scholarly journals Concurrent and Longitudinal Predictors of Adolescent Delinquency in Mainland Chinese Adolescents: The Role of Materialism and Egocentrism

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7662
Author(s):  
Daniel T. L. Shek ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhu ◽  
Esther Y. W. Shek
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adolescent Delinquency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
Being There ◽  
Over Time

Background: Although studies have examined the influence of materialism on adolescent well-being, there are several methodological limitations: studies examining the influence of materialism on adolescent delinquency are almost non-existent; researchers commonly used cross-sectional designs; the sample size in some studies was not large; validated measures on materialism in non-Western contexts are rare; there are very few Chinese studies. Besides, no study has examined the hypothesis that egocentrism is the mediator in the influence of materialism on adolescent delinquency. Methods: Using a short-term longitudinal design, two waves of data were collected from 2648 early adolescents in mainland China. At each wave, students completed validated measures of materialism, egocentrism and delinquent behavior. Results: Materialism and egocentrism positively predicted adolescent delinquency at Wave 1 and Wave 2 and over time. While materialism at Wave 1 positively predicted increase in delinquency over time, egocentrism did not. However, PROCESS analysis showed that egocentrism mediated the longitudinal influence of materialism on adolescent delinquent behavior. Conclusions: Materialism and egocentrism are predictors of adolescent delinquency, with egocentrism serving as a mediator in the influence of materialism on adolescent delinquency.

scholarly journals The Longitudinal Link between Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Three Different Models of Happiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6387
Author(s):  
Wenceslao Unanue ◽  
Eduardo Barros ◽  
Marcos Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors ◽  
Citizenship Behaviors ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Eudaimonic Happiness ◽  
Over Time

A growing body of research conducted in general life settings has found positive associations between happiness and prosocial behavior. Unfortunately, equivalent studies in the workplace are lacking. Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), the prosocial behaviors at work, have not been properly studied in relation to happiness, despite the positive consequences of both constructs for workers and companies. In response, our research aims to better understand this relationship from several angles. First, using a three-wave longitudinal design, we explored how OCBs and happiness are related to each other over time. Second, happiness was measured from a broad perspective, and three conceptualizations were adopted: the hedonic (e.g., positive affect and life satisfaction), the eudaimonic (e.g., relatedness and autonomy), and the flourishing (e.g., meaning and engagement) approaches. Thus, not only the prospective link between OCBs and happiness was tested, but it was also explored using the three models of happiness previously mentioned. Third, we conducted this longitudinal design in a less typical sample than previous research (i.e., Chile). We found results that supported our main hypotheses: (1) OCBs are prospective positive predictors of hedonic happiness, eudaimonic happiness, and flourishing; (2) the three models of happiness also prospectively predict OCBs. Our findings suggest that OCBs foster a broad range of happiness facets, which in turn fosters back the emergence of more OCBs, leading to a virtuous circle of prosociality and well-being in the workplace. This positive spiral benefits not only workers’ quality of life, but also organizations’ profitability and sustainability. Theoretical and applied implications for the field of Positive Organizational Psychology are discussed.

scholarly journals Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Lee ◽  
Tushara Govind ◽  
Marina Ramsey ◽  
Tsung Chin Wu ◽  
Rebecca Daly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThere is growing interest in the role of compassion in promoting health and well-being, with cross-sectional data showing an inverse correlation with loneliness. This is the first longitudinal study examining both compassion toward others (CTO) and compassion toward self (CTS) as predictors of mental and physical health outcomes including loneliness, across adult lifespan. We followed 552 women and 538 men in San Diego County for up to 7.5 (mean 4.8 and SD 2.2) years, using validated rating scales for CTO, CTS, and loneliness. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to examine age- and sex-related trajectories of CTO and CTS over time. Linear regression models were used to evaluate baseline and longitudinal relationships of CTO and CTS with mental well-being, physical well-being, and loneliness. CTS and CTO were weakly intercorrelated. Women had higher baseline CTO than men. While CTO was stable over time and across the lifespan, CTS scores had an inverse U-shaped relationship with age, peaking around age 77. There were significant baseline × slope interactions of both CTO and CTS predicting improvements in physical well-being in adults <60 years old. Increases in CTO and CTS predicted improvements in mental well-being. Higher baseline CTO and CTS as well as increases in CTO and CTS scores predicted lower loneliness scores at follow-up. Thus, CTO and CTS were associated with better mental well-being and loneliness across the adult lifespan, and physical well-being in younger adults, and are promising targets for interventions to improve health outcomes.

Health, Longevity, and Welfare Inequality of Older Americans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ray Miller ◽  
Neha Bairoliya
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Welfare Inequality ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We estimate the distribution of well-being among the older U.S. population using an expected utility framework that incorporates differences in consumption, leisure, health, and mortality. We find large disparities in welfare that have increased over time. Incorporating the cost of living with poor health into elderly welfare substantially increases the overall inequality. Disparity measures based on cross-sectional income or consumption underestimate the growth in aggregate welfare inequality. Moreover, health is a better indicator of an individual's relative welfare position than income or consumption.

scholarly journals threatening a teacher

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Tuka Younis Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intermediate Schools ◽  
Frequency Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Being There ◽  
Behavior Frequency

Abstract Background: Threatening teachers increases teacher stress and impairs emotional well-being. There are many reasons for violence against teachers. There are communication errors and conceptual differences in applying the rules that emphasizes corporal punishment rather than persuasive punishment. Also, it is related to a parent complaint that expresses Parents' belief in the education their child received in school is getting weaker. In addition to the incompetence that teachers must implement, like personal, social and professional aspects that make students offend teachers. Threatening someone considered as physical aggression. Aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person that wishes to avoid such harm High rates of aggression were reported recently in Iraq, especially after wars. Some studies have shown that students, whose friends engage in negative activities such as dropping out of school and have lower academic performance, may engage in aggressive activities toward teachers and/or other students. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of students’ aggressive act towards teachers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Al-Sadr city in Baghdad. A total of 720 adolescent secondary schools students from both genders were included in the study. They were selected by multistage random sampling. Their age was ranged from 13-21 years. Data was collected from 1st of February 2019 to 30 of April 2019 through a self-reported questionnaire (Aggression-Problem Behavior Frequency Scale). Results: The mean age of participants was 16.2±2.04 years. Of all participants, 84.3% were assessed to be aggressive. There was a significant difference between aggressive act (threatening a teacher) and sex, school type, grade, history of absence from school and employed mother,(P=0.038, 0.009, 0.0001,p= 0.02 and p=0.018, respectively). 10% of male threatening a teacher.   Conclusion: A high prevalence of aggression among students was found. Threatening a teacher was dominant among male students, intermediate schools, 4th grade, students with history of absence from school, and not employed mother.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the progression of deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review revealing research gaps

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Brendan Dee ◽  
Eilish Burke ◽  
Roman Romero-Ortuno ◽  
Philip McCallion ◽  
Mary McCarron
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Deficit Accumulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Frailty Status ◽  
Over Time

Background: People with an intellectual disability are more likely to experience frailty earlier in life and with greater severity compared to the general population. There is growing consideration of determinants of frailty and identifying factors which may influence the change in frailty status over time. The objective of this review was to investigate factors associated with the progression of frailty over time among adults with an intellectual disability. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify studies reporting factors associated with transitions and trajectories in deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability. The following eligibility criteria was used: defined frailty as deficit accumulation; longitudinal design; reported at least one individual characteristic associated with change in frailty status; sample was people with an intellectual disability aged ≥18 years; English language. No limitation on publication date was applied. Studies which did not measure frailty according to deficit accumulation, did not report the frailty measure used, or had a cross-sectional design were excluded. Selected studies were assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework. Results: In total, two studies qualified for inclusion in this review. Findings revealed that frailty defined as deficit accumulation is a dynamic process and improvements are possible. Changes in the direction of frailty states over time among adults with an intellectual disability may be influenced by several factors including baseline frailty status, age, the presence of Down syndrome, functional ability, cognitive ability, living in a group home, and the use of nursing services and therapies. Conclusions: There is a relative paucity of research on frailty among adults with an intellectual disability and the evidence base must be grown. Exploration of the social domain of frailty in this group should be a priority of future research. PROSPERO registration: 179803 (05/07/2020)

scholarly journals Generativity Development Across Adulthood: A Longitudinal Investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 462-462
Author(s):  
Niccole Nelson ◽  
Cindy Bergeman
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract The developmental trajectory of Generativity, or investment in the next generation, has been theorized about for decades. Although Generativity is widely hypothesized to peak in midlife, and thus, follow a nonlinear change trajectory across adulthood, extant studies have been too limited in scope to formally test this hypothesis. Indeed, most existing studies on Generativity development have been cross-sectional, with the few longitudinal studies either only examining the first half of adulthood or using too few measurement points. The current study, therefore, aimed to address these limitations by investigating Generativity development in the context of an accelerated longitudinal design. Accelerated longitudinal designs capitalize on both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, combining age-heterogenous individuals’ overlapping trajectories to estimate developmental change across the sample’s age range. If cohort effects are not present in the estimated trajectory, this trajectory can be interpreted as developmental change. Participants included 876 age-heterogenous individuals from The Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-being (Mean age = 58.89; SD age = 9.42), a 10-year, longitudinal study of adult development and aging. Capitalizing on the age-heterogeneity of the sample at Time 1, two-level, multilevel modeling was employed to estimate Generativity development across ages 37 to 96. Results indicate that Generativity follows an age-graded cubic trend, with no apparent cohort effects. Specifically, Generativity peaks in early midlife, declines slightly before stabilizing across ages 47-77, and then declines sharply thereafter. Implications for lifespan developmental research, as well as health and well-being, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Depression as a Predictor of Facebook Surveillance and Envy

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Scherr ◽  
Catalina L. Toma ◽  
Barbara Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Prior research has shown an association between Facebook users’ likelihood of engaging in social surveillance (i.e., browsing through friends’ postings without directly interacting with them), their experience of envy, and their depressive symptoms. Yet the directionality and duration of this effect are unclear. Drawing on the stress generation hypothesis, we postulate that depression increases Facebook surveillance and envy, which may increase depression over time. Using a cross-lagged longitudinal design with two waves spaced 1 year apart, we find that, as expected, depression was associated with more Facebook surveillance and more envy, both initially and 1 year later. However, neither Facebook surveillance nor envy at Time 1 increased depression at Time 2. Instead, depression predicted envy, and envy predicted Facebook surveillance over time. The results show the utility of the stress generation hypothesis in a social media context and have implications for Facebook users’ psychological well-being.

Secrets, Psychological Health, and the Fear of Discovery

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722094619
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Davis ◽  
Hannah Brazeau ◽  
Elisabeth Bailin Xie ◽  
Kathleen McKee
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Over Time

Keeping secrets from one’s partner has been associated with lower well-being and relationship satisfaction. Previous research has suggested that individual differences in self-concealment account for these effects. However, we propose that the fear of discovery (FoD)—defined as the fear that one’s secret may be revealed by means other than deliberate disclosure—predicts the extent to which secrets affect well-being beyond the effects attributable to individual differences. Both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal survey (combined N = 471; 54.4% female; Mage = 39.5) of adults in romantic relationships confirmed that FoD predicted greater preoccupation with the secret, more negative affect, and less relationship satisfaction and commitment beyond that of self-concealment. Multilevel modeling in Study 2 indicated that changes in FoD predicted changes in preoccupation over time. The data are consistent with the notion that FoD promotes greater preoccupation, greater negative affect, and lower levels of relationship well-being.

Changes in Sabbath-Keeping and Mental Health Over Time: Evaluation Findings From the Sabbath Living Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 009164712110462
Author(s):  
Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell ◽  
Beth Stringfield ◽  
Jia Yao ◽  
Jessica Choi ◽  
David Eagle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Spiritual Well Being ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Sabbath Keeping

Work-related stress is experienced at a high level in the United States. Clergy are particularly likely to over-extend themselves to act on their sacred call. Sabbath-keeping may offer a practice that is beneficial for mental health, yet many Protestant clergy do not keep a regular Sabbath. We examined whether United Methodist clergy who attended informative Sabbath-keeping workshops reported changes in spiritual well-being and mental health post-workshop. Compared to baseline, at 3 and 9 months post-workshop, participants reported an increase in Sabbath-keeping. In adjusted random effects and Poisson models, compared to not changing Sabbath-keeping frequency, increasing Sabbath-keeping was related to only one outcome: greater feelings of personal accomplishment at work. Decreasing Sabbath-keeping was related to worse anxiety symptoms, lower spiritual well-being in ministry scores, and a higher probability of having less than flourishing mental health. For four outcomes, there were no significant associations with changes in Sabbath-keeping over time. Although lacking a control group, this study adds to cross-sectional Sabbath-keeping studies by correlating changes in Sabbath-keeping with changes in mental health outcomes over time.

scholarly journals Within-Couple Personality Concordance Over Time: The Importance of Personality Synchrony for Perceived Spousal Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Nathan A Lewis ◽  
Tomiko Yoneda
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Spousal Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relationship Length ◽  
Couple Similarity ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Within-couple similarities in personality traits tend to be positively associated with relationship well-being. However, research in this area is typically based on cross-sectional designs, thereby limiting examination of longitudinal personality concordance. Given that life experiences shape within-person change in personality, and that partners within a couple often experience similar life events, investigation of within-couple personality synchrony and associations with marital outcomes is warranted. Methods Using data from 3,988 couples (mean age at baseline = 67.0 years, SD = 9.6), multilevel dyadic growth models estimated within-couple similarity in baseline levels, change, and occasion-to-occasion variability for each of the Big Five personality traits over an 8-year follow-up. Bivariate growth models examined the effect of within-couple similarity on perceived spousal support, accounting for dependency within couples. Results Adjusting for baseline age, education, functional ability, and relationship length, analyses revealed within-couple concordance between baseline levels of all 5 personality traits, as well as correlated within-couple fluctuations in neuroticism, extraversion, and openness over time. Similarity in openness, agreeableness, and neuroticism trajectories predicted spousal support. Couples were most similar in openness, showing correlated intercepts, change, and variability, and this longitudinal synchrony was particularly important for perceived spousal support in women. Discussion These findings provide evidence for longitudinal personality synchrony over time within older adult couples. Further, concordance in neuroticism, extraversion, and openness predicted perceived spousal support, though there may be some gender differences in personality dynamics and relationship well-being. Effects of similarity were relatively small compared to actor and partner effects of these traits.

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