scholarly journals The Effect of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status on Anthropometric Development and Systemic Inflammation: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5635
Author(s):  
Roxana Maria Martin-Hadmaș ◽  
Ștefan Adrian Martin ◽  
Adela Romonți ◽  
Cristina Oana Mărginean
Keyword(s):  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Total Fat

(1) Background: Daily caloric intake should aim to reduce the risk of obesity or poor anthropometric development. Our study objective was to analyze the association between food consumption, inflammatory status and anthropometric development; (2) Methods: We performed a prospective observational analytical research during September 2020 and April 2021 on a group of 160 healthy subjects, aged between 6 and 12 years old, by analyzing food ingestion, the basal metabolic rate, anthropometric development and the inflammatory status; (3) Results: IL-6 was significantly correlated to the sum of skinfolds, along with both serum proteins and triglycerides. The skin folds were significantly correlated with the caloric intake and with total fat intake, next to saturated and trans fats. Unlike the skin folds, the body weight was significantly correlated with the caloric intake along with some vitamins, such as Vitamin A and Vitamin B12. Inactive mass increased with excessive folic acid, Vitamin E, Vitamin K and saturated fat intake; (4) Conclusions: The inflammatory status was influenced by the ingestion of micronutrients, total serum lipids and proteins. The anthropometric development was associated with the ingestion of carbohydrates, energy balance and energy intake. We can conclude that daily menu and nutrition imbalances can influence both the risk of obesity and the inflammatory status.

scholarly journals Habitual diet in four populations of African origin: a descriptive paper on nutrient intakes in rural and urban Cameroon, Jamaica and Caribbean migrants in Britain

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise I Mennen ◽  
Maria Jackson ◽  
Sangita Sharma ◽  
Jean-Claude N Mbanya ◽  
Janet Cade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Habitual Diet ◽  
Rural Cameroon ◽  
Similar Genetic Background ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackground:The prevalence of chronic diseases is increasing in West Africa, the Caribbean and its migrants to Britain. This trend may be due to the transition in the habitual diet, with increasing (saturated) fat and decreasing fruit and vegetable intakes, both within and between countries.Objective:We have tested this hypothesis by comparing habitual diet in four African-origin populations with a similar genetic background at different stages in this transition.Design:The study populations included subjects from rural Cameroon (n=743), urban Cameroon (n=1042), Jamaica (n=857) and African–Caribbeans in Manchester, UK (n=243), all aged 25–74 years. Habitual diet was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire, specifically developed for each country separately.Results:Total energy intake was greatest in rural Cameroon and lowest in Manchester for all age/sex groups. A tendency towards the same pattern was seen for carbohydrates, protein and total fat intake. Saturated and polyunsaturated fat intake and alcohol intake were highest in rural Cameroon, and lowest in Jamaica, with the intakes in the UK lower than those in urban Cameroon. The percentage of energy from total fat was higher in rural and urban Cameroon than in Jamaica and the UK for all age/sex groups. The opposite was seen for percentage of energy from carbohydrate intake, the intake being highest in Jamaica and lowest in rural Cameroon. The percentage of energy from protein increased gradually from rural Cameroon to the UK.Conclusions:These results do not support our hypothesis that carbohydrate intake increased, while (saturated) fat intake decreased, from rural Cameroon to the UK.

scholarly journals Bitter Taste Sensitivity Is Determined by TAS2R38 Haplotype, Associated with Saturated Fat Intake and Is Lower in Overweight and Obese Compared to Normal Weight UK adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1271-1271
Author(s):  
Leta Pilic ◽  
Catherine Anna-Marie Graham ◽  
Nisrin Hares ◽  
Megan Brown ◽  
Jonathan Kean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fat Taste ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Objectives Taste perception (sensitivity) may be determined by genetic variations in taste receptors and it affects food intake. Lower fat taste sensitivity is associated with higher dietary fat intake and body mass index (BMI). Recently, associations between bitter and fat taste sensitivity have been reported whereby bitter taste perception may be involved in textural perception of dietary fat. However, it is not clear if lower sensitivity to bitter taste would lead to an actual higher fat intake. Our objectives were to explore the associations between haplotypes in the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38, bitter taste sensitivity and fat intake and if bitter taste sensitivity is lower in individuals with higher BMI. Methods Ethical approval was obtained from the St Mary's and Oxford Brookes University Ethics Committee. Eighty-eight healthy Caucasian participants (44% male and 56% female; mean BMI 24.9 ± 4.8 kg/m2 and mean age 35 ± 14 years) completed this cross-sectional study. Height and weight were measured and genotyping performed for rs713598, rs1726866, rs10246939 genetic variants in the TAS2R38. Haplotypes were determined with Haploview software. Participants rated the intensity of a phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) impregnated strip on the general Labelled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) to determine bitter taste sensitivity and were classified as bitter tasters and non-tasters. Dietary fat intake was calculated from the EPIC-Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire and expressed as % total energy intake. Results TAS2R38 haplotypes were associated with bitter taster status (P < 0.005). PTC ratings of intensity were negatively correlated with % saturated fat (SFA) intake (rs = −0.256, P = 0.016). %SFA and %total fat (rs = 0.656, P < 0.005) and %total fat and energy intake (kcal) (rs = 0.225, P = 0.035) were positively correlated. Normal weight participants rated PTC strips as more intense compared to overweight and obese participants (mean rank 53 vs. 41, P = 0.033). Conclusions Bitter taste perception is determined by genetics and lower sensitivity to this taste is associated with higher intake of SFA. Lower bitter taste sensitivity in overweight/obese participants suggests that impaired bitter taste may be associated with an overall unhealthier and more energy dense dietary pattern. Funding Sources St Mary's and Oxford Brookes University.

Animal fats and human health

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 214-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Total Fat

In 1991 it was recommended that total fat intake in the UK should be reduced to a population average of less that 33% of total daily energy intake and that saturated fatty acids should contribute no more than 10% of total energy (Department of Health, 1991). A further recommendation was that the intake of trans fatty acids should not exceed 2% of total energy. These recommendations were made primarily on the basis of the influence of fatty acids on plasma cholesterol and thereby on the development of cardiovascular disease. While associations of fat intake with other chronic diseases such as cancer, obesity and diabetes have also been suggested, it was felt that there was insufficient evidence to make specific recommendations on the basis of such claims. A reduction in saturated fat intake has remained a central target of public health nutrition within the United Kingdom ever since. Despite concerted efforts, particularly throughout the 1990s., to achieve these targets little progress has been made. In 2000, total fat intake remained at 38% and saturated fatty acid intake at 15% (DEFRA, 2001).

scholarly journals Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome — the optimal diet

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (S1) ◽  
pp. S143-S148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Riccardi ◽  
A. A. Rivellese
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Total Fat

The treatment of the metabolic syndrome aims to improve insulin sensitivity and correct/prevent the associated metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Since many individuals with the metabolic syndrome are overweight, dietary treatment should be primarily focused on weight reduction. This approach can improve insulin sensitivity and exert beneficial effects on all the other abnormalities clustering in the syndrome. Insulin sensitivity can also be influenced by diet composition. In this respect, the specific effects of the quality of dietary fat are of great interest, given the considerable evidence in experimental animals that saturated fat in the diet may lead to insulin resistance. In man, there is indirect evidence that a higher saturated fat intake is associated with impaired insulin action. Human studies have also attempted to evaluate the relationship between total fat intake and insulin sensitivity. They are consistent in showing that fat intake is correlated with both plasma insulin values (positively) and insulin sensitivity (negatively). However, these correlations are largely mediated by body weight. Conversely, intervention studies are consistent in showing that when total fat intake is moderately increased (from 20 to 40 %), no major effect is observed on insulin sensitivity. We have recently undertaken a large, multicentre intervention study in 162 healthy individuals given either a high-saturated-fat or a high-monounsaturated-fat diet for 3 months. It shows that a high-monounsaturated-fat diet significantly improves insulin sensitivity compared to a high-saturated-fat diet. However, this beneficial effect of monounsaturated fat disappears when total fat intake exceeds 38 % of total energy. Independently of its effects on insulin sensitivity, diet composition can influence the factors clustering in the metabolic syndrome. Dietary carbohydrate increases blood glucose levels, particularly in the postprandial period, and consequently also insulin levels and plasma triglycerides. The detrimental effects of a high-carbohydrate diet on plasma glucose/insulin, triglyceride/HDL or fibrinolysis occur only when carbohydrate foods with a high glycaemic index are consumed, while they are abolished if the diet is based largely on fibre-rich, low-glycaemic-index foods. In conclusion, weight reduction is a powerful measure for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome should be limited in the intake of saturated fat, while high fibre/low-glycaemic-index foods should be used without specific limitations. Moderate amounts of monounsaturated fat could be permitted as they do not induce detrimental metabolic effects.

scholarly journals Associations of Monounsaturated Fats to Visual Cognitive Performance Training in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 920-920
Author(s):  
Aaron Riviere ◽  
Nicos Georghiades ◽  
Karen Beathard ◽  
Steven Riechman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fats ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Visual Cognitive

Abstract Objectives High levels of visual cognitive performance (VCP) are required for complex daily activities including driving and participating in sports. Many cognitive tests use simple measures of social cognition or memory that lack the dynamic complexity needed for daily living. Healthy fats including mono- and polyunsaturated fats have been shown to improve cognition and brain health due to the need for fatty acids for neurotransmitter production and myelin sheath insulation. The effects of specific fats on specific cognitive functions is still poorly understood. The Nutrition, Vision, and Cognition in Health Study (IONHealth) investigates nutritional and behavioral factors that influence cognition in 3-dimensional multiple objects tracking test (3DMOT). It was hypothesized that monounsaturated fats would affect cognitive performance. Methods 104 men and women adults age 50–75 years recorded 15 food logs and completed 15 training sessions (Neurotracker) during 10 lab visits over 15 days. Food logs were used to represent typical eating patterns for each individual and means over 15 days were used for analyses. Results Monounsaturated fat intake was significantly associated to VCP, however, this affect was not distinct from overall fat intake where higher fat intake (114.7, 99.8, 71.8, 62.9 g/day mean) was significantly associated (P < 0.01) to higher VCP (1.10, 1.04, 0.89, 0.79 speed threshold mean, respectively). Conclusions Increased total fat intake may have a positive effect on brain function, even with higher saturated fat and lower unsaturated fat intake. Funding Sources Egg Nutrition Council.

scholarly journals Status of Serum bilirubin, Serum Proteins and Prothrombin time in babies with Perinatal Asphyxia

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Md Tariqul Islam ◽  
Seikh Azimul Hoque ◽  
Fahmida Nazir ◽  
Md Mostafizur Rahman Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Organ Systems

Background and Objectives: Because of hypoxemia, different organ systems of the body are affected in perinatal asphyxia. This study was carried out to see the status of Serum bilirubin, Serum Proteins and Prothrombin time in asphyxiated babies and to know any correlation existing between hepatic dysfunction and the severity of perinatal asphyxia. Methods: A total of 70 full-term asphyxiated newborns (study group) were studied during January ‘2008 to December ‘2008 in the department of Paediatrics, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. After enrolment these babies were grouped according to Sarnat & Sarnat stages of HIE as stage I, II & III (Sarnat & Sarnat’ 1976). Babies who are small for gestational age, having severe jaundice, sepsis or congenital anomalies of the hepatobiliary system were excluded from the study. A total of 50 healthy newborns were also studied as reference group. Two c.c. of venous blood were taken both from asphyxiated and healthy babies between 2nd and 5th day of life to estimate Total serum bilirubin (TSB), Serum Total protein (STP), Serum Albumin and Prothrombin time (PT). Data were analyzed by computer software SPSS version 15. Unpaired student’s ‘t’ test was used to measure the level of significance and Spearman’s rank correlation was done to see the correlation and at P < 0.05 the results were considered significant. Results: The mean TSB, STP & S. Albumin of asphyxiated babies were 5.52 ± 2.01mg/dl, 55.74 ± 8.84 & 32.60 ± 5.48 g/L respectively and those of normal babies were 4.51 ± 1.19 mg/dl, 66.30 ± 10.36 & 40.90 ± 6.45 g/L respectively and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). On the other hand no significant changes were noted in prothrombin time. The rise of PT showed a significant positive correlation with the severity of perinatal asphyxia. On the other hand STP, S. Albumin & TSB showed no significant correlation. Conclusion: This study concludes that TSB, STP & S. Albumin significantly elevated and this elevation was proportional to the severity of perinatal asphyxia. On the other hand no significant changes were noted in prothrombin time. Recommendation: A large scale multi-centre study is recommended to establish this finding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdnmch.v18i2.16022 J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2012; 18 (02): 43-46

scholarly journals Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS): Energy and Macronutrient Intakes of Children in a Representative/Random Sample of 1–<10-Year-Old Children in Two Economically Active and Urbanized Provinces in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelia P. Steyn ◽  
Johanna H. Nel ◽  
Sonia Malczyk ◽  
Linda Drummond ◽  
Marjanne Senekal
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Representative Random Sample ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Field Workers

The double burden of malnutrition is still prevalent in South Africa, hence the importance of a dietary survey to identify risks of under- and over-nutrition. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling design was applied in two economically active provinces, Gauteng (GTG) (N = 733) and Western Cape (WC) (N = 593). Field workers completed questionnaires, and a 24 h recall with children taking part aged 1–<10-years (N = 1326). Important findings were that 71% and 74%, respectively, of 3–<6-year-olds and 6–<10-year-olds had an energy intake below the estimated energy requirement (EER), while 66% 1–<3-year-olds had intakes above the EER. The percentage of children with a total fat intake below recommended levels decreased as age increased ((51%, 40% and 5%) respectively, for the three age groups). Similarly, the percentage of those who had a total fat intake above the recommendation increased with increasing age (4%, 11% and 26%, respectively, for the three age groups). Saturated fat intake above 10%E was highest in the youngest and oldest children (33% and 32%, respectively). The percentage of children with a free sugars intake above 10%E was 47%, 48% and 52% respectively, and 98–99% had a fibre intake that was less than recommended. Overall, the diet was not healthy, with the main food items being very refined, and the diet being high in salty snacks and sugary items, and low in fruit, vegetables and legumes.

scholarly journals Intakes of Major Types of Fat Before Pregnancy and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 936-936
Author(s):  
Mariel Arvizu ◽  
Audrey Gaskins ◽  
Jennifer Stuart ◽  
Janet Rich-Edwards ◽  
Jorge E Chavarro
Keyword(s):  
Health Study ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Trans Fat ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Risk Of Preeclampsia

Abstract Objectives While there is significant literature on the relation between intake of fat and of specific fatty acids during pregnancy with the risk of preeclampsia, the relation of pre-pregnancy intake with preeclampsia and GHTN has not been extensively evaluated. Methods In the Nurses’ Health Study II, 11,660 women without a history of chronic disease reported 17,114 singleton pregnancies between 1992 and 2009. Pre-pregnancy diet was assessed every four years, starting in 1991 using a 131-item food frequency questionnaire. GHTN and preeclampsia were self-reported biennially. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of GHTN and preeclampsia were estimated with log-binomial regression, employing generalized estimating equations to account for repeated pregnancies, and adjusting for total energy intake, protein intake, age at pregnancy, marital status, history of infertility, gestational diabetes, parity, multivitamin use, race, and co-adjustment for major types of fat. Results Mean (SD) age at pregnancy was 34.6 (3.9) years. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) were reported in 1066 (6%) pregnancies (564 [3%] GHTN; 502 [3%] preeclampsia). Total fat intake before pregnancy was not associated with the risk of GHTN or preeclampsia. When intakes of major types of fats (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans) were evaluated, only intake of trans fats was associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia. Women in the highest quartile of trans fat intake (median [range], 2.18 [1.84–5.75] % of calories) had a 45% (CI: 7%, 97%; p-trend = 0.01) greater risk of preeclampsia than women with the lowest quartile of intake (median [range]: 0.91 [0.11–1.09] % of calories). A similar, albeit attenuated, association was observed with trans fat intake and GHTN (p-trend = 0.12). Intakes of major types of fat were unrelated to GHTN. Conclusions Greater intake of trans fats before pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia, but not GHTN. However, the extent to which these findings are generalizable to current intake levels in the general US population remains to be determined. Intakes of all other major fat types were unrelated to the risk of HDP. Funding Sources Supported by National Institutes of Health grants UM1-CA176726, P30-DK046200, R00ES026648, U54-CA155626, and T32-DK007703–16.

Abstract P358: Dietary Fat Quality and Risk of CHD in the 28 Year Follow-up of a Large Prospective Study of US Women

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E Chiuve ◽  
Frank B Hu ◽  
Christine M Albert ◽  
Kathryn M Rexrode ◽  
JoAnn E Manson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fat ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Total Fat

Background: The importance of fat quality is reflected in the recent 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which recommend reducing saturated fat intake, and replacing this with polyunsaturated fat. Health effects of dietary fat are often estimated as an isocaloric substitution with carbohydrates (nutrient density models). Expressing fat intake as a % of total fat instead better quantifies fat quality, in overall diet and individual foods, and may provide an alternative approach to evaluate associated disease risk. We evaluated this novel measure of dietary fat quality, the % of fat type relative to total fat intake, on CHD risk among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Methods: We followed 84,531 women, free of chronic disease at baseline, from 1980-2008. Data on diet and other factors were ascertained every 2-4 years via questionnaires. For saturated and polyunsaturated fats, fat quality was calculated as grams of fat type / grams of total fat, and included in Cox proportional hazards models with total fat (fat density model), to estimate the association between fat intake and risk of CHD. We also estimated these associations using traditional nutrient density models, with isocaloric replacement of fat with carbohydrates. Results: Over 28 years, there were 3373 cases of CHD. A greater proportion of fat intake as saturated fat was associated with higher risk of CHD (p, trend<0.001) ( Table ). Conversely, a greater proportion of fat intake as polyunsaturated fat was associated with lower risk (p, trend<0.001), which was seen for both N-6 and N-3 fats. Compared with nutrient density models, RR obtained from fat density models were greater in magnitude for saturated and N-3 fats, but similar in magnitude for total and N-6 polyunsaturated fat. Conclusions: Saturated and polyunsaturated fat, quantified as a % of total fat, were significantly associated with CHD risk. This novel measure of dietary fat may aid in the translation of dietary recommendations of fat quality and may provide guidance in distinguishing foods based on fat quality.

Nutritional Habits of Flemish Adolescent Sprint Athletes

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Aerenhouts ◽  
Marcel Hebbelinck ◽  
Jacques R. Poortmans ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Weighed Food Record ◽  
Total Fat

Purpose and Methods:To investigate dietary habits of Flemish adolescent track and field athletes using a 7-d weighed-food record. Besides adequacy for growth, development, and physical performance, dietary health aspects were considered.Results:Twenty-nine girls and 31 boys, with minimum 2 yr of track and field training practice, were recruited. All participants had daily breakfast (girls 22.5% ± 5.5% of total energy intake [TEI]; boys 19.8% ± 7.3%). Fruit in girls and juices and sports drinks in boys were consumed mostly between meals (girls 21.3% ± 8.1% of TEI; boys 24.3% ± 10.1%). Soft drinks contributed considerably to energy intake between meals in both sexes. Protein intake (1.5 ± 0.3 g · kg–1 · d−1 for both sexes) was within the recommended daily intake (RDI) for strength athletes. Mean daily carbohydrate intake in girls was lower than in boys (girls 5.1 ± 1.1 g/kg; boys 6.0 ± 0.9 g/kg), with mono- and disaccharides contributing 26% to TEI in both sexes. Total fat intake was above 30% of TEI in more than half the participants, and only 10 participants had a saturated-fat intake below 10% of TEI. Fiber intake (girls 23.7 ± 7.9 g; boys 29.1 ± 11.2 g) was far below the Belgian RDI. Intake of vitamins and minerals were generally low, despite micronutrient supplementation in 37.5% of the participants.Conclusion:Few athletes reached all nutrient RDIs. Unhealthy food habits with regard to refined sugars, fat, and micronutrients were observed. These adolescent sprinters should be encouraged to consume more nonsweetened beverages, fruits, and vegetables.

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