scholarly journals Can the Performance Gap between Women and Men be Reduced in Ultra-Cycling?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2521
Author(s):  
Sabrina Baumgartner ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Distance Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cycling Speed

This study examined a large dataset of ultra-cycling race results to investigate the sex difference in ultra-cycling performance (100 to 500 miles) according to age and race distance. Data from the time period 1996–2018 were obtained from online available database of the ultra-cycling marathon association (UMCA), including distance-limited ultra-cycling races (100, 200, 400, and 500 miles). A total of 12,716 race results were analyzed to compare the performance between men and women by calendar year, age group (18–34, 35–44, 45–59, and 60+ years), and race distance. Men were faster than women in 100 and 200 mile races, but no sex differences were identified for the 400 and 500 mile races. The performance ratio (average cycling speedmen/average cycling speedwomen) was smaller in the 200 mile races compared to the 100 mile races and remained stable in the 400 and 500 mile races. In all race distances, the difference in average cycling speed between women and men decreased with increasing age. The gender gap in performance was closed in several distance-limited ultra-cycling races, such as the 400 and 500 mile races.

scholarly journals Do women get fewer votes? No.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semra Sevi ◽  
Vincent Arel-Bundock ◽  
André Blais
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Canadian Politics ◽  
The Difference

We study data on the gender of over 21,000 unique candidates in all Canadian federal elections since 1921, when the first women ran for seats in Parliament. This large dataset allows us to compute precise estimates of the difference in the electoral fortunes of men and women candidates. When accounting for party effects and time trends, we find that the difference between the vote shares of men and women is substantively negligible (±0.5 percentage point). This gender gap was larger in the 1920s (±2.5 percentage points), but it is now statistically indistinguishable from zero. Our results have important normative implications: Political parties should recruit and promote more women candidates, because they remain under-represented in Canadian politics, and because they do not suffer from a substantial electoral penalty.

Women and Entrepreneurship – Albanian Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Anna Xheka
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Difference

Women’s entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women’s economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part –time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it’s evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It’s very interesting the fact, that the women’s entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Over view of clinical presentation, management and outcome of cervical cancer: A tertiary cancer centre experience

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shukla ◽  
K. Batra ◽  
R. Sekhon ◽  
S. Giri ◽  
S. Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Local Recurrence ◽  
Radical Hysterectomy ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Recurrence Rates ◽  
Oncological Safety ◽  
Robotic Radical Hysterectomy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Hospital Registry

Objectives: (a) To understand the profile of cervical cancer patients attending our hospital from January 2011 till January 2015. (b) To audit the type of care given to the patients with respect to their stage at presentation. (c) To compare the outcomes of open v/s robotic radical hysterectomy done for cervical cancer. Methods: We prospectively analyzed all cases of cervical cancer from January 2011 to January 2015 presenting at our institute. Data was retrieved from patient’s records and institute’s tumor registry. We compared all patients undergoing open v/s robotic RH. All the data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 562 patients were treated for cervical cancer during the time period between 2011-2015. Of these there were 316 (56%) cases taken up for surgery-212 robotic RH, 104 open radical hysterectomy and rest 246 (44%) patients received definitive CCRT. Most common age group was 40-54 yrs. IB1 stage was most common presenting stage. SCC was most common histology (75%). Immediate post op complication and oncological safety in terms of local recurrence was same in both groups. However length of stay and post operative blood requirement was significantly lower in robotic RH group. 45% of all patients who underwent surgery did not require adjuvant therapy in post op period while 35% patient required post op RT and 20% CCRT. 2.2% patient had local recurrence and most of the patients were in stage IIA1 at presentation. Conclusion: Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in our hospital registry. Mostly women were in the age group of 40-54 years. Most common stage at presentation was 1B and the histology being SCC. Not many differences seen in open v/s robotic techniques of radical hysterectomy except for shorter hospital stay and less need of blood transfusion in the robotic group. Local recurrence rates are comparable in both open and robotic groups.

scholarly journals One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Galicia: A Global View of Age-Group Statistics during Three Waves

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5104
Author(s):  
Iván Area ◽  
Henrique Lorenzo ◽  
Pedro J. Marcos ◽  
Juan J. Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global View ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
One Year

In this work we look at the past in order to analyze four key variables after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Galicia (NW Spain): new infected, hospital admissions, intensive care unit admissions and deceased. The analysis is presented by age group, comparing at each stage the percentage of the corresponding group with its representation in the society. The time period analyzed covers 1 March 2020 to 1 April 2021, and includes the influence of the B.1.1.7 lineage of COVID-19 which in April 2021 was behind 90% of new cases in Galicia. It is numerically shown how the pandemic affects the age groups 80+, 70+ and 60+, and therefore we give information about how the vaccination process could be scheduled and hints at why the pandemic had different effects in different territories.

scholarly journals Gender inequality in COVID-19 times: evidence from UK prolific participants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Sonia Oreffice ◽  
Climent Quintana-Domeque
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Future State ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

Abstract We investigate gender differences across multiple dimensions after 3 months of the first UK lockdown of March 2020, using an online sample of approximately 1,500 Prolific respondents’ residents in the UK. We find that women's mental health was worse than men along the four metrics we collected data on, that women were more concerned about getting and spreading the virus, and that women perceived the virus as more prevalent and lethal than men did. Women were also more likely to expect a new lockdown or virus outbreak by the end of 2020, and were more pessimistic about the contemporaneous and future state of the UK economy, as measured by their forecasted contemporaneous and future unemployment rates. We also show that between earlier in 2020 before the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic and June 2020, women had increased childcare and housework more than men. Neither the gender gaps in COVID-19-related health and economic concerns nor the gender gaps in the increase in hours of childcare and housework can be accounted for by a rich set of control variables. Instead, we find that the gender gap in mental health can be partially accounted for by the difference in COVID-19-related health concerns between men and women.

scholarly journals Large numbers of vertebrates began rapid population decline in the late 19th century

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (49) ◽  
pp. 14079-14084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haipeng Li ◽  
Jinggong Xiang-Yu ◽  
Guangyi Dai ◽  
Zhili Gu ◽  
Chen Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Difference

Accelerated losses of biodiversity are a hallmark of the current era. Large declines of population size have been widely observed and currently 22,176 species are threatened by extinction. The time at which a threatened species began rapid population decline (RPD) and the rate of RPD provide important clues about the driving forces of population decline and anticipated extinction time. However, these parameters remain unknown for the vast majority of threatened species. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity data of nuclear and mitochondrial loci of 2,764 vertebrate species and found that the mean genetic diversity is lower in threatened species than in related nonthreatened species. Our coalescence-based modeling suggests that in many threatened species the RPD began ∼123 y ago (a 95% confidence interval of 20–260 y). This estimated date coincides with widespread industrialization and a profound change in global living ecosystems over the past two centuries. On average the population size declined by ∼25% every 10 y in a threatened species, and the population size was reduced to ∼5% of its ancestral size. Moreover, the ancestral size of threatened species was, on average, ∼22% smaller than that of nonthreatened species. Because the time period of RPD is short, the cumulative effect of RPD on genetic diversity is still not strong, so that the smaller ancestral size of threatened species may be the major cause of their reduced genetic diversity; RPD explains 24.1–37.5% of the difference in genetic diversity between threatened and nonthreatened species.

scholarly journals HIV and Hepatitis B seroprevalence among the nepalese blood donors

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Kandel ◽  
P Ghimire ◽  
BR Tiwari ◽  
M Rajkarnikar
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
Donor Recruitment

Background: HIV and Hepatitis B infections are public health problems in Nepal. This study was conducted based at NRCS/CBTS, with the objective of determining the HIV and HBsAg sero-prevalence in non-remunerated volunteer blood donors. Materials and Methods: A total of 66,904 units of blood collected, following donor recruitment criteriaduring March 2009-Sept. 2010 was included for analysis. All donated blood samples were subjected to screening for Transfusion transmitted infections including HIV and Hepatitis B surface antigen using standard ELISA test kits (Dade Behring, Germany). Initial reactive sera were re-tested for reconfi rmation with same test kits plus another test kit (Detect-HIV, Adaltis Inc, and Qualisa). Results: Out of 66,904 units of blood collected, 56,973 units were from male and 9,931 were from female donors. Among the total screened samples, 73 (0.10%) were found to be positive for HIV, {0.11% (64/56973) in male and 0.09% (9/9931) in female}; the difference between male and female donors (?2<3.841) was statistically signifi cant. The seroprevalence of HIV was highest in age group of 30- 39 both in male and female (p<0.001). Similarly, for HBsAg, overall seroprevalence was found to be 0.47% (316/66904 {0.42% (242/56973) in male and 0.74% (74/9931) in female}. The difference was statistically signifi cant (?2<3.841). The highest HBsAg sero-prevalence(0.65%) was also observed in same age group i.e. 30-39 (p<0.001) in male but highest seroprevalence (2.63%) was observed inage group of ?50 in female. Conclusion: Both HIV and HBV sero-prevalence is high in adult voluntary blood donors. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 390-393 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7864

scholarly journals A Sociolinguistic Study of Choosing Names for Newborn Children in Jordan

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Harb Al-Qawasmi ◽  
Fawwaz Al-Abed Al-Haq
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
The People ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Clear Change

<p>This study aims at the study of newborn names in Jordan of a sociolinguistic perspective. This study tries to detect the difference in naming newborns in Jordan over the decades - from the seventies to 2015 due to the result of some factors that may have affected the Jordanian society, whether historical, religious and/or social. The data necessary to complete the study was obtained from the Civil Status Department and the Department of Statistics. The data obtained consisted of names of both sexes during the time period from the seventies until the early year of 2015, a random sample of personal names within the same family were also provided. The data was analyzed quantitatively. The study revealed that there is a clear change in the choice of newborn names-male and female-in Jordan, whether a change in sounds or in morphemes. In specific, names during the seventies were strongly linked to the culture and the values, religious or social, in which the people believed in. During the eighties and nineties, names were associated with certain social values, however, some names were shown to be affected by urbanization or modernization. And with the beginning of 2000 up to 2015, peoples directions towards naming newborns changed due to the advent of globalization, associating with development and urbanization, and moreover, the influence of different cultures on the community.</p>

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