scholarly journals An Analysis of Participation and Performance of 2067 100-km Ultra-Marathons Worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Angelika Stöhr ◽  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Volker Scheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Challenge

This study aimed to analyze the number of successful finishers and the performance of the athletes in 100-km ultra-marathons worldwide. A total of 2067 100-km ultra-marathon races with 369,969 men and 69,668 women competing between 1960 and 2019 were analyzed, including the number of successful finishers, age, sex, and running speed. The results showed a strong increase in the number of running events as well as a strong increase in the number of participants in the 100-km ultra-marathons worldwide. The performance gap disappeared in athletes older than 60 years. Nevertheless, the running speed of athletes over 70 years has improved every decade. In contrast, the performance gap among the top three athletes remains persistent over all decades (F = 83.4, p < 0.001; pη2 = 0.039). The performance gap between the sexes is not significant in the youngest age groups (20–29 years) and the oldest age groups (>90 years) among recreational athletes and among top-three athletes over 70 years. In summary, especially for older athletes, a 100-km ultra-marathon competition shows an increasing number of opponents and a stronger performance challenge. This will certainly be of interest for coaches and athletes in the future, both from a scientific and sporting point of view.

Emergent Pathways for the Future of Instructional Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Roubides
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Design ◽  
Adaptive Learning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Ubiquitous Learning ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Performance Change ◽  
The Future ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
And Performance

This monogram aims at providing an overview of the entire field of instructional design, starting with a brief historical account of the field but focusing on current and promising trends for the future of instructional design based on advances in instructional technology and human-computer interaction capabilities. The discussion encompasses several parallel trending areas, such as adaptive learning, digital storytelling, gamification, simulation technologies, augmented reality, cybernetics, the xAPI standard, mobile and ubiquitous learning, as well as implications of these trends for the field from both the theoretical and practical point of view. Even though this discussion is by no means an exhaustive account of these trends, it is the aim of this monogram to provide a centralized literature review of multiple paths currently being carved in the field and a glimpse to a multiplicity of potential futures for all those involved in designing and delivering learning or effecting human behavior and performance change.

scholarly journals Increased Participation and Decreased Performance in Recreational Master Athletes in “Berlin Marathon” 1974–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlen Reusser ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
José Ramón Alvero Cruz ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Boston Marathon ◽  
And Performance

The aspect of participation and performance trends in marathon running has been investigated mainly in marathons held in the United States of America (e.g., “New York City Marathon,” “Boston Marathon”), but not for the fastest course in the world, the “Berlin Marathon” held in Berlin, Germany. This study aimed to examine trends in participation and performance in the “Berlin Marathon” on all its previous 46 editions from 1974 to 2019, the largest dataset ever studied in this event with 696,225 finishers (after data cleaning). Athletes in all age groups increased their participation, except for male athletes aged 20–49 years and athletes of both sexes above 79 years of age. This overall increase in participation was more pronounced in women, but still, there are more men than women participating in “Berlin Marathon” nowadays. All age group athletes decreased their performance across years overall, whereas the top ten recreational athletes improved their performance over the years. Our findings improved the knowledge about the evolution of male and female marathoners across calendar years, especially for the fastest marathon race in the world, the “Berlin Marathon.”

Emergent Pathways for the Future of Instructional Design

2019 ◽  
pp. 1877-1896
Author(s):  
Pascal Roubides
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Design ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Adaptive Learning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
And Performance

This chapter aims at providing an overview of the entire field of instructional design, starting with a brief historical account of the field but focusing on current and promising trends for the future of instructional design based on advances in instructional technology and human-computer interaction capabilities. The discussion encompasses several parallel trending areas, such as adaptive learning, digital storytelling, gamification, simulation technologies, augmented reality, cybernetics, the xAPI standard, mobile and ubiquitous learning, as well as implications of these trends for the field from both the theoretical and practical point of view. Even though this discussion is by no means an exhaustive account of these trends, it is the aim of this monogram to provide a centralized literature review of multiple paths currently being carved in the field and a glimpse to a multiplicity of potential futures for all those involved in designing and delivering learning or effecting human behavior and performance change.

Emergent Pathways for the Future of Instructional Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 1587-1606
Author(s):  
Pascal Roubides
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Design ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Adaptive Learning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
And Performance

This monogram aims at providing an overview of the entire field of instructional design, starting with a brief historical account of the field but focusing on current and promising trends for the future of instructional design based on advances in instructional technology and human-computer interaction capabilities. The discussion encompasses several parallel trending areas, such as adaptive learning, digital storytelling, gamification, simulation technologies, augmented reality, cybernetics, the xAPI standard, mobile and ubiquitous learning, as well as implications of these trends for the field from both the theoretical and practical point of view. Even though this discussion is by no means an exhaustive account of these trends, it is the aim of this monogram to provide a centralized literature review of multiple paths currently being carved in the field and a glimpse to a multiplicity of potential futures for all those involved in designing and delivering learning or effecting human behavior and performance change.

A hemodynamic comparison of young and older endurance athletes during exercise

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 2041-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
W. K. Allen ◽  
D. R. Seals ◽  
B. F. Hurley ◽  
A. A. Ehsani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
Submaximal Work ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

This study assessed the hemodynamic responses to exercise of master athletes (56 +/- 5 yr of age) who placed in the top 10% of their age groups in local 10-km competitive events, competitive young runners (26 +/- 3 yr), young runners matched in training and performance to the master athletes (25 +/- 3 yr), and healthy older sedentary subjects (58 +/- 5 yr). The maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) of the master athletes was 9 and 19% lower than that of the matched young and competitive young runners, respectively. When compared at the same relative submaximal work rates, these three groups had similar stroke volumes and arteriovenous O2 (aVO2) differences, though the master athletes had lower VO2, cardiac output, and heart rate, and higher vascular resistance. The older sedentary group had a lower stroke volume, aVO2 difference, and higher vascular resistance than the master athletes. Maximal stroke volume and estimated aVO2 difference were the same in the three groups of athletes; the lower maximal heart rate of the master athletes appears to account for their lower VO2max. The older sedentary subjects' VO2max was 47% lower than that of the master athletes; this difference was almost equally the result of a lower stroke volume and a lower a-VO2 difference. Thus these older athletes did not exhibit the decline in maximum stroke volume and aVO2 difference that occurs with aging in sedentary individuals; they also appear to have retained a greater peripheral vasodilatory response than their sedentary peers.

Heteroglossia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Hirschkop
Keyword(s):  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Language ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Points Of View

The concept of “heteroglossia” was coined by Mikhail Bakhtin in an essay from the 1930s. Heteroglossia was the name he gave for the “inner stratification of a single national language into social dialects, group mannerisms, professional jargons, generic languages, the languages of generations and age-groups,” and so on, but it was not simply another term for the linguistic variation studied in sociolinguistics and dialectology. It differed in three respects. First, in heteroglossia differences of linguistic form coincided with differences in social significance and ideology: heteroglossia was stratification into “socio-ideological languages,” which were “specific points of view on the world, forms for its verbal interpretation.” Second, heteroglossia embodied the force of what Bakhtin called “historical becoming.” In embodying a point of view or “social horizon,” language acquired an orientation to the future, an unsettled historical intentionality, it otherwise lacked. Third, heteroglossia was a subaltern practice, concentrated in a number of cultural forms, all of which took a parodic, ironizing stance in relation to the official literary language that dominated them. Throughout his discussion, however, Bakhtin wavers between claiming this heteroglossia exists as such in the social world, from which the novel picks it up, and arguing that heteroglossia is something created and institutionalized by novels, which take the raw material of variation and rework it into “images of a language.” Interestingly, from roughly 2000 on work in sociolinguistics has suggested that ordinary speakers do the kind of stylizing and imaging work Bakhtin assigned to the novel alone. One could argue, however, that heteroglossia only acquires its full significance and force when it is freed from any social function and allowed to flourish in novels. According to Bakhtin, that means that heteroglossia is only possible in modernity, because it is in modernity that society becomes truly historical, and languages only acquire their orientation to the future in those circumstances.

An Ultrastructural Study of the Proliferation Patterns of the Reserve Cells of the Human Cervix Uteri

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Takanori Sohda ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
Goro Asano ◽  
Katsunari Fukushi ◽  
Katsuya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Human Cervix ◽  
Morphological Patterns

Recently, the functional aspect as well as morphological aspect of the reserve cells in the cervix uteri drew much attention in view of the carcinogenesis in squamocolumunar junction. In this communication, the authors elucidate the ultrastructural features of the reserve cells in patients of various age groups visiting our university hospital and affiliated hospital.From conventional light microscopic point of view, the reserve cells tend to be pronounced in various pathological conditions, such as the persisting inflammation, proliferative disorders and irritation of hormones. The morphological patterns of the reserve cells from various stage and degree of irritation were observed.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

THE GENESIS OF CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS IN THE POLITICAL REFORM OF MODERN COUNTRIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIA AND FRANCE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
MARIETA EPREMYAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Reform ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Conservative Ideology ◽  
The World ◽  
Christian Conservatism ◽  
The Future ◽  
Conservative Policy ◽  
Depth Interviews

The article examines the epistemological roots of conservative ideology, development trends and further prospects in political reform not only in modern Russia, but also in other countries. The author focuses on the “world” and Russian conservatism. In the course of the study, the author illustrates what opportunities and limitations a conservative ideology can have in political reform not only in modern Russia, but also in the world. In conclusion, it is concluded that the prospect of a conservative trend in the world is wide enough. To avoid immigration and to control the development of technology in society, it is necessary to adhere to a conservative policy. Conservatism is a consolidating ideology. It is no coincidence that the author cites as an example the understanding of conservative ideology by the French due to the fact that Russia has its own vision of the ideology of conservatism. If we say that conservatism seeks to preserve something and respects tradition, we must bear in mind that traditions in different societies, which form some kind of moral imperatives, cannot be a single phenomenon due to different historical destinies and differing religious views. Considered from the point of view of religion, Muslim and Christian conservatism will be somewhat confrontational on some issues. The purpose of the work was to consider issues related to the role, evolution and prospects of conservative ideology in the political reform of modern countries. The author focuses on Russia and France. To achieve this goal, the method of in-depth interviews with experts on how they understand conservatism was chosen. Already today, conservatism is quite diverse. It is quite possible that in the future it will transform even more and acquire new reflections.

KING PEPI’S ROLE IN FORMING MEMPHIS, THE FUTURE CAPITAL OF EGYPT

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
R. A. Orekhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Common Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Priest ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Capital

There is a common point of view in Egyptology that Memphis was a state capital since the earliest times and that its protecting gods were Ptah and his spouse Sekhmet. Arguing this concept, the author tries to find the reason why a pyramid city of Pepi I — Mennefer — became a core of the future capital. The main conclusion is following: Constructing his pyramid complex, Pepi I probably included into it a cult center of Habes where Bastet and Imhotep, a high priest of Ra, were worshiped. Imhotep, a companion of the king Djoser, was known as a priest and charmer who tamed the fiery forces of Sirius associated with Bastet, after which the great drought was over. To commemorate this, New Year celebration and the first sun calendar were established. Imhotep’s tomb became an important cult place, where ceremonies important for surviving of the Egyptian state were conducted. In the second half of the Old Kingdom period the Nile started to flood much less, which led to the decline of agriculture. Thus, the role of the cult center of Habes and Imhotep grew greatly. By including Habes, Pepi protected the dominion of his pyramid city from negative influence of Bastet and decreased flooding. The fact that Mennefer was a successor of the aforementioned cult center determined its capital functions in future.

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