scholarly journals Influence of Climate Changes on the State of Water Resources in Poland and Their Usage

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka ◽  
Sylwia Machula
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Meteorological Elements

The study aims to estimate the amount of available renewable water resources in Poland in the years 1999–2018 and the extent of their use by various sectors of the national economy at the national and regional levels. In the study period, the selected meteorological elements were found to have changed, resulting in a decrease in the flows of the two largest rivers in Poland: the Vistula and the Oder. The outflow of the Vistula and Odra basins determines the size of Poland’s water resources. Poland is classified as a country of low water resources, as evidenced by the per capita amount of surface water, which in the years 1999–2018 was 1566 m3/capita. Water consumption to meet the needs of the economy and the population was stable, and averaged 283 m3/capita in this period. The analysis of water consumption by region showed that the areas with the lowest annual precipitation consume significant amounts of water for economic purposes, which may limit or destabilise socio-economic development in the region in future. Based on the difference between the amount of precipitation and water losses in the form of evaporation and water abstraction for economic purposes, maps were drawn up showing the deficit of surface water in a dry year. During periods of surface water scarcity, groundwater uptake increases. An area particularly exposed to water scarcity is central Poland.

Impacts of Water Consumption Structure Adjustment on Social-Economic Development and Water Cycle

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 2051-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Feng Hao ◽  
Yang Wen Jia ◽  
Cun Wen Niu ◽  
Cheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
Structure Adjustment ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Water consumption structure adjustment is considered to be effective to alleviate regional water crisis for sustainable socio-economic development and rational water resources utilization. The paper studies mechanism of interactions between socio-economic system and water resources system by coupling of economic model CGE, water allocation model ROWAS and distributed water cycle model WEP to discover the impacts of water consumption structure adjustment on regional socio-economic development and water cycle in the Weihe River basin of China. The results indicate that water consumption structure adjustment transferring water consumption from agriculture to industry and services would distinctly promote economic growth and resident welfare with surface water flow increasing and groundwater level declining. As a result, water supply structure adjustment and integrated regulation of surface water and groundwater would be essential for regional harmonious development.

scholarly journals Water Consumption in the Belarusian Woodland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Recycling Systems

The paper presents the results of researches of the Belarusian Woodland water consumption over the period from 2000 to 2015. We have made a conclusion about relatively low effectiveness of the water resources use and have shown the necessity of rational water consumption due to introduction of water-saving techniques, water recycling systems, as well as minimization of water losses during transportation.

Dynamic Water Pricing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Quentin Grafton ◽  
Long Chu ◽  
Paul Wyrwoll
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
The Future

Water insecurity poses threats to both human welfare and ecological systems. Global water abstractions (extractions) have increased threefold over the period 1960–2010, and an increasing trend in abstractions is expected to continue. Rising water use is placing significant pressure on water resources, leading to depletion of surface and underground water systems, and exposing up to 4 billion people to high levels of seasonal or persistent water insecurity. Climate change is deepening the risks of water scarcity by increasing rainfall variability. By the 2050s, the water–climate change challenge could cause an additional 620 million people to live with chronic water shortage and increase by 75% the proportion of cropland exposed to drought. While there is no single solution to water scarcity or water justice, increasing the benefits of water use through better planning and incentives can help. Pricing is an effective tool to regulate water consumption for irrigation, for residential uses, and especially in response to droughts. For a water allocation to be efficient, the water price paid by users should be equal to the marginal economic cost of water supply. Accounting for all costs of supply is important even though, in practice, water prices are typically set to meet a range of social and political objectives. Dynamic water pricing provides a tool for increasing allocative efficiency in short-term water allocation and the long-term planning of water resources. A dynamic relationship exists between water consumption at a point in time and water scarcity in the future. Thus, dynamic water pricing schemes may take into account the benefit of consuming water at that time and also the water availability that could be used should a drought occur in the future. Dynamic water pricing can be applied with the risk-adjusted user cost (RAUC), which measures the risk impact of current water consumption on the welfare of future water users.

scholarly journals Estimating Conveyance Efficiency and Maize Productivity of Traditional Irrigation Systems in Usa River Catchment, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Humuri K. Haymale ◽  
Karoli N. Njau ◽  
Frederick C. Kahimba
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
Traditional Irrigation

Estimating the conveyance efficiency of traditional irrigation schemes systems is very important. It is because of understanding the volume of water lost along with the transportation facility, enhancing water usage and productivity, hence making better decisions about the utilization of water resources. The objective of the study was to determine water abstraction permit compliances and estimate conveyance efficiency and crop and water productivity of traditional irrigation systems in northern Tanzania. The task involved measurement of irrigation water flows to determine the amount of water abstraction, inflow (head) and outflow (tail) between the canals to determine the conveyance efficiency of the main, secondary, and tertiary canals of the traditional irrigation systems. Moreover, water and yield obtained at the farm level were determined. Results indicate that approximately 72% of water transported reaches the destined farm which produced maize (Zea mays L) yields of 1054.5 kg/ha, 892.4 kg/ha, and 875.156 kg/ha at downstream, midstream, and upstream which equals 0.41 kg/m3, 0.15 kg/m3, and 0.09 kg/m3, respectively, while about 28% of water is lost along the canals through evaporation, seepage, and deep percolation and overtopping. Consequently, water measured at furrow intakes in total was 3,500 L/s, equal to 23% more than the permitted amount of 2856.14 L/s at Usa River Catchment. Interventions to minimize water losses starting at the furrow’s intakes are urgently required in the current trend of the increasing demand for water resources for food production and schemes performance. Subsequently, more effective conveyance technologies and water management strategies other than canal lining are required.

scholarly journals Water scarcity and poverty: The lasting impact of a maintenance campaign at South African schools across the affluence divide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Booysen ◽  
S. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Global Cities ◽  
Information Campaign ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Water features prominently in discussions on sustainability. The recent Cape Town ‘Day Zero’ drought heightened fears about global cities running dry as the climate changes. During that crisis a campaign was launched to save water at schools, consisting of a basic maintenance campaign and a behavioural campaign. The former was limited to easy fixes, and the latter comprised an information campaign and an information and competition campaign. The impacts of these were assessed immediately after the interventions. This paper revisits the maintenance results by assessing the difference in responses according to affluence levels of the schools, and by evaluating the impacts a year after the campaigns. We find that the poorer schools were not able to sustain the maintenance gains, especially at the primary schools.

scholarly journals When States Go Thirsty: A Critical Analysis of Water War Thesis

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmad ◽  
Adil Khan ◽  
Muhammad Imran Mehsud
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Water Wars ◽  
The World ◽  
Fault Lines

This paper discusses water war thesis. It argues that water war thesis is loosely based on the arguments by different world leaders, and writers which state that the new fault lines between states will be drawn on waters. The basic premise of the water war thesis rests on the argument of water crisis; the demand-supply gap will make states thirsty for water. It asserts that as climate changes unfold and population of the world increases, the thirsty states of the world will vie for water resources which will result in water wars. However, there are different writers who challenge the thesis by arguing that instead of generating conflict, water scarcity will induce cooperation amongst riparian states. This paper mainly focuses on this question of whether water scarcity results in conflict or cooperation. In other words, it offers a critical analysis of the water war thesis

scholarly journals WATER SUPPLY RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SARAWAK AND OTHER COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Nur Rasfina Mahyan ◽  
Onni Suhaiza Selaman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Desalinated Water ◽  
Current Water ◽  
The Difference

The rapid urbanization faced by Sarawak has raised the concern on whether the current water supply isadequate to cater for the increasing demands in future. This study focuses on identifying the potential options of watersupply resources and management practices for Sarawak in future. The water supply resources and management practicesfrom other countries are reviewed as to provide guidance for Sarawak in improving their water supply resources andmanagement practices. The desk study is performed by collecting data and information from existing resources such asinternet, government agencies, journal papers, and published reports. In this study, five types of water resources wereconsidered to be used by studied countries including surface water, groundwater, desalinated water, rainwater and reclaimedwater. The usage of surface water is recorded as the highest among all resources for both in Sarawak and other countries. Interms of water storage system, the difference between Sarawak and other countries are not significant as they adoptedalmost the similar systems such as reservoir and well. Ideally, there are three proposed potential options regarding watersupply resources for Sarawak in future namely rainwater harvesting, desalinated water and reclaimed water. Nonetheless,most of the management practices in other countries had already been practiced by Sarawak itself but may differ in terms oftechnologies and method of applications. Thus, effective water resources management must be supported by understandingof the availability of the resource itself in order to address the probable challenges in future.

scholarly journals Reconstructed natural runoff helps to quantify the relationship between upstream water use and downstream water scarcity in China's river basins

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 2491-2505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyao Zhou ◽  
Yonghui Yang ◽  
Zhuping Sheng ◽  
Yongqiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Contribution Analysis ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The increasing conflicts for water resources between upstream and downstream regions appeal to chronological insight across the world. While the negative consequence of downstream water scarcity has been widely analyzed, the quantification of influence of upstream water use on downstream water scarcity has received little attention. Here non-anthropologically intervened runoff (natural runoff) was first reconstructed in upstream, middle stream and downstream regions in China's 12 large basins in the 1970s to 2000s time period using the Fu–Budyko framework, and then compared to the observed data to obtain the developmental trajectories of water scarcity, including the ratio of water use to availability (WTA) and the per capita water availability (FI; Falkenmark Index) on a decadal scale. Furthermore, a contribution analysis was used to investigate the main drivers of water scarcity trajectories in those basins. The results show that China as a whole has experienced a rapid increase of WTA stress with surface water use rapidly increasing from 161 billion cubic meters (12 % of natural runoff) in the 1970s to 256 billion cubic meters (18 %) in the 2000s, with approximately 65 % increase occurring in northern China. In the 2000s, the increase of upstream WTA stress and the decrease of downstream WTA stress occurred simultaneously for semi-arid and arid basins, which was caused by the increasing upstream water use and the consequent decreasing surface water use in downstream regions. The influence of upstream surface water use on downstream water scarcity was less than 10 % in both WTA and FI for humid and semi-humid basins during the study period, but with an average of 26 % in WTA and 32 % in FI for semi-arid and arid basins. The ratio increased from 10 % in the 1970s to 37 % in the 2000s for WTA and from 22 % in the 1980s to 37 % in the 2000s for FI. The contribution analysis shows that the WTA contribution greatly increases in the 2000s mainly in humid and semi-humid basins, while it decreases mainly in semi-arid and arid basins. The trajectories of China's water scarcity are closely related to socioeconomic development and water policy changes, which provide valuable lessons and experiences for global water resources management.

scholarly journals WATER RESOURCES OF THE RUSSIAN‐KAZAKHSTAN TRANSBOUNDARY REGION AND THEIR USE

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-86
Author(s):  
I. D. Rybkina ◽  
Zh. T. Sivokhip
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Consumption Structure

Aim. The study is aimed at examining the regional specifics of using water resources in the Russian‐Kazakhstan transboundary region, taking the current hydroclimatic situation into account.Methods. Statistical data on the availability and use of water resources in the regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan served as the initial data for the study. A comparative assessment of water supply was carried out applying traditional procedures widely used in Russia and abroad. The following indicators of water use efficiency were used: volumes of circulating and re‐sequential water supply (million m3), water losses during transportation (million m3) and water intensity of the gross regional product (GRP).Results. It was found that, over the past 20 years, a significant transformation of the water consumption structure has taken place in the studied regions. In the Russian regions, the most serious transformation of the consumption structure occurred in the agricultural sector. A comparative assessment of water supply suggests that most regions within the Russian‐Kazakhstan transboundary territory are characterized by relatively high levels of water availability.Main conclusions. The results indicate a significant impact of socio‐economic transformations in the Russian‐Kazakhstan region on the structure of water consumption, water supply, as well as indicators of water resource efficiency. The current water management problem consists in guaranteed provision of the population and economy with fresh water under the conditions of the spatio‐temporal variability of the river flow. Thus, the integrated management of water resources within the Russian‐Kazakhstan transboundary region should be based on improving the effi‐ ciency of water use in all sectors of the water economy, taking modern hydroclimatic changes into account. 

scholarly journals The peculiarities of using water resources at the Volyn region and their ecological state in the modern conditions

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Loading

Formulation of the problem. Water is one of the most important resources in the world. The Volyn region has significant reserves of surface and underground water, but irrational use of water resources leads to their depletion. Furthermore, today the anthropogenic loading on natural ecosystems is increasing, this factor leads to the deterioration of the ecological state of water resources. So that, research the peculiarities of the water using and ecological state of water bodies and underground aquifers is necessary for conservation and restoration water resources of the region. Review of previous publications and studies. The problem of water use in the Volyn region was being studied by many scientists. The information base of this article includes number scientific works, published by K. I. Herenchuk, F. V. Zuzuk, L. V. Ilin, Ya. O. Molchak, R. V. Migas, M. R. Zabokrytska, V. K. Khil-chevskyi, V. O. Fesiuk, S. V. Polianskyi, T. S. Pavlovska, O. V. Ilina, M. A. Khvesyk, I. V. Sanina, H. H. Liutyi, L. I. Shevchuk and others. Moreover, statistical information about water use and state of water resources was given in the ecological passports, yearbooks of the Volyn region and Ukraine. Also, systematic observations of aquatic ecosystems are carried out by Regional water resources office in the Volyn region. Methods. The methodological base of the study is theoretical foundations of the doctrine of nature management. The authors applied mathematical-statistical, graphic and cartographic methods. Besides, methods of induction, deduction, comparative analysis and synthesis were used during the research. Results. The article is devoted to the study of water resources in the Volyn region, peculiarities of their use by the population and economy. The authors pay attention to the all sources of water in the Volyn region and characterize their distribution. It is mentioned that the most important source of water is aquifers. The authors give information about the structure of water use by type of economic activity. It is clarified that the largest consumers of water are agricultural enterprises and communal services. Agriculture consumes water resources for irrigation and other purposes, however, much water in this branch of economy is used irrationally. Also, large amount of extracted water is exploited for water supply of settlements in the Volyn region. But, only 5,5 % of the used water is consumed by industry, in particular, by food and sugar branch. Besides, the peculiarities of water usage in the administrative districts of the Volyn region are analyzed. The authors investigated that the biggest consumers of water are population and economy of Lutsk, Gorokhiv, Ivanychi and Volodymyr-Volynskiy districts, the least water usage is inherent for Shatsk, Lyubeshiv and Lokachinsky districts. Moreover, it is mentioned, that the features of water usage in the Volyn region change in time. For example, the amount of water consumption during 2000-2014 was decreasing as a result of social-economic causes. The article considers the problem of the influence of different sources of pollution on the water resources in the Volyn region. It is noted, that the most vulnerable to the anthropogenic loading are surface water bodies, they are polluted generally by untreated sewage. For example, river waters consist many pollutants, concentration of which exceeds the maximum permissible concentration. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The structure and dynamics of water consumption in the Volyn region is characterized for the first time. Particular attention is paid to the research of modern ecological state of surface and underground water resources in connection with water use and other economic activities. The results of this exploring will help to optimize water use and to conserve water resources.

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