scholarly journals Genetic Loci Underlying Awn Morphology in Barley

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1613
Author(s):  
Biguang Huang ◽  
Weiren Wu ◽  
Zonglie Hong
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cloning ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Barley Genome ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Highly Active

Barley awns are highly active in photosynthesis and account for 30–50% of grain weight in barley. They are diverse in length, ranging from long to awnless, and in shape from straight to hooded or crooked. Their diversity and importance have intrigued geneticists for several decades. A large collection of awnness mutants are available—over a dozen of them have been mapped on chromosomes and a few recently cloned. Different awnness genes interact with each other to produce diverse awn phenotypes. With the availability of the sequenced barley genome and application of new mapping and gene cloning strategies, it will now be possible to identify and clone more awnness genes. A better understanding of the genetic basis of awn diversity will greatly facilitate development of new barley cultivars with improved yield, adaptability and sustainability.

scholarly journals The Genetic Basis of Hypertriglyceridemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Germán D. Carrasquilla ◽  
Malene Revsbech Christiansen ◽  
Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Severe Hypertriglyceridemia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Polygenic Scores

Abstract Purpose of Review Hypertriglyceridemia is a common dyslipidemia associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis. Severe hypertriglyceridemia may sometimes be a monogenic condition. However, in the vast majority of patients, hypertriglyceridemia is due to the cumulative effect of multiple genetic risk variants along with lifestyle factors, medications, and disease conditions that elevate triglyceride levels. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in the understanding of the genetic basis of hypertriglyceridemia. Recent Findings More than 300 genetic loci have been identified for association with triglyceride levels in large genome-wide association studies. Studies combining the loci into polygenic scores have demonstrated that some hypertriglyceridemia phenotypes previously attributed to monogenic inheritance have a polygenic basis. The new genetic discoveries have opened avenues for the development of more effective triglyceride-lowering treatments and raised interest towards genetic screening and tailored treatments against hypertriglyceridemia. Summary The discovery of multiple genetic loci associated with elevated triglyceride levels has led to improved understanding of the genetic basis of hypertriglyceridemia and opened new translational opportunities.

scholarly journals Resistance to Fusarium head blight in spring barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chrpová ◽  
V. Šíp ◽  
L. Štočková ◽  
L. Stemberková ◽  
L. Tvarůžek
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Medium Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease causing substantial yield and quality losses in barley. Genetic variation in deoxynivalenol (DON) content and and important yield traits in response to FHB were studied in 44 spring barley cultivars for two years following artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorum under field conditions. The analysis of variance revealed that the largest effect on DON content and simultaneously on the reduction of thousand grain weight and grain weight per spike were due to the environmental conditions of the year, while the visual disease symptoms depended on the cultivars to a larger extent. All these traits were significantly interrelated. The most resistant cultivars Murasski mochi, Nordic, Krasnodarskij 35, Krasnodarskij 95, Nordus, and Usurijskij 8, together with the resistant check Chevron, showed the lowest DON content, the lowest expression of disease symptoms and the lowest reduction of TGW and GWS. However, most spring barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic in recent years expressed susceptibility or medium resistance and were considerably affected by the disease. This increases the importance of breeding barley for resistance to FHB.

scholarly journals Dissecting genetic loci affecting grain morphological traits to improve grain weight via nested association mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (11) ◽  
pp. 3115-3128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Wang ◽  
Luhao Dong ◽  
Junmei Hu ◽  
Yunlong Pang ◽  
Liqin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Nested Association Mapping

Inheritance of scald resistance in barley. I. Resistance of genes of group A barley cultivars

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Ali
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Common Gene ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Common

The genetic basis of resistance and susceptibility of barley cultivars to Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) Davis was determined from F2 and F3 progenies of crosses among five resistant and four susceptible cultivars. The resistant cultivars Psaknon, Atlas 46, Atlas 57, Hudson and Turk were found to share a common gene in addition to other genes for resistance. No race of the pathogen found in Western Australia was able to overcome the resistance conferred by the common gene. The effectiveness of the identified resistance genes to two isolates of R. secalis was studied under glasshouse conditions in winter and summer, and in the field during winter.

scholarly journals Morphological characters, plant phenology and yield of spring barley (Hordeum sativum L.) depending on cultivar properties and sowing date

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Noworolnik
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
State Research Institute ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

During the period 2008-2010, microplot experiments on spring barley were carried out in the experimental field of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy, on a good wheat soil complex. The following cultivars were compared: ‘Conchita’, ‘Kormoran’, ‘Rufus’, ‘Skald’, ‘Skarb’ (2008-2009) as well as ‘Afrodite’, ‘Aliciana’, ‘Bordo’, ‘Skald’, and ‘Suweren’ (2009-2010), in terms of their morphological characters determining grain yield and their response to sowing date: 7-12 April and 17-22 April. Among the spring barley cultivars tested, there were large differences in productive tillering of plants, number of ears per unit area, and grain yield. Smaller differences related to number of grains per ear and 1000 grain weight. The cultivars ‘Suweren’ and ‘Skarb’ were characterized by high grain yield thanks to greater plant tillering and higher number of ears. The cultivar ‘Bordo’ was marked by the highest number of grains per ear, while cv. ‘Kormoran’ had the highest 1000 grain weight. A delayed sowing date caused a shortening of the growing season by 8-9 days and a shortening of all plant growth stages. This negatively affected number of ears per unit area and grain yield, but did not result in significant changes in number of grains per ear and 1000 grain weight. ‘Suweren’ and ‘Skarb’, i.e. cultivars with higher tillering ability, can be considered to be cultivars more tolerant to delayed sowing date.

scholarly journals Effects of Potassium Availability on Growth and Development of Barley Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2269
Author(s):  
Widad Al Azzawi ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Gill ◽  
Foad Fatehi ◽  
Meixue Zhou ◽  
Tina Acuña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
The Impact

Potassium deficiency is one of the major issues affecting crop production around the globe. Giving the high cost of potassium fertilizers and environmental concerns related to inappropriate fertilization practices, developing more potassium use efficient (KUE) varieties is critical for sustainable food production in agricultural systems. In this study, we analysed the impact of potassium availability on agronomical attributes of thirty barley genotypes grown at four different levels of potassium (0.002 mM, 0.02 mM, 2 mM, 20 mM) under glasshouse conditions. The results showed that the availability of potassium in the soil had a major effect on yield components i.e., spike number, grain number and grain weight. Furthermore, grain weight showed a strong correlation with grain number and spike number at all levels of potassium supply. Although an increase in potassium supply led to an increase in plant height in all genotypes, the correlation with grain weight was very weak at all levels. Potassium supplementation caused an increase in shoot dry weight, which also showed a weak correlation with grain weight at the 0.002 mM potassium supply level. The genotypes Gebeina, Skiff, YF374, Flagship and YF374 were highly efficient in performing at suboptimal K supply levels and, thus, can be recommended to be grown in K-impoverished soils. We also suggest that grain and spike numbers could be used as proxies for KUE studies, to construct DH lines and identify QTL to improve low potassium tolerance and KUE in barley.

scholarly journals Genetic loci of the R. anatipestifer serotype discovered by Pan-GWAS and its application for the development of a multiplex PCR serotyping method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhishuang Yang ◽  
Xueqin Yang ◽  
Mingshu Wang ◽  
Renyong Jia ◽  
Shun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Pcr Method

The disease caused by Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) causes large economic losses to the global duck industry every year. Serotype-related genomic variation (such as in O-antigen and capsular polysaccharide gene clusters) has been widely used for the serotyping in many gram-negative bacteria. To date, there have been few studies focused on genetic basis of serotypes in R. anatipestifer. Here, we used pan-genome-wide association studies (Pan-GWAS) to identify the serotype-specific genetic loci of 38 R. anatipestifers strain. Analyses of the loci of 11 serotypes showed that the loci could be well mapped with the serotypes of the corresponding strains. We constructed the knockout strain for the wzy gene at the locus, and the results showed that the mutant lost the agglutination characteristics to positive antisera. Based on the of Pan-GWAS results, we developed a multiple PCR method to identify serotypes 1, 2, and 11 of R. anatipestifer. Our study provides a precedent for systematically analysing the genetic basis of the R anatipestifer serotypes and establishing a complete serotyping system in the future.

ETUDE DE LA TOLERANCE DE CULTIVARS D’ORGE A LA TACHE HELMINTHOSPORIENNE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. DOSTALER ◽  
G. J. PELLETIER ◽  
L. COUTURE
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
Key Words Barley

This study was conducted to assess tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars to spot blotch. The barley cultivars Parkland, Bonanza and Laurier inoculated with spores of Bipolaris sorokiniana developed approximately the same level of spot blotch symptoms in the field. Natural disease development was minimal in plots treated with mancozeb; it was intermediate in uninoculated and untreated plots. Reduction of grain yield and grain weight differed with each cultivar. Disease had the most depressing effects on Parkland. Disease severity was highest on Laurier which suffered the least decrease in grain yield and grain weight compared to the checks. Yield and seed weight of Bonanza were not affected by low or moderate disease levels (checks) but were reduced when symptoms were severe (inoculations).Key words: Barley, cultivars, spot blotch, Bipolaris sorokiniana, tolerance, mancozeb

scholarly journals A chromosomally integrated bacteriophage in invasive meningococci

2005 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1905-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Bille ◽  
Jean-Ralph Zahar ◽  
Agnes Perrin ◽  
Sandrine Morelle ◽  
Paula Kriz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Type Iv Pilin ◽  
Genome Comparisons ◽  
Commensal Relationship

Cerebrospinal meningitis is a feared disease that can cause the death of a previously healthy individual within hours. Paradoxically, the causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis, is a common inhabitant of the human nasopharynx, and as such, may be considered a normal, commensal organism. Only in a small proportion of colonized people do the bacteria invade the bloodstream, from where they can cross the blood–brain barrier to cause meningitis. Furthermore, most meningococcal disease is caused by bacteria belonging to only a few of the phylogenetic groups among the large number that constitute the population structure of this genetically variable organism. However, the genetic basis for the differences in pathogenic potential remains elusive. By performing whole genome comparisons of a large collection of meningococcal isolates of defined pathogenic potential we brought to light a meningococcal prophage present in disease-causing bacteria. The phage, of the filamentous family, excises from the chromosome and is secreted from the bacteria via the type IV pilin secretin. Therefore, this element, by spreading among the population, may promote the development of new epidemic clones of N. meningitidis that are capable of breaking the normal commensal relationship with humans and causing invasive disease.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Comparator Agents Tested against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from United States (US) Medical Centers Stratified by Infection Type (2015–2016)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S378-S378
Author(s):  
Helio S Sader ◽  
Mariana Castanheira ◽  
Leonard R Duncan ◽  
Robert K Flamm
Keyword(s):  
Infection Type ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Skin Structure ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background We evaluated and compared the in vitro activities of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) and comparators against of Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and P. aeruginosa (PSA) from various infection types. Methods 23,440 isolates composed of 19,249 ENT and 4,191 PSA were consecutively collected from 85 US hospitals and tested for susceptibility (S) by broth microdilution methods in a central monitoring laboratory (JMI Laboratories). The antimicrobial S and frequency of key resistance (R) phenotypes, such as multidrug-R (MDR) and extensively drug-R (XDR) among others, were assessed and stratified by these infection types: bloodstream (BSI; 3,434 isolates; 14.7%), pneumonia (6,439; 27.5%), skin/skin structure (SSSI; 4,134; 17.6%), intra-abdominal (IAI; 951; 4.1%), urinary tract (UTI; 7,873; 33.6%), and others combined (609; 2.6%). Results CAZ-AVI was active against 99.9% to 100.0% of ENT and 97.0% (pneumonia) to 99.4% (UTI) of PSA isolates. S rates were consistently lower among ENT from pneumonia compared with other infection types for β-lactams such as CAZ (82.3% vs. 87.1–90.8%), piperacillin-tazobactam (P-T; 87.5% vs. 90.2–95.6%) and meropenem (MEM; 96.8% vs. 98.4–99.4%). S to gentamicin (GEN) was also generally lower among isolates from pneumonia, whereas S to levofloxacin (LEV) and colistin (COL) were lowest among BSI and SSSI isolates, respectively. The occurrence of MDR, XDR, and carbapenem-resistant ENT (CRE) phenotypes were markedly higher among isolates from patients with pneumonia compared with other infection types (Table). Among PSA, S rates for CAZ, P-T, and GEN were lowest among isolates from pneumonia, whereas S to MEM was similar among isolates from BSI, pneumonia, and IAI (77.3–77.9%), and S to LEV was markedly lower among UTI isolates (67.1%). The frequency of PSA isolates with MDR and XDR phenotypes, as well as non-S to CAZ, MER, and P-T, were also highest among isolates from patients with pneumonia (Table). Conclusion Antimicrobial S rates were generally lower among ENT and PSA isolates from patients with pneumonia compared with other infections. CAZ-AVI was highly active against a large collection of contemporary ENT and PSA isolates from US hospitals (2015–2016), including MDR and XDR organisms, regardless of the infection type. Disclosures H. S. Sader, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research grant; M. Castanheira, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research grant; L. R. Duncan, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research grant; R. K. Flamm, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research grant

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