scholarly journals Moral Disengagement, Empathy, and Cybervictim’s Representation as Predictive Factors of Cyberbullying among Italian Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1266
Author(s):  
Maria Lidia Mascia ◽  
Mirian Agus ◽  
Maria Assunta Zanetti ◽  
Maria Luisa Pedditzi ◽  
Dolores Rollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Victim Group ◽  
Empathy Scale ◽  
Italian Adolescents ◽  
Diffusion Of Responsibility

This study aimed to evaluate which aspects of moral disengagement (MD), empathy, and representations of the victim’s experience (VER) could be predictors of cyberbullying (CB). One hundred and eight-nine students (11–17 years old) completed 3 self-report questionnaires: An MD scale, an empathy scale, and a CB questionnaire. In relation to the personal experience of CB, four groups were identified: Victim, bully, bully/victim, and no experience with CB. The linear bivariate correlation analysis shows correlations between empathy and VER, between empathy and MD, and between MD and VER. A multinomial logistic regression identified which predictors could increase a subject’s probability of belonging to one of the four groups regarding the personal experience of CB (victim, bully, bully/victim, no experience). Findings highlighted that low cognitive empathy might increase the probability for a student to belong to the bullies’ group, rather than the victims’ group. Furthermore, low perception of the consequences of CB on the victim might increase the probability of belonging to the bully, bully/victim, and no experience groups. Then, a high score in the diffusion of responsibility was a significant predictor of belonging to the victim group rather than the no experience group. Results from this study confirm the need for preventive measures against CB, including the empowerment of cognitive empathy, decreasing the diffusion of responsibility, and increasing the awareness of the consequences of CB on the victim.

“Jumping the Shark”: An Interdisciplinary Activity for Engaging Students With the Principles of Bivariate Regression

2021 ◽  
pp. 009862832110088
Author(s):  
Todd D. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Process Learning ◽  
Content Acquisition ◽  
Bivariate Regression ◽  
Feedback Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Basic Content ◽  
Teaching Implications

Background: Student anxiety about statistics may lead to poorer learning outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate an exercise designed to teach students in an introductory statistics class the principles of bivariate regression and to emphasize how statistical tools used by psychologists are also implemented in other fields. Method: Students used a published model on the relationship between tooth size and the length of great white sharks to estimate the length of extinct sharks and to explore factors that could affect the accuracy or validity of regression analyses. Data from an anonymous self-report scale were used to assess the activity. Results: More than 95% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the activity was engaging, approximately 95% of students agreed or strongly agreed that the activity helped them learn about factors that can lead to problems with bivariate correlation/regression, and approximately 91% of respondents correctly answered a question designed to assess basic content acquisition. Conclusion: Feedback data suggest that the exercise was successful in achieving its content and process learning goals. Teaching Implications: Implementation of similar exercises may improve student engagement and outcomes in psychology statistics courses.

scholarly journals The relationship of insight with psychopathological dimensions in patients with schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204380872110199
Author(s):  
Si-Sheng Huang ◽  
Cheng-Chen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychiatric Ward ◽  
Neurocognitive Functions ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Acute Psychiatric Ward ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Impaired insight in patients with schizophrenia results in less satisfactory clinical outcomes. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between insight and individual psychopathological dimensions in inpatients with schizophrenia using a self-report questionnaire. In this study, 90 patients with schizophrenia aged 18–75 years admitted in the acute psychiatric ward of a medical center in Taiwan were enrolled. Patient insight was measured using the Self-Appraisal of Illness Questionnaire (SAIQ), and psychopathological dimensions were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and its five-factor structure model. A higher SAIQ score indicates greater insight. In bivariate correlation analyses, statistically significant correlations were observed between age, single marital status, educational level, and positive, excited, and depressed symptom factor of the PANSS and SAIQ score. In regression analyses, age and excited and depressed symptom factors were significantly associated with SAIQ score. No significant association was observed between insight and neurocognitive functions. Considering demographic characteristics, psychopathology, and neurocognition, in the acute phase of schizophrenia, younger patients with less severe excited symptoms and more severe depressive symptoms had greater insight.

Age-related differences in affective and cognitive empathy: self-report and performance-based evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binghai Sun ◽  
Zhenbing Luo ◽  
Wenwen Zhang ◽  
Weijian Li ◽  
Xinyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance

The Development and Initial Validation of the Empathy Scale for Social Workers

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve King ◽  
Michael J. Holosko
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Master Of Social Work ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Social Work Practitioners ◽  
Student Training ◽  
Empathy Scale ◽  
Work Knowledge

Empathy is a core principle essential to social work. Despite this emphasis, minimal empirical research of empathy has been undertaken by social work researchers. The purpose of this study was to develop and initially validate the Empathy Scale for Social Workers (ESSW). The ESSW is a 41-item self-report inventory designed to assess empathy in social work practitioners. The sample ( N = 271) consisted of social workers who had attained the Master of Social Work (MSW) degree. Findings revealed promising psychometric properties for the ESSW, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) demonstrated content, construct, and factorial validity. Results were encouraging and they lay the ground work for the continued development of the ESSW. This scale addresses a gap in social work knowledge regarding the empirical evaluation of empathy. Results have implications for social work as the scale may be used to assess student training needs and/or as a screening tool for social work supervisors and practitioners.

scholarly journals Puzzle Out the Reason behind Habitual Miscarriage

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmad ◽  
Shahid Bilal ◽  
Sarah Azhar ◽  
Muhammad Aitmaud Uddolah Khan ◽  
Nasima Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
History Of

Aims: As no data is available in Pakistan so the aim of current study is to find out the link of multiple risk factors with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in Pakistan. Study Design: Case control study. Place and Duration of Study: Study conducted in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi and Polyclinic Hospital Islamabad from November 2018 to April 2019. Methodology: Subjects were investigated on the basis of an in depth Performa. For data analysis Statistical package for social sciences version-20 was used. Beside this, height in cm, weight in kg and blood pressure in mmHg were recorded. All the statistical calculations were performed by using SPSS 20. For association analysis of qualitative variables Spearman bivariate correlation was calculated while for numerical variables ANOVA was applied. Multinomial logistic regression model was used and the odd ratio and relative risk were calculated. Results: Among cases 91.34% were having spontaneous miscarriage and majority (64.86%) were during first trimester. Spearman bivariate correlation reported a strong association of recurrent pregnancy loss with the risk factors including family history, smoking, obesity, history of hypertension and history of diabetes, having highly significant p-values, on the hand, significant association of maternal age with the frequency of recurrent pregnancy loss was found but not with the paternal age and parity. The multinomial logistic regression model showed that smokers were19.012 times more prone to develop recurrent pregnancy loss. Conclusion: The multiple risk factors including maternal age, obesity, smoking, family history, body mass index, hypertension and diabetes have a strong association with the recurrent pregnancy loss. So keeping these risk factors in mind a careful evaluation of each pregnancy is necessary to reduce the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss.

The relationship between self-efficacy and transition to work or studies in young adults with disabilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Andersén ◽  
Kjerstin Larsson ◽  
Ronnie Pingel ◽  
Per Kristiansson ◽  
Ingrid Anderzén
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adults With Disabilities ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Transition To Work

Aim: To investigate perceived self-efficacy in unemployed young adults with disabilities, and the association between self-efficacy and transition to work or studies. Methods: This prospective cohort study collected data through self-report questionnaires and registry data from a vocational rehabilitation project with young adults, aged 19–29 years. The Swedish Social Insurance Agency, the Swedish Public Employment Service and the participating municipalities identified potential participants for the study. A total of 531 participants were included in the study, of which 249 (47%) were available for analysis. Multinomial logistic regression models were carried out to estimate the associations between self-efficacy, demographic (age, country of birth, education level), health and employment status. The latter was coded as: ‘no transition to work or studies’, ‘transition to studies’, and ‘transition to work’. Results: A higher level of self-efficacy was associated with increased odds for ‘transition to work’ (OR = 2.37, p < 0.05). This finding remained consistent when adjusting for possible confounders. The mean value of self-efficacy was low, and participants with lower self-efficacy reported worse self-rated health ( p < 0.001) compared to participants with higher self-efficacy. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that self-efficacy should be addressed in the vocational rehabilitation of young adults with disabilities in order to support their transition and integration into the labour market.

Measurement of Social Engagement of Nursing Home Residents During an Exercise Program

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jean Neils-Strunjas ◽  
K. Jason Crandall ◽  
Brian Weiler ◽  
Annika Gabbard ◽  
Caroline Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Purpose The purpose of this article was to describe the validity and reliability of the Fun and Social Engagement Evaluation (FUSE) developed to evaluate and measure social engagement displayed by nursing home residents during Bingocize. The FUSE combines health care worker observation and a resident self-report measure to produce a score that represents a resident's total engagement. Method To describe validity, trained health care workers who implement Bingocize were surveyed about the items on the FUSE. Visual inspection of bar graphs of responses to survey questions were used to determine content validity. To assess reliability of the FUSE, nursing home residents were evaluated by trained research assistants. Test–retest reliability of the participant scores 1 week apart was determined with the bivariate correlation (Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient). Results For validity, the majority of survey respondents indicated that the behaviors were representative of nursing home residents during Bingocize. For reliability, there was moderate–strong test–retest reliability over 1 week ( r = .60). Interrater reliability between two raters observing eight participants across two sessions was significant, κ = .68 (95% CI [.504,.848]), p < .0001. Conclusion Results offer evidence that the FUSE is a valid and reliable method for determining social engagement during Bingocize.

scholarly journals Vagal Tone Differences in Empathy Level Elicited by Different Emotions and a Co-Viewer

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3136
Author(s):  
Suhhee Yoo ◽  
Mincheol Whang
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Vagal Tone ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Factor Level ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Different Levels

Empathy can bring different benefits depending on what kind of emotions people empathize with. For example, empathy with negative emotions can raise donations to charity while empathy with positive emotions can increase participation during remote education. However, few studies have focused on the physiological differences depending on what kind of emotions people empathize with. Furthermore, co-viewer can influence the elicitation of different levels of empathy, but this has been less discussed. Therefore, this study investigated vagal response differences according to each empathy factor level elicited by different emotions and co-viewer. Fifty-nine participants were asked to watch 4 videos and to evaluate subjective valence, arousal scores, and undertake an empathy questionnaire, which included cognitive, affective and identification empathy. Half of the participants watched the videos alone and the other half watched the videos with a co-viewer. Valence and arousal scores were categorized into three levels to figure out what kind of emotions they empathized with. Empathy level (high vs. low) was determined based on the self-report scores. Two-way MANOVA revealed an interaction effect of empathy level and emotions. High affective empathy level is associated with higher vagal response regardless of what kind of emotions they empathized with. However, vagal response differences in other empathy factor level showed a different pattern depending on what kind of emotions that participant empathized with. A high cognitive empathy level showed lower vagal responses when participants felt negative or positive valence. High identification level also showed increased cognitive burden when participants empathized with negative and neutral valence. The results implied that emotions and types of empathy should be considered when measuring empathic responses using vagal tone. Two-way MANOVA revealed empathic response differences between co-viewer condition and emotion. Participants with a co-viewer felt higher vagal responses and self-reporting empathy scores only when participants empathized with arousal. This implied that the effect of a co-viewer may impact on empathic responses only when participants felt higher emotional intensity.

Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. LAWRENCE ◽  
P. SHAW ◽  
D. BAKER ◽  
S. BARON-COHEN ◽  
A. S. DAVID
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Inference Test ◽  
Eyes Task ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
State Inference

Background. Empathy plays a key role in social understanding, but its empirical measurement has proved difficult. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a self-report scale designed to do just that. This series of four studies examined the reliability and validity of the EQ and determined its factor structure.Method. In Study 1, 53 people completed the EQ, Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and a non-verbal mental state inference test, the Eyes Task. In Study 2, a principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on data from 110 healthy individuals and 62 people reporting depersonalisation (DPD). Approximately 1 year later, Study 3, involved the re-administration of the EQ (n=24) along with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; n=28). In the last study, the EQ scores of those with DPD, a condition that includes a subjective lack of empathy, were examined in depth.Results. An association was found between the Eyes task and EQ, and only three EQ items correlated with the SDS. PCA revealed three factors: (1) ‘cognitive empathy’; (2) ‘emotional reactivity’, and (3) ‘social skills’. Test–retest reliability was good and moderate associations were found between the EQ and IRI subscales, suggesting concurrent validity. People with DPD did not show a global empathy deficit, but reported less social competence.Conclusions. The EQ is a valid, reliable scale and the different subscales may have clinical applications.

scholarly journals Moral Sensitivity, Empathy and Prosocial Behavior: Implications for Humanization of Nursing Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8914
Author(s):  
Iván Suazo ◽  
María del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes ◽  
María del Mar Molero Jurado ◽  
África Martos Martínez ◽  
María del Mar Simón Márquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Moral Sensitivity ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Empathy Scale ◽  
Basic Empathy Scale ◽  
Mediation Models

Humanization of nursing is related to certain social and moral variables. Moral sensitivity, empathy, and prosocial behavior help understand a situation and make decisions that benefit the patient. The objective of this study is to find out how these variables are related, and define the differences in moral sensitivity, empathy, and prosocial behavior in humanization of nursing. We also analyzed the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between moral sensitivity and prosocial behavior. The sample was made up of 330 Spanish nurses aged 22 to 56, who completed the HUMAS Scale and adapted versions of the Basic Empathy Scale, the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and the Prosocial Behavior Scale. Descriptive analyses, bivariate correlations and multiple mediation models were calculated. The results found significantly different mean scores between all the groups in responsibility and moral strength, cognitive empathy, and prosocial behavior, and in moral burden, the differences were in the high-humanization-score group compared to the low-score group. Furthermore, the mediation models showed the mediating effect of cognitive empathy between the responsibility, strength, and moral burden factors on prosocial behavior, but not of affective empathy. The study concluded that humanization in nursing is closely related to moral sensitivity, cognitive empathy, and prosocial behavior. This facilitates a helping, caring, and understanding attitude toward patient needs, but without the affective flooding that affective empathy can lead to.

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