scholarly journals CFD Modeling of a Lab-Scale Microwave Plasma Reactor for Waste-to-Energy Applications: A Review

Gases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
Owen Sedej ◽  
Eric Mbonimpa
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Plasma Gasification

Rapidly increasing solid waste generation and energy demand are two critical issues of the current century. Plasma gasification, a type of waste-to-energy (WtE) technology, has the potential to produce clean energy from waste and safely destroy hazardous waste. Among plasma gasification technologies, microwave (MW)-driven plasma offers numerous potential advantages to be scaled as a leading WtE technology if its processes are well understood and optimized. This paper reviews studies on modeling experimental microwave-induced plasma gasification systems. The system characterization requires developing mathematical models to describe the multiphysics phenomena within the reactor. The injection of plasma-forming gases and carrier gases, the rate of the waste stream, and the operational power heavily influence the initiation of various chemical reactions that produce syngas. The type and kinetics of the chemical reactions taking place are primarily influenced by either the turbulence or temperature. Navier–Stokes equations are used to describe the mass, momentum, and energy transfer, and the k-epsilon model is often used to describe the turbulence within the reactor. Computational fluid dynamics software offers the ability to solve these multiphysics mathematical models efficiently and accurately.

Microwave plasma assisted pyrolysis of refuse derived fuels

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parin Khongkrapan ◽  
Patipat Thanompongchart ◽  
Nakorn Tippayawong ◽  
Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Combustible Gas ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel ◽  
Product Gas ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuels

AbstractThis work combined plasma reactivity and pyrolysis for conversion of solid wastes. Decomposition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and its combustible components (paper, biomass, and plastic) in an 800 W microwave plasma reactor was investigated at varying argon flow rates of 0.50 to 1.25 lpm for 3 minutes. The characteristic bright light emission of plasma was observed with calculated maximum power density of about 35 W/cm3. The RDF and its components were successfully converted into char and combustible gas. The average char yield was found to be 12–21% of the original mass, with a gross calorific value of around 39 MJ/kg. The yield of the product gas was in the range 1.0–1.7 m3/kg. The combustible gas generated from the pyrolysis of the RDF contained about 14% H2, 66% CO, and 4% CH4 of the detected gas mass, with a heating value of 11 MJ/m3. These products are potentially marketable forms of clean energy.

Direct ammonia fueled solid oxide fuel cells: A comprehensive review on challenges, opportunities and future outlooks

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Asmare ◽  
Mustafa Ilbas
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Green Fuel

Nowadays, the most decisive challenges we are fronting are perfectly clean energy making for equitable and sustainable modern energy access, and battling the emerging alteration of the climate. This is because, carbon-rich fuels are the fundamental supply of utilized energy for strengthening human society, and it will be sustained in the near future. In connection with this, electrochemical technologies are an emerging and domineering tool for efficiently transforming the existing scarce fossil fuels and renewable energy sources into electric power with a trivial environmental impact. Compared with conventional power generation technologies, SOFC that operate at high temperature is emerging as a frontrunner to convert the fuels chemical energy into electric power and permits the deployment of varieties of fuels with negligible ecological destructions. According to this critical review, direct ammonia is obtained as a primary possible choice and price-effective green fuel for T-SOFCs. This is because T-SOFCs have higher volumetric power density, mechanically stable, and high thermal shocking resistance. Also, there is no sealing issue problem which is the chronic issues of the planar one. As a result, the toxicity of ammonia to use as a fuel is minimized if there may be a leakage during operation. It is portable and manageable that can be work everywhere when there is energy demand. Besides, manufacturing, onboard hydrogen deposition, and transportation infrastructure connected snags of hydrogen will be solved using ammonia. Ammonia is a low-priced carbon-neutral source of energy and has more stored volumetric energy compared with hydrogen. Yet, to utilize direct NH3 as a means of hydrogen carrier and an alternative green fuel in T-SOFCs practically determining the optimum operating temperatures, reactant flow rates, electrode porosities, pressure, the position of the anode, thickness and diameters of the tube are still requiring further improvement. Therefore, mathematical modeling ought to be developed to determine these parameters before planning for experimental work. Also, a performance comparison of AS, ES, and CS- T-SOFC powered with direct NH3 will be investigated and best-performed support will be carefully chosen for practical implementation and an experimental study will be conducted for verification based on optimum parameter values obtained from numerical modeling.

scholarly journals Real-time Optimisation of a Microwave Plasma Gasification System

2011 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
pp. 012027
Author(s):  
B Kabalan ◽  
S Wylie ◽  
A Mason ◽  
R Al-khaddar ◽  
A Al-Shamma'a ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Plasma Gasification

Energy coupling efficiency of a hydrogen microwave plasma reactor

2001 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Gordon ◽  
X. Duten ◽  
K. Hassouni ◽  
A. Gicquel
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Coupling Efficiency ◽  
Energy Coupling

scholarly journals Design and characterization of an electromagnetic-resonant cavity microwave plasma reactor for atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide decomposition

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1800153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Mohsenian ◽  
Shyam Sheth ◽  
Saroj Bhatta ◽  
Dassou Nagassou ◽  
Daniel Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Resonant Cavity

scholarly journals Ethanol production using vegetable peels medium and the effective role of cellulolytic bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) pre-treatment

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Salman Khan Promon ◽  
Wasif Kamal ◽  
Shafkat Shamim Rahman ◽  
M. Mahboob Hossain ◽  
Naiyyum Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Alcohol Production

Background: The requirement of an alternative clean energy source is increasing with the elevating energy demand of modern age. Bioethanol is considered as an excellent candidate to satiate this demand.Methods:Yeast isolates were used for the production of bioethanol using cellulosic vegetable wastes as substrate. Efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol was achieved by the action of cellulolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis).  After proper isolation, identification and characterization of stress tolerances (thermo-, ethanol-, pH-, osmo- & sugar tolerance), optimization of physiochemical parameters for ethanol production by the yeast isolates was assessed. Very inexpensive and easily available raw materials (vegetable peels) were used as fermentation media. Fermentation was optimized with respect to temperature, reducing sugar concentration and pH.Results:It was observed that temperatures of 30°C and pH 6.0 were optimum for fermentation with a maximum yield of ethanol. The results indicated an overall increase in yields upon the pretreatment ofBacillus subtilis; maximum ethanol percentages for isolate SC1 obtained after 48-hour incubation under pretreated substrate was 14.17% in contrast to untreated media which yielded 6.21% after the same period. Isolate with the highest ethanol production capability was identified as members of the ethanol-producingSaccharomycesspecies after stress tolerance studies and biochemical characterization using Analytical Profile Index (API) ® 20C AUX and nitrate broth test. Introduction ofBacillus subtilisincreased the alcohol production rate from the fermentation of cellulosic materials.Conclusions:The study suggested that the kitchen waste can serve as an excellent raw material in ethanol fermentation.

Nanoparticles generated by combining hot wall and microwave plasma chemical vapor synthesis

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Alexander Levish ◽  
Markus Winterer
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Process Window ◽  
Chemical Vapor Synthesis ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Oxide Phases ◽  
Precursor Decomposition

ABSTRACTControlling the oxidation state of iron and the crystal structure of iron containing compounds is the key to improved materials such as iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer treatment or heterogeneous catalysis. Iron oxides contain iron in different oxidation states and form different phases for one valence state (α-Fe3+2O2-3, β- Fe3+2O-32, etc.). Chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) allows the reproducible production of pure nanocrystals with narrow size distribution where particle formation and growth take place in the gas phase. Through the controlled variation of synthesis parameters CVS enables the synthesis of diverse iron oxide phases. In this study the energy for the CVS process is supplied by a hot wall furnace and a microwave plasma. The advantage of an plasma reactor as the first CVS stage is the fast and complete precursor decomposition at low temperatures. This results in a larger process window for the hot wall reactor in the second stage. The nanoparticles are examined regarding their structure, surface and valence by XRD and TEM.

scholarly journals Composition, Mixing State and Water Affinity of Meteoric Smoke Analogue Nanoparticles Produced in a Non-Thermal Microwave Plasma Source

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 635-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Nachbar ◽  
Denis Duft ◽  
Alexei Kiselev ◽  
Thomas Leisner
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
Plasma Source ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Iron Oxide Particles ◽  
Pure Silicon ◽  
Meteoric Smoke ◽  
Water Affinity

Abstract The article reports on the composition, mixing state and water affinity of iron silicate particles which were produced in a non-thermal low-pressure microwave plasma reactor. The particles are intended to be used as meteoric smoke particle analogues. We used the organometallic precursors ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si(OC2H5)4) in various mixing ratios to produce nanoparticles with radii between 1 nm and 4 nm. The nanoparticles were deposited on sample grids and their stoichiometric composition was analyzed in an electron microscope using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We show that the pure silicon oxide and iron oxide particles consist of SiO2 and Fe2O3, respectively. For Fe:(Fe+Si) ratios between 0.2 and 0.8 our reactor produces (in contrast to other particle sources) mixed iron silicates with a stoichiometric composition according to FexSi(1−x)O3 (0≤x≤1). This indicates that the particles are formed by polymerization of FeO3 and SiO3 and that rearrangement to the more stable silicates ferrosilite (FeSiO3) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4) does not occur at these conditions. To investigate the internal mixing state of the particles, the H2O surface desorption energy of the particles was measured. We found that the nanoparticles are internally mixed and that differential coating resulting in a core-shell structure does not occur.

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