scholarly journals Children’s Understanding of Informed Assents in Research Studies

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Hortense Cotrim ◽  
Cristina Granja ◽  
Ana Sofia Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Cotrim ◽  
Rui Martins
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Objective Understanding ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Acceptance Of Health Care

The assent procedure reflects an effort to enable the minor to understand, to the degree they are capable of, what their participation in the decision making process would involve. Aims: To evaluate the minors’ ability to understand the information provided to them when obtaining assent and to evaluate the opinion of the parents regarding the importance of asking the child’s assent. Methods: The sample included a total of 52 minors aged between 10 and 17 years who underwent exercise echocardiogram. The Quality of Informed Consent is divided into two parts: Part A was used to measure objective understanding and part B to measure subjective understanding. Results: The results show that the minors have a high capacity to understand the information given to them when asking for assent. A positive relationship was found between the two parts of the questionnaire. No statistically significant relationship was found between age and sex and part A and part B or between both age groups (<14 years old and ≥14 years old) and the measure. In the case of the parents, 96.6% of parents consider assent as an advantage for the child’s acceptance of health care. The opinion of the parents is not related to the age, sex or level of schooling. Conclusion: Minors showed a substantial level of understanding regarding the information provided to them. The parents considered the implementation of assent fundamental to the child’s acceptance of health care.

scholarly journals Changes in work stress among doctors in Norway from 2010 to 2019: a study based on repeated surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rosta ◽  
O G Aasland ◽  
K Isaksson Rø
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Health Care Reforms ◽  
Reward Imbalance

Abstract Background Changes in the organization of health care can influence the doctors` working conditions, which may in turn impact on doctors` perception of work stress. Since high levels of work stress can affect both the doctors’ own health and the quality of patient care, it is of importance for public health. We studied changes in work stress among Norwegian doctors from 2010 to 2018-19, and the associations of high work stress with job positions, self-rated health and sickness absence in 2018-19. Methods The study populations consisted of representative samples of 1,500 to 2,200 doctors working as hospital doctors, general practitioners (GPs), private practice specialists and doctors in academia. Data were drawn from nationwide repeated postal surveys in 2010, 2016 and 2018-19 in Norway. Response rates were between 67%-73%. The main outcome measure was perception of work stress as measured by the validated short form of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (ERI). Linear mixed models, proportions with 95% confidence intervals and logistic regression model were used in the analyses. Results From 2010 to 2018-19, the scores on the effort items (time pressure, responsibility, demands) increased significantly and the scores on the reward items (recognition, job stability, promotion prospects, prestige) decreased significantly for GPs, but remained stable for doctors in other positions. The proportion of doctors with high levels of work stress increased significantly for GPs. In 2018-19, high levels of work stress were associated with being a GP as compared with other job positions, younger age groups, average or poor health vs. very good or good health, but not with sickness absence or gender. Conclusions During a nine-year-period, work stress increased significantly for GPs, but remained stable for other job positions. This may be partly due to several health care reforms. Less work stress may improve both the doctors` own health and the quality of health care. Key messages From 2010 to 2018-19 in Norway, the proportion of GPs with high levels of work stress increased, while it remained stable for doctors in other job positions. This study supports previous findings on the association between high levels of work stress and health.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Sex on the Quality of Offal and Meat of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ludwiczak ◽  
Joanna Składanowska-Baryza ◽  
Marek Stanisz
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Two Age Groups

The goal of the study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the quality of wild boar offal and meat. A number of 32 hunt-harvested animals was assigned to groups according to age (juveniles and sub-adults) and sex. The quality of offal (liver, kidneys, heart and tongue) and m. semimembranosus was examined. The pH value of m. semimembranosus ranged from 5.45 to 5.88. The highest pH was recorded in the kidney and the liver (6.32–6.54 and 6.12–6.31). The meat in the group of juveniles was brighter (p = 0.042), yellower (p = 0.039), showed a greater drip loss (p = 0.007), cooking loss (p = 0.039), and plasticity (p = 0.028), compared to the sub-adults. The extractable fat content in the m. semimembranosus and offal (p = 0.004), and water to crude protein ratio (p = 0.033), also differed between age groups. The results of the study show different quality attributes of offal and meat of wild boars from two age groups. The obtained quality measures suggest that the culinary and technological usefulness of offal and meat from the wild boars may differ according to the age of hunted animals.

Effect of age, sex and slaughter weight on productive performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality of crossbred (Hampshire x Assam local) pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Borah ◽  
J. R. Bora ◽  
R. N. Borpuzari ◽  
A. Haque ◽  
R. Bhuyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Age And Sex

The effect of age of slaughter and sex on productive performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics was studied in 4 different age groups viz., T1 (7–8 months), T2 (9–10 months), T3 (11-12 months) and T4 (13-14 months). Each group consisted of 15 barrows and 15 gilts. With the advancement of age, feed conversion efficiency decreased significantly; however, sex did not seem to influence the feed conversion efficiency of crossbred pigs. Hot carcass weight increased linearly with the advancement of age. Carcass length increased with age but was not influenced by sex. The dressing percentage, back fat thickness, loin eye area were not affected by age and sex of the animal. Proximate composition and colour of pork Longissimus dorsi was not affected by the age and sex of the animal. Pork tenderness decreased with age.

scholarly journals Comorbidity, Pain, Utilization, and Psychosocial Outcomes in Older versus Younger Sickle Cell Adults: The PiSCES Project

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna K. McClish ◽  
Wally R. Smith ◽  
James L. Levenson ◽  
Imoigele P. Aisiku ◽  
John D. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Transition Group ◽  
Pain Frequency

Background. Patients with SCD now usually live well into adulthood. Whereas transitions into adulthood are now often studied, little is published about aging beyond the transition period. We therefore studied age-associated SCD differences in utilization, pain, and psychosocial variables.Methods. Subjects were 232 adults in the Pain in Sickle Cell Epidemiology Study (PiSCES). Data included demographics, comorbidity, and psychosocial measures. SCD-related pain and health care utilization were recorded in diaries. We compared 3 age groups: 16–25 (transition), 26–36 (younger adults), and 37–64 (older adults) years.Results. Compared to the 2 adult groups, the transition group reported fewer physical challenges via comorbidities, somatic complaints, and pain frequency, though pain intensity did not differ on crisis or noncrisis pain days. The transition group utilized opioids less often, made fewer ambulatory visits, and had better quality of life, but these differences disappeared after adjusting for pain and comorbidities. However, the transition group reported more use of behavioral coping strategies.Conclusion. We found fewer biological challenges, visits, and better quality of life, in transition-aged versus older adults with SCD, but more behavioral coping. Further study is required to determine whether age-appropriate health care, behavioral, or other interventions could improve age-specific life challenges of patients with SCD.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Radiomorphometric Indices in Panoramic Radiograph – A Screening Tool

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul Anand Bajoria ◽  
Asha ML ◽  
Geetha Kamath ◽  
Medha Babshet ◽  
Preeti Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screening Tool ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Panoramic Radiograph ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mandibular Bone ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Mandibular Cortical Index

Background: Mandibular cortical indices, like the mandibular cortical index (MCI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mental index (MI), antegonial index (AI) and gonial index (GI) have been developed to assess and quantify the quality of mandibular bone mass.Aim and Objectives:The aim of this pilot study was to measure the radiomorphometric indices in a digital panoramic radiograph and find the inter-relationship of the indices with age and sex of the patients.Materials and Method:A total of 23 randomly selected patients were included in the study. Panoramic radiograph of each patient was taken and radiomorphometric indices were determined.Results:There was 69.57% agreement between MI and PMI which was significant. Similarly 78.26% agreement was seen between AI and MI which was significant. In contrast 30.43%, 52.17% and 56.52% agreement was observed while comparing GI with PMI, MI and AI respectively.Conclusion:MCI, PMI, AI and MI can be effectively measured on a panoramic radiograph, hence could be used as a screening tool for determining osteoporosis. All indices have a negative correlation with age and a significant difference between the younger and older age groups. All indices were significantly lower in females when compared to males of the same age group.

Epistemic and relational conflicts in sharing identical vs. complementary information during cooperative learning

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Darnon ◽  
Céline Buchs ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Relational Conflict ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University

When interacting on a learning task, which is typical of several academic situations, individuals may experience two different motives: Understanding the problem, or showing their competences. When a conflict (confrontation of divergent propositions) emerges from this interaction, it can be solved either in an epistemic way (focused on the task) or in a relational way (focused on the social comparison of competences). The latter is believed to be detrimental for learning. Moreover, research on cooperative learning shows that when they share identical information, partners are led to compare to each other, and are less encouraged to cooperate than when they share complementary information. An epistemic vs. relational conflict vs. no conflict was provoked in dyads composed by a participant and a confederate, working either on identical or on complementary information (N = 122). Results showed that, if relational and epistemic conflicts both entailed more perceived interactions and divergence than the control group, only relational conflict entailed more perceived comparison activities and a less positive relationship than the control group. Epistemic conflict resulted in a more positive perceived relationship than the control group. As far as performance is concerned, relational conflict led to a worse learning than epistemic conflict, and - after a delay - than the control group. An interaction between the two variables on delayed performance showed that epistemic and relational conflicts were different only when working with complementary information. This study shows the importance of the quality of relationship when sharing information during cooperative learning, a crucial factor to be taken into account when planning educational settings at the university.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

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