Ethanol production using vegetable peels medium and the effective role of cellulolytic bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) pre-treatment

Background: The requirement of an alternative clean energy source is increasing with the elevating energy demand of modern age. Bioethanol is considered as an excellent candidate to satiate this demand.Methods:Yeast isolates were used for the production of bioethanol using cellulosic vegetable wastes as substrate. Efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol was achieved by the action of cellulolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis). After proper isolation, identification and characterization of stress tolerances (thermo-, ethanol-, pH-, osmo- & sugar tolerance), optimization of physiochemical parameters for ethanol production by the yeast isolates was assessed. Very inexpensive and easily available raw materials (vegetable peels) were used as fermentation media. Fermentation was optimized with respect to temperature, reducing sugar concentration and pH.Results:It was observed that temperatures of 30°C and pH 6.0 were optimum for fermentation with a maximum yield of ethanol. The results indicated an overall increase in yields upon the pretreatment ofBacillus subtilis; maximum ethanol percentages for isolate SC1 obtained after 48-hour incubation under pretreated substrate was 14.17% in contrast to untreated media which yielded 6.21% after the same period. Isolate with the highest ethanol production capability was identified as members of the ethanol-producingSaccharomycesspecies after stress tolerance studies and biochemical characterization using Analytical Profile Index (API) ® 20C AUX and nitrate broth test. Introduction ofBacillus subtilisincreased the alcohol production rate from the fermentation of cellulosic materials.Conclusions:The study suggested that the kitchen waste can serve as an excellent raw material in ethanol fermentation.

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Bioethanol production using vegetable peels medium and the effective role of cellulolytic bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) pre-treatment

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.13952.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 271 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Salman Khan Promon ◽

Wasif Kamal ◽

Shafkat Shamim Rahman ◽

M. Mahboob Hossain ◽

Naiyyum Choudhury

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Ethanol Production ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽

Alcohol Production

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PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS BY CARBON DIOXIDE

Food Science and Technology ◽

10.15673/fst.v14i1.1651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

K. Gafurov ◽

B. Muhammadiev ◽

Sh. Mirzaeva ◽

F. Kuldosheva

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Volumetric Flow Rate ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Critical Conditions ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Laboratory Setup

The unique properties of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent are widely used for extraction. In supercritical media, the dissolution of molecules of various chemical nature is possible. The purpose of this investigation was to study the extraction process and obtain extracts from valuable regional plant materials by applying CO2 extraction under pre- and supercritical conditions. The objects of research were: ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberry and jida flowers. For extraction, a laboratory setup was used that allows extraction when the CO2 is supplied by a high-pressure plunger pump in the sub- and supercritical state using a heat pump. The pressure range is 3-15 MPa, temperatures 295–330 K, and the volumetric flow rate above the critical CO2 is 800–900 g. Experiments with ground seeds of melon and pumpkin showed that as a result of 4 sequentially performed extraction cycles on a single load with supercritical CO2 parameters ( 315–330 K; 3–7.5 MPa) the decrease in the mass of melon seeds was 90 g (pumpkins 80 g). During the total extraction time (2.5 hours), 20 kg of CO2 were pumped through the reactor (25 l at 290 K and 6.8 MPa), while the average oil content in the extract was 4 g per 1 kg of CO2 (3.0 g per 1 l of SС-CO2) In experiments with jida flowers, the maximum amount of solid extractable substance (2% by weight of the raw material) was obtained at a temperature in the extractor of 308 K and a pressure of 7.5 MPa. Upon extraction under critical conditions in collection 2, the liquid phase was absent; only a yellow-green paste was released in it. According to the results of experiments with mint leaves, the maximum yield of a greenish liquid was observed at T = 315 K and P = 4 MPa., Mulberry - at T = 306 K and P = 6.0 MPa. The results of the extraction of oils and extracts from ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberries and jida flowers confirm that the maximum yield of the extracted substance is achieved with supercritical CO2 parameters in the extractor (310 K, 7.5 MPa). When liquid CO2 is extracted (300 K and 6-8 MPa), up to 2% of a yellow substance is extracted, which does not differ in appearance from a supercritical extract.

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Design for Recycling Principles Applicable to Selected Clean Energy Technologies: Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Modules, Electric Vehicle Batteries, and Wind Turbine Blades

Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy ◽

10.1007/s40831-020-00313-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 761-774

Author(s):

Alex Norgren ◽

Alberta Carpenter ◽

Garvin Heath

Keyword(s):

Wind Turbine ◽

Crystalline Silicon ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Turbine Blades ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wind Turbine Blades ◽

Design For Recycling ◽

Pv Modules

Abstract The global growth of clean energy technology deployment will be followed by parallel growth in end-of-life (EOL) products, bringing both challenges and opportunities. Cumulatively, by 2050, estimates project 78 million tonnes of raw materials embodied in the mass of EOL photovoltaic (PV) modules, 12 billion tonnes of wind turbine blades, and by 2030, 11 million tonnes of lithium-ion batteries. Owing partly to concern that the projected growth of these technologies could become constrained by raw material availability, processes for recycling them at EOL continue to be developed. However, none of these technologies are typically designed with recycling in mind, and all of them present challenges to efficient recycling. This article synthesizes and extends design for recycling (DfR) principles based on a review of published industrial and academic best practices as well as consultation with experts in the field. Specific principles developed herein apply to crystalline-silicon PV modules, batteries like those used in electric vehicles, and wind turbine blades, while a set of broader principles applies to all three of these technologies and potentially others. These principles are meant to be useful for stakeholders—such as research and development managers, analysts, and policymakers—in informing and promoting decisions that facilitate DfR and, ultimately, increase recycling rates as a way to enhance the circularity of the clean energy economy. The article also discusses some commercial implications of DfR. Graphical Abstract

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QUALIDADE DO CALDO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL EM CULTIVARES DE SORGO SACARINO SOB ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v16n3p388-400 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 388

Author(s):

CRISTÓBAL SOTO SOLANO ◽

NIRALDO JOSÉ PONCIANO ◽

ROGÉRIO FIGUEIREDO DAHER ◽

RAFAEL AUGUSTO DA COSTA ◽

PAULO MARCELO DE SOUZA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Ethanol Yield ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Total Reducing Sugars ◽

Nitrogen Rates

RESUMO - O sorgo sacarino tem potencial de uso como fonte de matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, analisar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura na qualidade do caldo para produção de etanol de quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino. O experimento foi conduzido em Campos dos Goytacazes- RJ, de janeiro a maio de 2014. Foram estudadas quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino: BRS 506, BRS 508, BRS 509 e BRS 511 e cinco de doses de nitrogênio (0, 80, 160, 240 e 320 Kg ha-1), aplicadas aos 25 e 45 dias após semeadura. Os resultados mostraram que valor Brix, açúcares redutores totais, açúcares totais recuperáveis, volume do caldo e rendimento de etanol foram afetados pela adubação nitrogenada. Para todas as características, o valor máximo foi obtido pela dose de 240 kg de N ha-1. Entre as cultivares, a BRS 506 mostrou-se superior em produção de caldo e rendimento de etanol. Enquanto a BRS 511 destacou-se nos atributos ART e ATR, e a cultivar BRS 508 sobressaiu-se no valor Brix. A cultivar BRS 506 apresentou melhor resultado combinado, com maior volume de caldo e rendimento de etanol com as doses de 204 e 212 kg N ha-1, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: biocombustíveis, rendimento de álcool carburante, atributos industriais, caracterização da matéria prima, genótipos. QUALITY OF BROTH FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN CULTIVARS OF SACARINE SORGHUM UNDER NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ABSTRACT - Sweet sorghum has potential as a source of raw material for the production of bioethanol. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of nitrogen topdressing on the quality of the juice for ethanol production from four cultivars of sorghum. The experiment was conducted in Campos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from January to May 2014. Four cultivars of sorghum: BRS 506, BRS 508, BRS 509 and BRS 511 were studied, and five nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg ha-1), applied to 25 and 45 days after sowing. The results showed that the value Brix, total reducing sugars, total recoverable sugars, broth volume and ethanol yield were affected by nitrogen fertilization. For all features, the maximum value was obtained for the dose of 240 kg N ha-1. Among cultivars, BRS 506 was superior in production of broth and ethanol yield. BRS 511 stood out in the attributes ART and ATR, and BRS 508, in value Brix. BRS 506 had better combined result of higher volume of juice and ethanol yield with doses of 204 and 212 kg N ha-1, respectively Keywords: biofuels, fuel ethanol output, industrial attributes, characterization of raw materials, genotypes.

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Traditional and new raw materials for spirit beverage production

Folia Biologica et Oecologica ◽

10.18778/1730-2366.16.17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 70-78

Author(s):

Szymon Ługowoj ◽

Maria Balcerek

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Growth Requirements ◽

Other Hand ◽

Materials Used ◽

Production Industry

The ethanol production industry is a fast growing branch of the economy in many countries, and there is a rich tradition of spirit beverage production of many unique drinks such as Polish vodka and Starka or Irish and Scotch whisk(e)y, all of which have unique organoleptic features. This variety is possible thanks to different raw materials used for production such as rye, barley or corn and potatoes, as well as technological solutions developed over the generations of manufacturing. Rye deserves a closer look due to its low growth requirements and many different uses as well as its long tradition of cultivation, especially in Poland. On the other hand, manufacturers are currently interested in using new, original raw materials for the production of so-called craft alcohols. Buckwheat is an example of a raw material that can be successfully used in the production of original spirits.

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Alpian, Yanciluk, dan Wahyu Supriyati

Agrienvi, Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.36873/aev.v13i02.1771 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 22-31

Author(s):

Agrienvi

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Economic Value ◽

Forest Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Simple Technology

Energy demand increase follow to population growth factors, high exploration costs, rising world oil prices andthe difficulty of finding sources of oil reserves. These factors cause the governments of several countries toimmediately produce alternative energy that is renewable and environmentally friendly. Wood pellets are analternative energy source. The availability of raw materials is very easy to obtain. Raw materials for wood pelletsfrom the exploitation waste such as logging residues, branches and twigs, wood industry waste such as scraps,sawdust and bark, agricultural waste such as straw and husks. Waste that is developed into a product will produce ahigher economic value. Making pellets from wood waste is an alternative energy material for meeting people's energyneeds. The opportunity to develop wood pellets as fuel is wide open because of the vast potential of forests inIndonesia and the large amount of waste from forest products, both from timber industry waste and exploitationwaste. Equipment, raw materials and the process of making pellets in a simple manner need to be socialized to thepublic so that they can be applied especially for the utilization of potential waste that can be used as raw material formaking pellets.Keywords : wood pellets, waste, simple technology, renewable energy

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ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCOYAM (Хanthosoma sagittifolium): APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMIC-TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Тонкие химические технологии ◽

10.32362/2410-6593-2018-13-2-40-50 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 40-50

Author(s):

S. Serna-Loaiza ◽

Yu. A. Pisarenko ◽

C. A. Cardona

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Starch Content ◽

Topological Analysis ◽

Economic Assessment ◽

Raw Material ◽

Design Stage ◽

Tropical Plant ◽

Thermodynamic Topological Analysis

Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) is a tropical plant of the family of Araceas. Nigeria, China and Ghana are the countries that currently own most of the world production of this plant. In Colombia, there are not extensive crops of this plant, but it is used for animal feeding mainly. The plant has an aerial part with a high content of protein (leaves) and a tuber with an average starch content about 25% w/w. Compared to others starchy raw materials, this is a high value. Due to this fact this first-generation starchy material could be considered as a possible feedstock for the production of ethanol. Process design must ensure that the most advanced concepts are applied at the design and processing stage for every raw material to ensure efficient and more sustainable processes. For this reason, thermodynamic-topological analysis was used for the design of the stage of the produced ethanol purification. This work presents the process of ethanol production using cocoyam tuber. The software Aspen Plus v8.6 (Aspen Technology, Inc., USA) was used for the techno-economic assessment, and the Waste Reduction Algorithm (WAR) of the Environmental Protection Agency of the EE.UU. (EPA) was used to measure the environmental performance. The obtained production cost was 1,6 USD per kilogram, and the environmental impact was very low. This is an excellent incentive to promote the application of this feedstock to obtain a feasible alternative for the production of ethanol. Additionally, the use of thermodynamic-topological analysis in the design stage of the purification stage of the process proved to be very useful and easily applied.

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Process Efficiency and Energy Consumption During the Extrusion of Potato and Multigrain Formulations

Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.1515/agriceng-2018-0015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 49-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arkadiusz Matysiak ◽

Agnieszka Wójtowicz ◽

Tomasz Oniszczuk

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Rotation Speed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mechanical Energy ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Efficiency ◽

Specific Mechanical Energy

AbstractThe aim of the research was to determine the effect of extrusion conditions (various moisture content of raw materials and screw rotation speed), as well as the effect of recipe composition on the process efficiency and the energy consumption during treatment of potato and multigrain products. The efficiency of the extrusion process (Q) was determined by the mass of the product obtained at a given time for all prepared raw material mixtures and the process parameters used, while the specific mechanical energy demand was determined using the SME index. The obtained results allow to conclude that the level of raw materials moisture content had a greater impact on the efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion process than the variable screw speed during the treatment. The efficiency of the process increased with the increasing moisture of the tested compositions, while a decrease in the requirements of SME was observed. The use of differentiated raw material compositions also influenced the Q and SME values determined during the tests.

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PEMBUATAN PESTISIDA ORGANIK MENGGUNAKAN METODE EKSTRAKSI DARI SAMPAH DAUN PEPAYA DAN UMBI BAWANG PUTIH

Jurnal Dampak ◽

10.25077/dampak.10.1.46-59.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvie Yennie ◽

Shinta Elystia

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Natural Materials

ABSTRAKPestisida adalah substansi kimia dan bahan lain yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan berbagai hama yang terbukti mengganggu. Pestisida dapat dibuat dari bahan alam yang salah satunya dari daun pepaya dan umbi bawang putih. Hal ini diiringi dengan mudahnya didapatkan bahan alam tersebut sehingga muncullah ide untuk membuat pestisida dari bahan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh variasi waktu perendaman bahan baku dengan variasi pelarut, menghitung rendemen dari variasi waktu perendaman bahan baku dan menguji senyawa metabolit sekunder dari rendemen maksimum lalu menguji toksisitas ekstrak yang diperoleh terhadap larva nyamuk. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol dan etanol. Variasi waktu perendaman 3,5,7 hari dengan suhu lingkungan, nisbah larutan padatan sebesar 1 : 4, setelah proses perendaman dilakukan penyaringan dan hasil saringan berupa filtrat didestilasi dengan kondisi operasi temperatur 80o C selama 50 menit. Lalu ekstrak diuji senyawa metabolit sekundernya, diukur pHnya dan toksisitas terhadap hewan uji. Kondisi operasi maksimum diperoleh pada waktu perendaman selama 7 hari dengan kadar rendemen sebesar 41,35 % dengan pH 5,79 untuk hasil ekstrak metanol dan 36,06 % dengan pH 5,86 untuk hasil ekstrak etanol. Metabolit sekunder yang berhasil diidentifikasi adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin dan sulfur. Konsentrasi maksimum yang membunuh larva nyamuk adalah sebesar 3000 ppm dengan rata-rata kematian larva 95 % untuk ekstrak etanol dan 97,5 % untuk ekstrak metanol.Kata kunci: pestisida alami, daun pepaya dan umbi bawang putih, ekstraksiABSTRACTPesticides are chemicals and other substances used to control pests that could prove disruptive. Pesticides can be made from natural materials, one of which from the leaves of papaya and garlic bulbs. It is accompanied by easily obtained natural materials that came the idea to create pesticide of these materials. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of variations in the time of immersion of raw materials with a variety of solvents, calculate the yield of raw material variation of soaking time and the test compounds secondary metabolites of maximum yield and test the toxicity of exstracts obtained against mosquito larvae. The research was done by maceration extraction method using methanol and ethanol. 3,5,7 days soaking time variation with temperature, the solid solution ratio 1 : 4, after immersion do filtering was done and filter the results in the form of the filtrate is distilled at 80o C temperature operating conditions for 50 minutes. Then extract secondary metabolites were tested, measured their pH and toxicity towards the test animals. Maximum operating conditions obtained at the time of immersion for 7 days with high levels of yields at 41.35 % with a pH of 5.79 for methanol extract and 36.06 % with a pH 5.86 to extract the ethanol. Secondary metabolites that were succesfuly identified are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and sulfur.Maximum concentration that killed mosquito larvae is equal to 3000 ppm with an average of 95 % larval mortality for ethanol extract and 97.5 % for methanol extract.Keyword : natural pesticides, papaya and garlic bulbs, extraction

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Biomass Pellets from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB)

ICONIET PROCEEDING ◽

10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 65-68

Author(s):

Rahman Farhan Aditya

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Binder Ratio ◽

Binder Concentration

Oil Palm growths in Indonesia are getting higher every year. Oil palm plantationproduced various waste, including oil palm empty fruit bunches (OP-EFB). 95 % Indonesia energy demand still provided by the fossil fuel and only 5 % provided by renewable energy, which provide opportunity of OP-EFB biomass pellets to be utilized as alternative resource. The research of biomass still low, especially research of OP-EFB biomass pellets. Therefore, the research objectives were to determine the production process of OP-EFB and to define the most effective binder and binder ratio for the biomass pellets. This research experiments consist of shredding, chopping, drying, grinding, and sieving as raw material pretreatment. Also, varying the binder and binder concentration of the mixture between raw materials was the part of this thesis research. The binders used in this thesis research are PVAC paste and tapioca based paste with 4 variations of concentration. The analyses of the biomass pellets characteristic are density,compressive strength, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, combustion rate, and gas chromatographic & mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The result shows that OP-EFB biomass pellets are qualified to be considered as biomass pellets. The most effective OP-EFB biomass pellets is biomass pellets with 10% tapioca binder concentration.

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