV-2 disease and bacterial diseases treatment.

Metakaolin Addition to Improve Geopolymerization Process and Properties of Waste Clay-Based Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Caterina Sgarlata ◽  
Alessandra Formia ◽  
Francesco Ferrari ◽  
Federica Piccolo ◽  
Cristina Leonelli
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Setting Times ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Conductivity Measures ◽  
Consolidation Degree ◽  
By Products

The exploitation of different kind of clayey waste (halloysitic, smectitic/illitic, kaolinitic) for the production of geopolymers in the view of a circular economy of mines is the main goal of this study. In particular, the addition of low percentages of metakaolin (5-15%) was evaluated to improve the chemical-physical properties and the consolidation degree of geopolymeric formulations produced with clays classified as mine’s by-products. In fact, these secondary raw materials are often not sufficient alone to obtain chemically stable formulations with acceptable mechanical properties but require the addition of reactive fillers. All samples contained thermally treated clays (600°C-700°C) and metakaolin as aluminosilicate precursors, alkaline solution of NaOH and Na2SiO3, and were cured at room temperature. The influence on the final products with MK addition was monitored with the evaluation of the chemical stability in water (pH and ionic conductivity measures), the comparison of setting times (Vicat needle) and mechanical performance.

scholarly journals Olive Mill Wastewater as Renewable Raw Materials to Generate High Added-Value Ingredients for Agro-Food Industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7511
Author(s):  
Paola Foti ◽  
Flora V. Romeo ◽  
Nunziatina Russo ◽  
Alessandra Pino ◽  
Amanda Vaccalluzzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewater ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Functional Additives ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
By Products ◽  
Olive Mill

Olive oil production represents an agro-industrial activity of vital economic importance for many Mediterranean countries. However, it is associated with the generation of a huge amount of by-products, both in solid and liquid forms, mainly constituted by olive mill wastewater, olive pomace, wood, leaves, and stones. Although for many years olive by-products have only been considered as a relevant environmental issue, in the last decades, numerous studies have deeply described their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-hyperglycemic activities. Therefore, the increasing interest in natural bioactive compounds represents a new challenge for olive mills. Studies have focused on optimizing methods to extract phenols from olive oil by-products for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications and attempts have been made to describe microorganisms and metabolic activity involved in the treatment of such complex and variable by-products. However, few studies have investigated olive oil by-products in order to produce added-value ingredients and/or preservatives for food industries. This review provides an overview of the prospective of liquid olive oil by-products as a source of high nutritional value compounds to produce new functional additives or ingredients and to explore potential and future research opportunities.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVE MINERAL POLICY AS A KEY FACTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Guenter TIESS ◽  
Iryna SOKOLOVA ◽  
Serhii KLOCHKOV
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Policy ◽  
By Products

The paper analyzes the changes in commodity market distortions, competing land use types, raw material demand for development, and rapid diffusion of key enabling technologies meeting the requirements of constant, dynamic development of major European industries. The author gives the relationship between the dynamics for mineral resources consumption growth, and changes in the conditions of production of these resources. Contains a critical review of methods for predicting the mineral resources dependency, including an estimated forecasting method based on guidelines for the evaluation of needs for natural resources and their substitutes.    One of the principles is comprehensive and integrated resource recovery. In a nutshell, this new approach argues that any operation should disturb a mine site only once and extract all useful materials using an optimised integrated flowsheet. This principle also requires that all by-products and residues are (re)used and that by-products and tailings at the end of life to be ‘future-proofed’, i.e. they should retain their ability to continue to be of value into the distant future where technology/economy may make feasible their use.    It is noted that access to and affordability of mineral raw materials are crucial for the sound functioning of the EU’s economy. A new 2020 list of critical mineral raw materials is presented and ways to compensate for the CRM deficit are described in detail.    Separately noted that the mineral policy is needed to be meticulously treated to facilitate company investment security, streamline permitting and access to minerals in a line with the European Green Deal, the Circular Economy Action Plan, the Bioeconomy Strategy and the European Industrial Strategy. Concerning, the latest steps towards Europe economically resilient by a framework for raw materials and the Circular Economy – creation of European Raw Materials Alliance recognized as particularly effective.    Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management represented as a robust, fit-for-purpose international standard for the safer management of tailings storage facilities.    The argument is given that since the land issue is one of the most delicate in a densely populated areas heavily dependent on agriculture, housing, infrastructure or other nonmineral development, a fair and equitable distribution of land is important for a mineral perspective.    There is also the need for strategic and open network between political, industrial and local communities through the exchange of information to enhance knowledge, experience and skills between stakeholders. Social acceptance of that idea is a fundamental element that must be addressed to develop a confl ict-free area for mineral development activities.    The conclusions indicate that we would like to emphasize that the main task of today is to create an effective system for monitoring the movement of raw materials along the entire added-value chain. The ability to quickly identify and respond to challenges in mineral policy will provide leadership in EU strategic technologies and industries. This process has already started with the creation of the European Raw Materials Alliance ERMA. State institutions, businesses, scientific institutions, and civil society in the close dialogue are able to ensure sustainable development and security of civilization as a whole. 

scholarly journals Bioenergy and Bioresources Usage in the Context of Circular Economy Promotion

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Leonid Melnyk ◽  
Oleksandr Kubatko ◽  
Svitlana Fedyna ◽  
Ivan Torba
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The circular economy, which minimises the level of environmental pollution, creates a promising background for sustainable development. The application of bioeconomics principles provides the use of by-products of agriculture, forestry, food waste, and wastewater as raw materials for electricity and heat. The objective is to analyse the prerequisites for bioenergy development as one of the circular economy areas. FGLS estimations are performed over the period of 2007–2018. The leading position in terms of bioenergy sphere growth is occupied by the European Union, followed by the countries of Asia and North America. The division of biomass into “traditional” and “modern” is discussed, where traditional biomass is mostly used for cooking and space heating in developing countries, while the EU is focusing on the development of second-generation (2G) biofuels when the biofuel is produced from non-food raw materials. It is estimated that the annual production of energy from renewable sources is about 225 thousand tons of o. e. in Ukraine. It is found that the legal field and the strategic directions of the bioeconomy in the European Union and Ukraine coincide, but the pace of development of bioenergy in Ukraine can be described as very slow. To increase the bioenergy potential, it is recommended to apply green tariffs, renewable energy certificates, and subsidies to energy producers.

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