Morphology Development and Flow Characteristics during High Moisture Extrusion of a Plant-Based Meat Analogue

Plant-based meat analogues that mimic the characteristic structure and texture of meat are becoming increasingly popular. They can be produced by means of high moisture extrusion (HME), in which protein-rich raw materials are subjected to thermomechanical stresses in the extruder at high water content (>40%) and then forced through a cooling die. The cooling die, or generally the die section, is known to have a large influence on the products’ anisotropic structures, which are determined by the morphology of the underlying multi-phase system. However, the morphology development in the process and its relationship with the flow characteristics are not yet well understood and, therefore, investigated in this work. The results show that the underlying multi-phase system is already present in the screw section of the extruder. The morphology development mainly takes place in the tapered transition zone and the non-cooled zone, while the cooled zone only has a minor influence. The cross-sectional contraction and the cooling generate elongational flows and tensile stresses in the die section, whereas the highest tensile stresses are generated in the transition zone and are assumed to be the main factor for structure formation. Cooling also has an influence on the velocity gradients and, therefore, the shear stresses; the highest shear stresses are generated towards the die exit. The results further show that morphology development in the die section is mainly governed by deformation and orientation, while the breakup of phases appears to play a minor role. The size of the dispersed phase, i.e., size of individual particles, is presumably determined in the screw section and then stays the same over the die length. Overall, this study reveals that morphology development and flow characteristics need to be understood and controlled for a successful product design in HME, which, in turn, could be achieved by a targeted design of the extruders die section.

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Blending Proteins in High Moisture Extrusion to Design Meat Analogues: Rheological Properties, Morphology Development and Product Properties

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1509

Author(s):

Patrick Wittek ◽

Heike P. Karbstein ◽

M. Azad Emin

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Multiphase System ◽

Process Conditions ◽

High Moisture ◽

Anisotropy Index ◽

Morphology Development ◽

Protein Rich ◽

High Moisture Extrusion

High moisture extrusion (HME) of meat analogues is often performed with raw materials containing multiple components, e.g., blends of different protein-rich raw materials. For instance, blends of soy protein isolate (SPI) and another component, such as wheat gluten, are used particularly frequently. The positive effect of blending on product texture is well known but not yet well understood. Therefore, this work targets investigating the influence of blending in HME at a mechanistic level. For this, SPI and a model protein, whey protein concentrate (WPC), were blended at three different ratios (100:0, 85:15, 70:30) and extruded at typical HME conditions (55% water content, 115/125/133 °C material temperature). Process conditions, rheological properties, morphology development, product structure and product texture were analysed. With increasing WPC percentage, the anisotropic structures became more pronounced and the anisotropy index (AI) higher. The achieved AI from the extrudates with a ratio of 70:30 (SPI:WPC) were considerably higher than comparable extrudates reported in other studies. In all extrudates, a multiphase system was visible whose morphology had changed due to the WPC addition. The WPC led to the formation of a much smaller dispersed phase compared to the overlying multiphase structure, the size of which depends on the thermomechanical stresses. These findings demonstrate that targeted mixing of protein-rich raw materials could be a promising method to tailor the texture of extruded meat analogues.

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Morphology of highly porous conducting polyaniline nanofibres synthesized in a multi-phase system

Fibers and Polymers ◽

10.1007/s12221-012-0703-x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 703-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Fryczkowski ◽

M. Gorczowska ◽

B. Fryczkowska ◽

J. Janicki

Keyword(s):

Phase System ◽

Conducting Polyaniline ◽

Multi Phase ◽

Highly Porous

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Effect of sequential reclosure of multi-phase system faults on turbine-generator shaft torsional torques

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ◽

10.1109/59.116979 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 1380-1388 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

A.M. El-Serafi ◽

S.O. Faried

Keyword(s):

Phase System ◽

Turbine Generator ◽

Multi Phase

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ANALISIS KEKUATAN TARIK DAN IMPAK MATERIAL KOMPOSIT POLIMER DALAM APLIKASI FIBERBOAT

ALE Proceeding ◽

10.30598/ale.4.2021.121-126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 121-126

Author(s):

Rezza Ruzuqi ◽

Victor Danny Waas

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Metal Corrosion ◽

Phase System ◽

Low Density ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Multi Phase ◽

The Impact

Composite material is a material that has a multi-phase system composed of reinforcing materials and matrix materials. Causes the composite materials to have advantages in various ways such as low density, high mechanical properties, performance comparable to metal, corrosion resistance, and easy to fabricate. In the marine and fisheries industry, composite materials made from fiber reinforcement, especially fiberglass, have proven to be very special and popular in boat construction because they have the advantage of being chemically inert (both applied in general and marine environments), light, strong, easy to print, and price competitiveness. Thus in this study, tensile and impact methods were used to determine the mechanical properties of fiberglass polymer composite materials. Each test is carried out on variations in the amount of fiberglass laminate CSM 300, CSM 450 and WR 600 and variations in weight percentage 99.5% -0.5%, 99% -1%, 98.5% -1, 5%, 98% -2% and 97.5%-2.5% have been used. The results showed that the greater the number of laminates, the greater the impact strength, which was 413,712 MPa, and the more the percentage of hardener, the greater the impact strength, which was 416,487 MPa. The results showed that the more laminate the tensile strength increased, which was 87.054 MPa, and the more the percentage of hardener, the lower the tensile strength, which was 73.921 MPa.

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Characterising the Microstructure of an Additively Built Al-Cu-Li Alloy

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13225188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 5188

Author(s):

Iris Raffeis ◽

Frank Adjei-Kyeremeh ◽

Uwe Vroomen ◽

Silvia Richter ◽

Andreas Bührig-Polaczek

Keyword(s):

Volume Fraction ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

High Strength ◽

High Energy ◽

Phase System ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Powder Bed ◽

X Ray ◽

Conventional View ◽

Multi Phase

Al-Cu-Li alloys are famous for their high strength, ductility and weight-saving properties, and have for many years been the aerospace alloy of choice. Depending on the alloy composition, this multi-phase system may give rise to several phases, including the major strengthening T1 (Al2CuLi) phase. Microstructure investigations have extensively been reported for conventionally processed alloys with little focus on their Additive Manufacturing (AM) characterised microstructures. In this work, the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) built microstructures of an AA2099 Al-Cu-Li alloy are characterised in the as-built (no preheating) and preheat-treated (320 °C, 500 °C) conditions using various analytical techniques, including Synchrotron High-Energy X-ray Diffraction (S-HEXRD). The observed dislocations in the AM as-built condition with no detected T1 precipitates confirm the conventional view of the difficulty of T1 to nucleate on dislocations without appropriate heat treatments. Two main phases, T1 (Al2CuLi) and TB (Al7.5Cu4Li), were detected using S-HEXRD at both preheat-treated temperatures. Higher volume fraction of T1 measured in the 500 °C (75.2 HV0.1) sample resulted in a higher microhardness compared to the 320 °C (58.7 HV0.1) sample. Higher TB volume fraction measured in the 320 °C sample had a minimal strength effect.

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