scholarly journals Standardization of Aquafaba Production and Application in Vegan Mayonnaise Analogs

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue He ◽  
Sarah K. Purdy ◽  
Timothy J. Tse ◽  
Bunyamin Tar’an ◽  
Venkatesh Meda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Food Emulsions ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Product Solution ◽  
Spray Dried

Canning or boiling pulse seeds in water produces a by-product solution, called “aquafaba”, that can be used as a plant-based emulsifier. One of the major problems facing the commercialization of aquafaba is inconsistency in quality and functionality. In this study, chickpea aquafaba production and drying methods were optimized to produce standardized aquafaba powder. Aquafaba samples, both freeze-dried and spray-dried, were used to make egg-free, vegan mayonnaise. Mayonnaise and analog physicochemical characteristics, microstructure, and stability were tested and compared to mayonnaise prepared using egg yolk. Chickpeas steeped in water at 4 °C for 16 h, followed by cooking at 75 kPa for 30 min at 116 °C, yielded aquafaba that produced the best emulsion qualities. Both lyophilization and spray drying to dehydrate aquafaba resulted in powders that retained their functionality following rehydration. Mayonnaise analogs made with aquafaba powder remained stable for 28 days of storage at 4 °C, although their droplet size was significantly higher than the reference sample made with egg yolk. These results show that aquafaba production can be standardized for optimal emulsion qualities, and dried aquafaba can mimic egg functions in food emulsions and has the potential to produce a wide range of eggless food products.

scholarly journals Effects of Vacuum Freeze-Drying and Vacuum Spray-Drying on Biochemical Properties and Functionalities of Myofibrillar Proteins from Silver Carp

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jianzhen Niu ◽  
Binfan Zhao ◽  
Xiujin Guo ◽  
Tao Yin
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Myofibrillar Proteins ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Spray Dried

Fish protein powders were produced from silver carp myofibrillar proteins using vacuum freeze-drying and vacuum spray-drying. Biochemical properties and functionalities of freeze-dried and spray-dried powders were determined. The myofibrillar proteins were partially denatured under both the drying methods which were evidenced by the increase of free sulfhydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, and intrinsic fluorescence while the decrease of the Ca2+-ATPase activity and percentage of the α-helical structure. With respect to vacuum freeze-drying, the proteins were denatured to a higher degree by vacuum spray-drying. The spray-dried fish protein powder showed a higher water retention capacity and emulsifying stability index, but the same solubility and emulsifying activity index. The micrographs indicate that vacuum freeze-dried powder formed a spongy structure, while the powder under vacuum spray-drying mostly appeared spherical in shape with hollow inside. Thus, the two drying methods can be used to manufacture fish protein powders with varied molecular structures and functionalities.

scholarly journals Optimization of Spray-Drying Process of Jerusalem artichoke Extract for Inulin Production

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Zhenzhou Zhu ◽  
Mailing Wu ◽  
Jie Cai ◽  
Shuyi Li ◽  
Krystian Marszałek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Spray Dried

Jerusalem artichoke is an important natural matrix for inulin production. In this experiment, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the spray-drying parameters in order to determine the maximal inulin yield. For this study, three independent variables (heating temperature (Tª, 110–120 °C), creep speed (V, 18–22 rpm) and pressure (P, 0.02–0.04 MPa)) were used in the experimental design. Using the Box–Behnken design, the optimal parameters obtained were: drying temperature 114.6 °C, creep speed 20.02 rpm, and pressure: 0.03 MPa. The inulin yield, water content and particle size of inulin obtained by spray-drying and freeze-drying were compared. In this regard, the spray-dried inulin consisted of a white powder having a fine particle size, and the freeze-dried inulin had a pale-yellow fluffy floc. On the other hand, the drying methods had a great influence on the appearance and internal structure of inulin powder, since the spray-dried inulin had a complete and uniform shape and size, whereas the freeze-dried inulin had a flocculated sheet structure. The analysis showed that the spray-drying led to a higher inulin yield, lower water content and better surface structure than freeze-drying.

A Comparison of Spray-Drying and Freeze-Drying for the Production of Stable Silybin Nanosuspensions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3598-3603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Ma ◽  
Jin Gao ◽  
Wankui Jia ◽  
Yangyang Liu ◽  
Lanying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Dry Powders ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Spray Dried

Spray-drying and freeze-drying are effective approaches to improve the long-term stability of nanosuspensions. This research explored the effect of spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques on PVP K30-stabilized silybin nanosuspensions. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): The spray-dried sample was spherical, and the freeze-dried samples were rodlike with smooth surfaces. The redispersibility was studied via dynamic light scattering (DLS): The size, PDI, and zeta of the spray-dried sample were 133.27 nm, 0.214, and 24.37 mV, respectively; the size, PDI, and zeta of the freeze-dried sample were 298.70 nm, 0.114, and 20.98 mV, respectively. The in vitro dissolution was studied, and the two dry powders showed a significant increase compared to silybin. The two dried powders had better long-term stability than the liquid starting material. Overall, spray-drying and freeze-drying are appropriate drying methods for the preparation of silybin nanosuspensions with better stability and dissolution velocity.

scholarly journals Freeze versus Spray Drying for Dry Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract Formulations: The Impact of Gelatin as a Coating Material

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra A. Jovanović ◽  
Steva M. Lević ◽  
Vladimir B. Pavlovic ◽  
Smilja B. Markovic ◽  
Rada V. Pjanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wild Thyme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spray Dried

Freeze drying was compared with spray drying regarding feasibility to process wild thyme drug in order to obtain dry formulations at laboratory scale starting from liquid extracts produced by different extraction methods: maceration, heat-, ultrasound-, and microwave-assisted extractions. Higher powder yield (based on the dry weight prior to extraction) was achieved by freeze than spray drying and lower loss of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) due to the drying process. Gelatin as a coating agent (5% w/w) provided better TPC recovery by 70% in case of lyophilization and higher powder yield in case of spray drying by diminishing material deposition on the wall of the drying chamber. The resulting gelatin-free and gelatin-containing powders carried polyphenols in amount ~190 and 53-75 mg gallic acid equivalents GAE/g of powder, respectively. Microwave-assisted extract formulation distinguished from others by higher content of polyphenols, proteins and sugars, higher bulk density and lower solubility. The type of the drying process affected mainly position of the gelatin-derived -OH and amide bands in FTIR spectra. Spray dried formulations compared to freeze dried expressed higher thermal stability as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and higher diffusion coefficient; the last feature can be associated with the lower specific surface area of irregularly shaped freeze-dried particles (151-223 µm) compared to small microspheres (~8 µm) in spray-dried powder.

scholarly journals Effects of Enzymatic Liquefaction, Drying Techniques, and Wall Materials on the Physicochemical Properties, Bioactivities, and Morphologies of Zinc-Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) Powders

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Siti Faridah Mohd Amin ◽  
Roselina Karim ◽  
Yus Aniza Yusof ◽  
Kharidah Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Enzymatic Liquefaction ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Spray Dried

The demand for vegetable powder has been escalating considerably due to its various health benefits and higher shelf life compared to fresh green leafy vegetables. Thus, much research emphasised manufacturing vegetable powder at a lower operational cost and higher efficiency while preserving the nutritive values of the vegetables. In this study, zinc- (Zn-) amaranth puree was liquefied with three types of cell wall degrading enzymes (i.e., Viscozyme L, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, and Rapidase PAC) with varying concentrations (0–3% v/w) and incubation time (0.5–24 h) at pH 5 and 45°C before the drying process. The results showed that enzymatic liquefaction using 1% (v/w) of Viscozyme L for 3 h was the optimal procedure for the reduction of the viscosity of the puree. The liquefied puree was then microencapsulated through either spray- or freeze-drying with different wall materials, e.g., 10% of maltodextrin (MD) DE 10, resistant maltodextrin (RMD), N-octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA) starches from waxy maize, HI CAP 100 (HICAP), Capsul (CAP), and gum Arabic (GA). The results showed that all freeze-dried powders generally had higher process yield (except for that encapsulated by HICAP), higher moisture content (but similar water activities), higher retention of total Zn-chlorophyll derivatives, lower hygroscopicity with slab-like particles, larger particle size, and lower bulk density than those of spray-dried powders. In contrast, the spray-dried powders exhibited irregular spherical shapes with relatively high encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant activities. Nonetheless, encapsulation using different wall materials and drying methods had no significant effect on the powder’s cohesiveness and flowability.

Preparation and characterization of dried cellulose nanofibrils

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Ni ◽  
Chen Gong ◽  
Zhenghua Su ◽  
Chao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Original State ◽  
Final Mass ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract One of the main manufacturing challenges is to obtain dried cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) so that they can be cost effectively transported to customers. This work presents a study on using two methods of drying: freeze drying and spray drying; these dried CNFs were then characterized. The dried CNFs from either freeze drying or spray drying could not recover their original state after simple re-dispersion in water. Compared to spray dried CNFs, the microstructure of the freeze dried CNFs remained in a better shape. This was because the packing of nanofibrils as a result of freeze drying was not as tight as that from spray drying. It was demonstrated by the lower final mass residue and crystallinity of the freeze-dried CNFs, which led to better re-dispersion in water. X-ray diffractometry proved the occurrence of aggregation/hornification of the dried CNFs with increased crystallinity. Time-dependent sedimentation confirmed that the dried CNFs were incapable of forming stable water-re-dispersible suspensions.

scholarly journals α-amylase activity in freeze-dried and spray-dried honey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anete Keke ◽  
◽  
Ingmars Cinkmanis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Powder Concentration ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Spray Dried

Honey is a naturally supersaturated sugar solution, which tends to crystallize. The crystallization of honey can lead to unwanted fermentation that can have a negative impact to honey quality. The production of honey powder could be an alternative method to prevent honey from fermentation. Honey powder could be used as alternative substitute to liquid honey that would allow to use this product more widely in the food industry. α-amylase activity is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the quality of honey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of freeze-drying and spray-drying on honey α-amylase activity. Detection of α-amylase activity was carried out by spectrophotometric method. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of hydroxymethylfurfural in the powders. The obtained results showed that both drying methods had a negative impact to the enzyme activity in the samples. The lowest activity of α-amylase (8.3 DN) was measured in the spray-dried honey powder. Concentration of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the powders did not exceed required concentration 40 mg kg-1.

Comparison of Freeze and Spray Drying to Obtain Primaquine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-304
Author(s):  
James Jorum Owuor ◽  
Florence Oloo ◽  
Japheth Kibet Ngetich ◽  
Mwaiwa Kivunzya ◽  
Wesley Nyaigoti Omwoyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Release Profile ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Spray Dried

This article describes how the spray drying and freeze drying of various nanosized Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) and the physicochemical attributes of the acquired particles were examined. Primaquine loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles dried by the two strategies is examined. Particles were characterised by determination of size, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology. In vitro and kinetic drug discharge models were also considered. Preparation parameters have no impact on the molecule morphology and properties, and the main parameter deciding the molecule attributes in the drug substance of the nanoparticle, either in the spraying or in the freezing technique of drying. The drug release profile of spray dried SLN is superior to that of the freeze dried SLN.

Changes in Bacterial Cell and Spore Counts of Reduced-Fat Egg Products As Influenced by Pasteurization and Spray Drying

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-568
Author(s):  
KERRY J. MOORE ◽  
MOLLY W. WARREN ◽  
D. ROBERT DAVIS ◽  
MICHAEL G. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Yeasts And Molds ◽  
Spray Dried

Microbial counts of several laboratory-prepared defatted egg products and ingredients were determined. Commercial full-fat egg yolks (EY) were defatted with hexane, air dried overnight, mixed with water, homogenized, pasteurized (60°C, 5 min), and spray dried to yield a defatted egg yolk product (DEY). Egg products for scrambling (EPS) were formulated with DEY and other ingredients, processed as above, and held wet (EPS-W) or spray-dried (EPS-SD). On a dry matter basis, the log counts in colony forming units per g (log CFU/g) of EY for aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and aerobic mesophilic sporeformers were low at 1.3, 1.0 and 0, respectively. For DEY these counts were 6.0, 2.4, and 4.3, respectively. These counts for DEY after pasteurization decreased by 98.6, 89.6, and 40.0%, and after spray drying decreased by 99.3, 96.1, and 83.5%, respectively, compared to the pre-pasteurization counts. For EPS-W, pasteurization reduced aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and coliforms by 82.0, 86.7, and 98.7%, but did not reduce aerobic mesophilic sporeformers. Compared to pre pasteurization counts, for EPS-SD the aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, and aerobic mesophilic sporeformer counts after pasteurization decreased by 99.7, 91.9, 99.3, and 50.0%, while after spray drying the count reductions were 99.9, 98.9, 99.9, and 85.8%, respectively. Microbial counts of finished products were below guidelines set by the U.S.D.A. for egg products. No Salmonella were detected in any of the ingredients or prototype products at any stage of processing. The combination treatment of pasteurization followed by spray drying significantly reduced the spore counts of DEY and EPS-SD, compared to pre-pasteurization counts.

scholarly journals Physical Characteristics of Cilostazol–Hydroxybenzoic Acid Cocrystals Prepared Using a Spray Drying Method

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Maho Urano ◽  
Megumi Kitahara ◽  
Kae Kishi ◽  
Eiichi Goto ◽  
Tatsuaki Tagami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Drug Substances ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
As Solubility ◽  
Spray Dried

The cocrystal formation of pharmaceuticals can improve the various physical properties of drugs, such as solubility, without the need for chemical modification of the drug substances. In the present study, we prepared cocrystals of cilostazol and additive coformers (derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acid) using a spray drying method. Based on the preparation of the cocrystals of cilostazol and the coformers as reported previously, the characteristics of the cilostazol cocrystals prepared using solvent evaporation, slurry, and spray drying methods were compared. The physical characterization revealed that the spray drying method successfully produced cilostazol–4-hydroxybenzoic acid and cilostazol–2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid cocrystals, whereas samples of cocrystals of cilostazol and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid produced via the spray drying process appeared to contain coformer polymorphs. The dissolution of cilostazol was improved using the spray-dried cocrystal samples composed of coformers compared to samples prepared using cilostazol alone or a physical mixture. The present results provide useful information regarding the manufacture of cilostazol cocrystals and pharmaceutical cocrystals via spray drying in large-batch production.

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