scholarly journals Microalgae Xanthophylls: From Biosynthesis Pathway and Production Techniques to Encapsulation Development

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2835
Author(s):  
Slim Smaoui ◽  
Mohamed Barkallah ◽  
Hajer Ben Hlima ◽  
Imen Fendri ◽  
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganisms ◽  
Young Researchers

In the last 20 years, xanthophylls from microalgae have gained increased scientific and industrial interests. This review highlights the essential issues that concern this class of high value compounds. Firstly, their chemical diversity as the producer microorganisms was detailed. Then, the use of conventional and innovative extraction techniques was discussed. Upgraded knowledge on the biosynthetic pathway of the main xanthophylls produced by photosynthetic microorganisms was reviewed in depth, providing new insightful ideas, clarifying the function of these active biomolecules. In addition, the recent advances in encapsulation techniques of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, such as spray and freeze drying, gelation, emulsification and coacervation were updated. Providing information about these topics and their applications and advances could be a help to students and young researchers who are interested in chemical and metabolic engineering, chemistry and natural products communities to approach the complex thematic of xanthophylls.

Metabolic engineering of glycosylated polyketide biosynthesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Prasad Pandey ◽  
Prakash Parajuli ◽  
Jae Kyung Sohng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Modification Method ◽  
Post Modification ◽  
Microbial Biosynthesis

Microbial cell factories are extensively used for the biosynthesis of value-added chemicals, biopharmaceuticals, and biofuels. Microbial biosynthesis is also realistic for the production of heterologous molecules including complex natural products of plant and microbial origin. Glycosylation is a well-known post-modification method to engineer sugar-functionalized natural products. It is of particular interest to chemical biologists to increase chemical diversity of molecules. Employing the state-of-the-art systems and synthetic biology tools, a range of small to complex glycosylated natural products have been produced from microbes using a simple and sustainable fermentation approach. In this context, this review covers recent notable metabolic engineering approaches used for the biosynthesis of glycosylated plant and microbial polyketides in different microorganisms. This review article is broadly divided into two major parts. The first part is focused on the biosynthesis of glycosylated plant polyketides in prokaryotes and yeast cells, while the second part is focused on the generation of glycosylated microbial polyketides in actinomycetes.

scholarly journals Natural Products from Cyanobacteria: Focus on Beneficial Activities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Demay ◽  
Cécile Bernard ◽  
Anita Reinhardt ◽  
Benjamin Marie
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Class

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that colonize diverse environments worldwide, ranging from ocean to freshwaters, soils, and extreme environments. Their adaptation capacities and the diversity of natural products (molecules, metabolites, or compounds) that they synthesize support the cyanobacterial success for the colonization of their respective ecological niches. Although cyanobacteria are well-known for their toxin production and their relative deleterious consequences, they also produce a large variety of molecules that exhibit beneficial properties with high potential for various fields of application (e.g., synthetic analog of the dolastatin 10 used against Hodgkin lymphoma). The present review specially focuses on the beneficial activities of cyanobacterial molecules described so far. Based on an analysis of 670 papers, it appears that more than 90 genera of cyanobacteria have been found to produce compounds with potential beneficial activities, most of them belonging to the orders Oscillatoriales, Nostocales Chroococcales, and Synechococcales. The rest of the cyanobacterial orders (i.e., Pleurocapsales, Chroococcidiopsales, and Gloeobacterales) remain poorly explored in terms of their molecular diversity and relative bioactivity. The diverse cyanobacterial molecules presenting beneficial bioactivities belong to 10 different chemical classes (alkaloids, depsipeptides, lipopeptides, macrolides/lactones, peptides, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, polyketides, and others) that exhibit 14 major kinds of bioactivity. However, no direct relation between the chemical class and the bioactivity of these molecules has been demonstrated. We further selected and specifically described 50 molecule families according to their specific bioactivities and their potential uses in pharmacology, cosmetology, agriculture, or other specific fields of interest. This up-to-date review takes advantage of the recent progresses in genome sequencing and biosynthetic pathway elucidation, and presents new perspectives for the rational discovery of new cyanobacterial metabolites with beneficial bioactivity.

scholarly journals Genetic background of sesquiterpene lactones biosynthesis in Asteraceae. A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Magdalena Sozoniuk
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Heterologous System ◽  
Asteraceae Family

Asteraceae family is a rich source of many sesquiterpene lactones (STLs). These secondary metabolites exhibit multidirectional activity including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial, just to name a few. Promising approach of metabolic engineering offers a way of increasing the production of STLs by reconstruction  of  their  biosynthetic  pathway  in  a  heterologous system. Moreover, their production in host plants might be increased through overexpression of biosynthetic genes and/or transcription factors (TFs) positively regulating the pathway. Either of the strategies requires extensive knowledge on the genetic background of STLs biosynthesis pathway. This review summarizes molecular investigations concerning biosynthesis of these medicinally essential metabolites.

scholarly journals Overcoming heterologous protein interdependency to optimize P450-mediated Taxol precursor synthesis in Escherichia coli

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 3209-3214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Walters Biggs ◽  
Chin Giaw Lim ◽  
Kristen Sagliani ◽  
Smriti Shankar ◽  
Gregory Stephanopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Precursor Synthesis ◽  
P450 Expression ◽  
High Level

Recent advances in metabolic engineering have demonstrated the potential to exploit biological chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules. Much of the progress to date has leveraged increasingly precise genetic tools to control the transcription and translation of enzymes for superior biosynthetic pathway performance. However, applying these approaches and principles to the synthesis of more complex natural products will require a new set of tools for enabling various classes of metabolic chemistries (i.e., cyclization, oxygenation, glycosylation, and halogenation) in vivo. Of these diverse chemistries, oxygenation is one of the most challenging and pivotal for the synthesis of complex natural products. Here, using Taxol as a model system, we use nature’s favored oxygenase, the cytochrome P450, to perform high-level oxygenation chemistry in Escherichia coli. An unexpected coupling of P450 expression and the expression of upstream pathway enzymes was discovered and identified as a key obstacle for functional oxidative chemistry. By optimizing P450 expression, reductase partner interactions, and N-terminal modifications, we achieved the highest reported titer of oxygenated taxanes (∼570 ± 45 mg/L) in E. coli. Altogether, this study establishes E. coli as a tractable host for P450 chemistry, highlights the potential magnitude of protein interdependency in the context of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, and points to a promising future for the microbial synthesis of complex chemical entities.

scholarly journals Divergent camptothecin biosynthetic pathway in Ophiorrhiza pumila

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengquan Yang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Yining Liu ◽  
Xiaolong Hao ◽  
Can Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Anticancer Drug ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Indole Alkaloids ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Nothapodytes Nimmoniana

Abstract Background The anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Camptotheca acuminata, was subsequently discovered in unrelated plants, including Ophiorrhiza pumila. Unlike known monoterpene indole alkaloids, CPT in C. acuminata is biosynthesized via the key intermediate strictosidinic acid, but how O. pumila synthesizes CPT has not been determined. Results In this study, we used nontargeted metabolite profiling to show that 3α-(S)-strictosidine and 3-(S), 21-(S)-strictosidinic acid coexist in O. pumila. After identifying the enzymes OpLAMT, OpSLS, and OpSTR as participants in CPT biosynthesis, we compared these enzymes to their homologues from two other representative CPT-producing plants, C. acuminata and Nothapodytes nimmoniana, to elucidate their phylogenetic relationship. Finally, using labelled intermediates to resolve the CPT biosynthesis pathway in O. pumila, we showed that 3α-(S)-strictosidine, not 3-(S), 21-(S)-strictosidinic acid, is the exclusive intermediate in CPT biosynthesis. Conclusions In our study, we found that O. pumila, another representative CPT-producing plant, exhibits metabolite diversity in its central intermediates consisting of both 3-(S), 21-(S)-strictosidinic acid and 3α-(S)-strictosidine and utilizes 3α-(S)-strictosidine as the exclusive intermediate in the CPT biosynthetic pathway, which differs from C. acuminata. Our results show that enzymes likely to be involved in CPT biosynthesis in O. pumila, C. acuminata, and N. nimmoniana have evolved divergently. Overall, our new data regarding CPT biosynthesis in O. pumila suggest evolutionary divergence in CPT-producing plants. These results shed new light on CPT biosynthesis and pave the way towards its industrial production through enzymatic or metabolic engineering approaches.

Enzymatic dimerization in the biosynthetic pathway of microbial natural products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawang Liu ◽  
Anan Liu ◽  
Youcai Hu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Cytochrome P450s ◽  
Microbial Natural Products

Cytochrome P450s, laccases, and intermolecular [4 + 2] cyclases, along with other enzymes were utilized to catalyze varied dimerization of matured natural products so as to create the structural diversity and complexity in microorganisms.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Meri Yulvianti ◽  
Christian Zidorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Sugar Moiety ◽  
Plant Natural Products ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.

scholarly journals Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes involved in the production of phosphonic acid natural products

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Taro Shiraishi ◽  
Tomohisa Kuzuyama
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Biosynthetic Machinery

Abstract Phosphonates are organophosphorus compounds possessing a characteristic C−P bond in which phosphorus is directly bonded to carbon. As phosphonates mimic the phosphates and carboxylates of biological molecules to potentially inhibit metabolic enzymes, they could be lead compounds for the development of a variety of drugs. Fosfomycin (FM) is a representative phosphonate natural product that is widely used as an antibacterial drug. Here, we review the biosynthesis of FM, which includes a recent breakthrough to find a missing link in the biosynthetic pathway that had been a mystery for a quarter-century. In addition, we describe the genome mining of phosphonate natural products using the biosynthetic gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes C–P bond formation. We also introduce the chemoenzymatic synthesis of phosphonate derivatives. These studies expand the repertoires of phosphonates and the related biosynthetic machinery. This review mainly covers the years 2012-2020.

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