scholarly journals Exposure to Bacillus cereus in Water Buffalo Mozzarella Cheese

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1899
Author(s):  
Angela Michela Immacolata Montone ◽  
Federico Capuano ◽  
Andrea Mancusi ◽  
Orlandina Di Maro ◽  
Maria Francesca Peruzy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Mozzarella Cheese ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Spoilage Bacterium ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

Bacillus cereus is a spoilage bacterium and is recognized as an agent of food poisoning. Two food-borne illnesses are caused by B. cereus: a diarrheal disease, associated with cytotoxin K, hemolysin BL, non-hemolytic enterotoxin and enterotoxin FM, and an emetic syndrome, associated with the cereulide toxin. Owing to the heat resistance of B. cereus and its ability to grow in milk, this organism should be considered potentially hazardous in dairy products. The present study assessed the risk of B. cereus poisoning due to the consumption of water buffalo mozzarella cheese. A total of 340 samples were analyzed to determine B. cereus counts (ISO 7932:2005); isolates underwent molecular characterization to detect the presence of genes encoding toxins. Eighty-nine (26.1%) samples harbored B. cereus strains, with values ranging from 2.2 × 102 to 2.6 × 106 CFU/g. Isolates showed eight different molecular profiles, and some displayed virulence characteristics. Bacterial counts and the toxin profiles of isolates were evaluated both separately and jointly to assess the risk of enteritis due to B. cereus following the consumption of buffalo mozzarella cheese. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that the risk of poisoning by B. cereus following the consumption of this cheese was moderate.

scholarly journals The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dietrich ◽  
Nadja Jessberger ◽  
Monika Ehling-Schulz ◽  
Erwin Märtlbauer ◽  
Per Einar Granum
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Toxin Secretion ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.

scholarly journals Production of Diarrheal Enterotoxins and Other Potential Virulence Factors by Veterinary Isolates of Bacillus Species Associated with Nongastrointestinal Infections

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 2372-2376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil J. Rowan ◽  
George Caldow ◽  
Curtis G. Gemmell ◽  
Iain S. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Test Cell Line ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

ABSTRACT With the exceptions of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus species are generally perceived to be inconsequential. However, the relevance of other Bacillus species as food poisoning organisms and etiological agents in nongastrointestinal infections is being increasingly recognized. Eleven Bacillus species isolated from veterinary samples associated with severe nongastrointestinal infections were assessed for the presence and expression of diarrheagenic enterotoxins and other potential virulence factors. PCR studies revealed the presence of DNA sequences encoding hemolysin BL (HBL) enterotoxin complex and B. cereus enterotoxin T (BceT) in five B. cereus strains and in Bacillus coagulans NB11. Enterotoxin HBL was also harbored by Bacillus polymyxa NB6. After 18 h of growth in brain heart infusion broth, all seven Bacillus isolates carrying genes encoding enterotoxin HBL produced this toxin. Cell-free supernatant fluids from all 11 Bacillus isolates demonstrated cytotoxicity toward human HEp-2 cells; only one Bacillus licheniformis strain adhered to this test cell line, and none of the Bacillus isolates were invasive. This study constitutes the first demonstration that Bacillus spp. associated with serious nongastrointestinal infections in animals may harbor and express diarrheagenic enterotoxins traditionally linked to toxigenic B. cereus.

scholarly journals Low Concentrations of Bile Salts Induce Stress Responses and Reduce Motility in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14570

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (14) ◽  
pp. 5302-5313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simen M. Kristoffersen ◽  
Solveig Ravnum ◽  
Nicolas J. Tourasse ◽  
Ole Andreas Økstad ◽  
Anne-Brit Kolstø ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
General Response

ABSTRACT Tolerance to bile salts was investigated in forty Bacillus cereus strains, including 17 environmental isolates, 11 dairy isolates, 3 isolates from food poisoning outbreaks, and 9 other clinical isolates. Growth of all strains was observed at low bile salt concentrations, but no growth was observed on LB agar plates containing more than 0.005% bile salts. Preincubation of the B. cereus type strain, ATCC 14579, in low levels of bile salts did not increase tolerance levels. B. cereus ATCC 14579 was grown to mid-exponential growth phase and shifted to medium containing bile salts (0.005%). Global expression patterns were determined by hybridization of total cDNA to a 70-mer oligonucleotide microarray. A general stress response and a specific response to bile salts were observed. The general response was similar to that observed in cultures grown in the absence of bile salts but at a higher (twofold) cell density. Up-regulation of several putative multidrug exporters and transcriptional regulators and down-regulation of most motility genes were observed as part of the specific response. Motility experiments in soft agar showed that motility decreased following bile salts exposure, in accordance with the transcriptional data. Genes encoding putative virulence factors were either unaffected or down-regulated.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products in China

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ye Liu ◽  
Qiao Hu ◽  
Fei Xu ◽  
Shuang-Yang Ding ◽  
Kui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Shed Light

Bacillus cereus is a common and ubiquitous foodborne pathogen with an increasing prevalence rate in dairy products in China. High and unmet demands for such products, particularly milk, raise the risk of B. cereus associated contamination. The presence of B. cereus and its virulence factors in dairy products may cause food poisoning and other illnesses. Thus, this review first summarizes the epidemiological characteristics and analytical assays of B. cereus from dairy products in China, providing insights into the implementation of intervention strategies. In addition, the recent achievements on the cytotoxicity and mechanisms of B. cereus are also presented to shed light on the therapeutic options for B. cereus associated infections.

scholarly journals Global Gene Expression Profile for Swarming Bacillus cereus Bacteria

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (15) ◽  
pp. 5149-5156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Salvetti ◽  
Karoline Faegri ◽  
Emilia Ghelardi ◽  
Anne-Brit Kolstø ◽  
Sonia Senesi
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

ABSTRACTBacillus cereuscan use swarming to move over and colonize solid surfaces in different environments. This kind of motility is a collective behavior accompanied by the production of long and hyperflagellate swarm cells. In this study, the genome-wide transcriptional response ofB. cereusATCC 14579 during swarming was analyzed. Swarming was shown to trigger the differential expression (>2-fold change) of 118 genes. Downregulated genes included those required for basic cellular metabolism. In accordance with the hyperflagellate phenotype of the swarm cell, genes encoding flagellin were overexpressed. Some genes associated with K+transport, phBC6A51 phage genes, and the binding component of the enterotoxin hemolysin BL (HBL) were also induced. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments indicated an almost 2-fold upregulation of the entirehbloperon during swarming. Finally, BC1435 and BC1436, orthologs ofliaI-liaHthat are known to be involved in the resistance ofBacillus subtilisto daptomycin, were upregulated under swarming conditions. Accordingly, phenotypic assays showed reduced susceptibility of swarmingB. cereuscells to daptomycin, and Pspac-induced hyper-expression of these genes in liquid medium highlighted the role of BC1435 and BC1436 in the response ofB. cereusto daptomycin.

Genetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Toxigenic Profiles of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Sunsik

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
NARI LEE ◽  
JE MIN SUN ◽  
KYUNG YOON KWON ◽  
HYUN JUNG KIM ◽  
MINSEON KOO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Hemolysin Bl ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Element Sequence

Bacillus cereus can cause emetic and diarrheal types of food poisoning, but little study has been done on the toxins and toxin-encoding genes of B. cereus strains isolated from Sunsik, a Korean ready-to-eat food prepared from grains, fruits, and vegetables. In this study, 39 unique B. cereus strains were isolated and identified from Sunsik samples, with an average contamination level of 10 to 200 CFU/g. The detection rates of the hblACD, cytK, and bceT genes among all the strains were 48.7, 66.7, and 87.1%, respectively. All 39 B. cereus strains carried nheABC and entFM genes, and 36 strains also had the ces gene, which encodes an emetic toxin. Nonhemolytic enterotoxin and hemolysin BL enterotoxin were produced by 39 and 26 strains, respectively. The strains were separated into 13 profiles based on the presence or absence of toxins and their genes, as determined by antibody tests and PCR analysis. Profile 1 was the largest group, comprising 30.7% (12 of 39) of the B. cereus strains tested; these strains harbored all toxins and their genes. The B. cereus strains were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested but were highly resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. The repetitive element sequence polymorphism PCR fingerprints of the B. cereus strains were not influenced by the presence of toxin genes or antibiotic resistance profiles. Our results suggest that B. cereus strains from Sunsik could cause either the diarrheal or emetic types of food poisoning because all strains isolated contained at least one toxin and its gene, although the level of B. cereus contamination in Sunsik was low.

scholarly journals Impact of Phytochemicals on Viability and Cereulide Toxin Synthesis in Bacillus cereus Revealed by a Novel High-Throughput Method, Coupling an AlamarBlue-Based Assay with UPLC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Markus Kranzler ◽  
Elrike Frenzel ◽  
Veronika Walser ◽  
Thomas F. Hofmann ◽  
Timo D. Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Due to its food-poisoning potential, Bacillus cereus has attracted the attention of the food industry. The cereulide-toxin-producing subgroup is of particular concern, as cereulide toxin is implicated in broadscale food-borne outbreaks and occasionally causes fatalities. The health risks associated with long-term cereulide exposure at low doses remain largely unexplored. Natural substances, such as plant-based secondary metabolites, are widely known for their effective antibacterial potential, which makes them promising as ingredients in food and also as a surrogate for antibiotics. In this work, we tested a range of structurally related phytochemicals, including benzene derivatives, monoterpenes, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and vitamins, for their inhibitory effects on the growth of B. cereus and the production of cereulide toxin. For this purpose, we developed a high-throughput, small-scale method which allowed us to analyze B. cereus survival and cereulide production simultaneously in one workflow by coupling an AlamarBlue-based viability assay with ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This combinatory method allowed us to identify not only phytochemicals with high antibacterial potential, but also ones specifically eradicating cereulide biosynthesis already at very low concentrations, such as gingerol and curcumin.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF HBLD TOXIN GENE BY BACILLUS CEREUS ISOLATED FROM MEAT CURRY FOOD SAMPLES IN MALAYSIAN RESTAURANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Marwan Msarah ◽  
Ahmed Alsier ◽  
Sahilah, A.M.
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation Medium ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen, can cause food poisoning, leading to infections, have two major types of food poisoning emetic and diarrheal. Foods rich in protein such as meat are associated with foodborne outbreaks of diarrhea caused by B. cereus. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify B. cereus from ready to eat (RTE) meat curry from restaurants in Malaysia and to detect hblD pathogenic gene of B. cereus isolates. Mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar was used as a selective isolation medium. Commercially available kits and boiling methods were used for DNA extraction, samples acquired from restaurants were examined for the presence of Hemolysin BL gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among all isolates, twenty-four of B. cereus isolates detected for HBL enterotoxin production by the discontinuous pattern on HBL sheep blood agar then confirmed by biochemical tests. More than 58.33 % of the isolate showed discontinuous hemolysis pattern on HBl blood agar and 29.16% of the samples were shown positive for hblD gene that can cause diarrhea with the size of 807bp on gel. This study demonstrated that RTE meat curry was a potential source for entero-toxigenic B. cereus and the presence of the hblD toxin genes for the HBL complex in the isolates tested were highly associated. Therefore, these meat curry isolates should be regarded as potential toxin producers.

BACILLUS CEREUS: FOOD POISONING ORGANISM. A REVIEW

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Goepfert ◽  
W. M. Spira ◽  
H. U. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Potential Public Health

This paper is devoted to a review of information pertinent to the role of Bacillus cereus as a food-borne pathogen. Primary emphasis is on the properties of B. cereus and published accounts of its involvement in animal and human disease. Methods for isolation, identification, and enumeration are discussed. Research needs pertaining to (a) recognition of the potential public health hazard and (b) further investigation of the food poisoning syndrome are presented.

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