scholarly journals Factors Influencing Fatalities or Severe Injuries to Pedestrians Lying on the Road in Japan: Nationwide Police Database Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Mirae Koh ◽  
Masahito Hitosugi ◽  
Eiko Kagesawa ◽  
Takahiro Narikawa ◽  
Kohei Takashima
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Collision Velocity ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Accident Research ◽  
Hit And Run ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Major Factors

To help reduce the number of pedestrians lying on the road suffering fatal or severe injuries as a result of vehicle collisions, we investigated the influencing factors. We conducted an analysis of the records of the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis Japan between 2012 and 2018; we found that 2452 pedestrians lying on the road were involved in collisions (797 fatalities, 784 severely injured, 871 mildly injured). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following as major factors that positively influenced the fatalities: head or neck injuries (odds ratio [OR], 90.221); trunk injuries (OR, 71.040); trucks as offending vehicle (OR, 2.741); collision velocity of 10–20 km/h (OR, 31.794), 20–30 km/h (OR, 2.982), 30–40 km/h (OR, 8.394), 40–50 km/h (OR, 16.831), and >50 km/h (OR, 18.639); and hit-and-run cases (OR, 1.967). The following had a positive influence on severe injuries: trunk injuries (OR, 4.060); collision velocity of 10–20 km/h (OR, 2.540), 20–30 km/h (OR, 3.700), 30–40 km/h (OR, 5.297), 40–50 km/h (OR, 5.719), and ≥50 km/h (OR, 5.244); and hit-and-run cases (OR, 2.628). Decreasing the collision velocity, avoiding collisions to the head and neck or trunk, and preventing hit-and-run cases would be effective in reducing fatal or severe injuries to pedestrians lying on the road.

scholarly journals Performance Degradation Analysis of c-Si PV Modules Mounted on a Concrete Slab under Hot-Humid Conditions Using Electroluminescence Scanning Technique for Potential Utilization in Future Solar Roadways

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Khan ◽  
Jae Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stress Testing ◽  
Concrete Slab ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Road ◽  
Scanning Technique ◽  
Testing Chamber ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Major Factors

The stability of the photovoltaic (PV) modules is critical when deployed in a non-ideal environment. Among the different factors, temperature and humidity are the two major factors affecting PV stability, making them significant causes of its degradation in terms of optoelectric and materials properties. Nowadays, with the increase in PV installation (here, we are only taking account of c-Si-based PV modules) to generate green electricity, effective space utilization is an important issue. Recently, people have been considering deploying PV modules on the road to utilize the space available on highways (roadways). This raises several new issues in the deployment of PV modules. However, issues related to temperature and humidity retain the same importance. Normally, these stability tests are performed in a damp-heat (DH) stress-testing chamber in an accelerated condition at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH). In this work, c-Si PV modules were fixed over a concrete slab to prepare a PV interacted block, which can be used to build concrete-based roads. The performance of this PV on the concrete slab was tested in a DH stress-testing chamber in an accelerated condition at 85 °C and 85% RH for 4000 h. For the comparison, a PV module without concrete was also evaluated. The degradation of the PV modules was characterized using the electroluminescence scanning technique. After 2500 h of exposure to the DH conditions, the performance retention of the PV modules mounted on the concrete was 93.2%, which was nearly 5% higher than the module without the concrete slab.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUKARELAWAN PENGATUR LALU LINTAS TERHADAP KINERJA SIMPANG TAK BERSINYAL GANESHA SURAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Gus Maelan Irfana ◽  
Nurul Hidayati ◽  
Sri Sunarjono
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The City

Abstract Traffic congestion in the City of Surakarta gave rise to a phenomenal figure among motor vehicle drivers, called the Traffic Control Volunteers or abbreviated as Supeltas. This Supeltas is present on the road to help organize the movement of traffic, as happened at the Surakarta Ganesha Unsignalized Intersection. This study aims to determine the influence of the existence of Supeltas on capacity, degree of saturation, delay, and queuing opportunities that occur at the intersection. The analysis was carried out using the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual. The results showed that the intersection without Supeltas had a capacity of 3,114.03 pcu/hour and a degree of saturation of 1.47, while the same intersection but with Supeltas had a capacity of 3,136.81 pcu/hour and a degree of saturation of 1.51. These results indicate that Supeltas has a positive influence on the performance of the intersection. Nevertheless, the degree of saturation in the location increased due to the increase in traffic volume as well as increased capacity. Keywords: unsignalized intersection, intersection performance, intersection capacity, degree of saturation  Abstrak Kemacetan lalu lintas di Kota Surakarta memunculkan sosok fenomenal di kalangan pengendara kendaraan bermotor, yang disebut Sukarelawan Pengatur Lalu Lintas atau disingkat Supeltas. Supeltas ini hadir di jalan untuk membantu mengatur pergerakan lalu lintas, seperti yang terjadi di Simpang Tak Bersinyal Ganesha Surakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh keberadaan Supeltas terhadap kapasitas, derajat kejenuhan, tundaan, dan peluang antrian yang terjadi di simpang tersebut. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggu-nakan Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia 1997. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa simpang tanpa Supeltas memiliki kapasitas sebesar 3.114,03 smp/jam dan derajat kejenuhan 1,47, sedangkan simpang yang sama tetapi dengan Supeltas memiliki kapasitas sebesar 3.136,81 smp/jam dan derajat kejenuhan 1,51. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Supeltas mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap kinerja simpang. Meskipun demikian, derajat kejenuhan di lokasi tersebut meningkat karena bertambahnya volume lalu lintas di samping kapasitas yang juga meningkat. Kata-kata kunci: simpang tak bersinyal, kinerja simpang, kapasitas simpang, derajat kejenuhan

Using the Law of “Three Points and Two Sections” to Reduce the Risk of Vehicle Collisions

2011 ◽  
Vol 299-300 ◽  
pp. 1283-1286
Author(s):  
Yang Shan Tang ◽  
Li Ying Wang ◽  
Chuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The Law ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Relationship

This paper studies the traffic accident prevention rules of “three points and two sections”, according to a series of dynamic environmental factors such as road conditions, traffic conditions, weather and so on, the safe distance of driving vehicles on the road sections is determined. After establishing a certain relationship between the law of “three points and two sections” and the safe distance of driving vehicles, use the relationship to indicate that the range of safe driving distance between vehicles, and propose some reasonable and appropriate measures for such problems to reduce the risk of vehicle collisions.

scholarly journals Do wildlife warning reflectors elicit aversion in captive macropods?

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ramp ◽  
David B. Croft
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Road Verge ◽  
Aversive Effect ◽  
The Road ◽  
Macropus Rufus ◽  
On The Road

A goal to reduce the frequency of animal–vehicle collisions is motivating extensive research on this topic world-wide. Over the last 30 years, one popular mechanism to warn wildlife of approaching vehicles has been the wildlife warning reflector, manufactured and distributed under the brands Swareflex (Austria) and Strieter-Lite (USA). These reflectors were designed to scare deer and other ungulates from roadways at night by reflecting light from the headlights of approaching vehicles into the eyes of animals on the road verge. Robust documentation of their effectiveness has been lacking, yet there has been a push in Australia to examine their efficacy with regard to medium to large macropodids. Field trials of the reflectors are problematic and difficult to design rigorously, so we chose to examine the behavioural response of two captive macropodid species (Macropus rufus and M. rufogriseus) to the reflectors on a simulated road in order to derive some indication as to their efficacy. The behavioural response to the reflectors was negligible for both species and not consistent with an aversive effect to deter road use or crossing. We conclude that they would be of little value in our efforts to reduce the frequency of collisions of kangaroos or wallabies with vehicles in Australia.

scholarly journals Vehicle Plate Recognition using Template Matching

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andysah Putera Utama Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Template Matching ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Intersections ◽  
Hit And Run ◽  
On The Road

Vehicle plate is a marker of vehicle ownership. This plate is a unique number that cannot be the same for each vehicle. It consists of numbers and letters which represent or symbolize a particular area. Vehicle plate detection aims to find information related to the ownership of the vehicle. It is beneficial if applied to traffic intersections or to find information in the event of a traffic accident. The template matching method is a suitable method used to check vehicle plate patterns with data already stored in the vehicle database. The use of this method is excellent in helping to reduce crime and traffic accidents that often occur. If the system is well established, then people will not carelessly commit crime or hit and run on the road because the speed of vehicle license recognition is faster than the speed of someone to escape from the crime that just happened.

scholarly journals Assessment of Safety Risk for Signalized and Un-signalized Intersection in a Road Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Safety Indices

The spectacular increase of number of motor vehicles on the road is mainly attributed ingeneration of traffic problems like accidents, congestions, delays etc., especially in the urban premises of developing countries. This paper examines the traffic problems and sustainable improvement of road intersection at Bhopal, India. The special and temporal constitutions of the vehicle as well as pedestrian traffic at the intersections were examined and the characteristics of the junction indoctrinating the delay problems are identified. Data regarding the traffic volume, land use and pedestrian movement activities are collected through surveys, expert opinion and literature . Analysis of the collected data revealed that the improper planning of the junctions, lack of traffic signals and unauthorised parking are the major factors contributing to the traffic congestions. Various Using data collected from surveys, traffic frequency and severity standards for signalized and Un signalized have been established. The methodologies are developed incorporating the relative importance of different severity of different safety indices at intersection. The relative importance (weights) of very low, low, medium and high severity condition is developed using data collection and expert opinions experience people which have knowledge in development/safety development at intersection were obtained by conducting a survey.

scholarly journals Frequency and causes of kangaroo - vehicle collisions on an Australian outback highway

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Klöcker ◽  
David B. Croft ◽  
Daniel Ramp
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Road Mortality ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Road Kill ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

Kangaroo–vehicle collisions are frequent on Australian highways. Despite high economic costs, detrimental effects on animal welfare, and potential impacts on population viability, little research has been done to investigate the impact of road mortality on kangaroo populations, where and why accidents occur, and how the collisions can be mitigated. We therefore collected data on species (Macropus rufus, M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus, M. robustus), sex and age of kangaroos killed on a 21.2-km bitumenised section of outback highway over 6 months in far western New South Wales, Australia. The spatial and temporal distribution of road-killed kangaroos was investigated in relation to the cover and quality of road-side vegetation, road characteristics, the density of kangaroos along the road, climatic variables and traffic volume. A total of 125 kangaroos were found killed on the road at a rate of 0.03 deaths km–1 day–1. Grey kangaroos of two species (M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus) were under-represented in the road-kill sample in comparison with their proportion in the source population estimated during the day. No bias towards either sex was found. The age structure of road-killed kangaroos was similar to age structures typical of source kangaroo populations. Road-kills mainly occurred in open plains country. In road sections with curves or stock races, road-kill frequencies were higher than expected. Greater cover and greenness of roadside vegetation at the verge probably attracted kangaroos to the road and variation in this vegetation affected the spatial distribution of road-kills. The temporal distribution of road-kills was positively correlated with the volume of night-time traffic. The probability of a kangaroo–vehicle collision increased exponentially with traffic volume. Results are discussed in relation to the potential for mitigation of kangaroo–vehicle collisions.

scholarly journals Distraction of cyclists: how does it influence their risky behaviors and traffic crashes?

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Useche ◽  
Francisco Alonso ◽  
Luis Montoro ◽  
Cristina Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Safety Data ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Explanatory Role ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
The Road ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
On The Road

BackgroundUndisputedly, traffic crashes constitute a public health concern whose impact and importance have been increasing during the past few decades. Specifically, road safety data have systematically shown how cyclists are highly vulnerable to suffering traffic crashes and severe injuries derived from them. Furthermore, although the empirical evidence is still very limited in this regard, in addition to other human factors involved in cycling crashes, distractions while cycling appear to be a major contributor to the road risk of cyclists.ObjectivesThe main objectives of this study were, first, to explore the prevalence and trends of cycling distractions within an international sample of bike users, and second, to determine the influence of such distractions on road crashes suffered by cyclists, simultaneously considering the explanatory role of risky behaviors (errors and traffic violations) as potentially mediating variables between cycling distractions and traffic crashes.MethodsFor this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the data obtained from 1,064 cyclists—61.2% male and 38.8% female—from 20 different countries, who answered an on-line questionnaire on cycling-related features, habits, behaviors and accidents.ResultsThe prevalence of different cycling distractions oscillated between 34.7% and 83.6%. The most common distractions were those related to the behavior of other users, physical elements of the road, weather conditions and phone calls. Age trends and differences were also found, thus establishing a positive association between age and distractibility during cycling. Furthermore, the effect of distractions on traffic crashes of cyclists was significant when tested together with age, risk perception and risky behaviors on the road.ConclusionThe results of this study support the hypotheses that distractions have a major prevalence among bike users, and that they play a significant role in the prediction of the traffic crash rates of cyclists, through the mediation of risky behaviors.

The formula commonly used to calculate velocity change in vehicle collisions

1998 ◽  
Vol 212 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Deformation Law ◽  
Impulsive Forces ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Impact

A vehicle's velocity change in a crash, Δ v, is helpful in the scientific investigation of road traffic accidents. This note discusses the formula commonly used to calculate Δ v. A new derivation of this formula for planar motion is given here. The derivation is based upon the conservation laws and leads to an extension of the existing formula. It is not necessary to assume any deformation law for the vehicles in order to obtain the results. The new derivation clarifies the conditions under which the commonly used formula is valid. It shows that the masses and yaw moments of inertia of the vehicles must not be significantly changed by the collision. Further, tyre and other forces must be negligible when compared with the impulsive forces generated by the impact. Finally, there is a condition on the components of the velocities at the point where the resultant impulses act. The analysis shows that the commonly used formula neglects restitution effects and so tends to underestimate the actual velocity change. In fact, restitution effects are important for low-speed impacts. Impact speed calculated from the commonly used formula is not as accurate as speeds obtained by other methods. Nevertheless, in the absence of any marks on the road, such calculations may be the only way of scientifically estimating a vehicle's speed.

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