scholarly journals Inter-Annual and Seasonal Variations of Water Quality and Trophic Status of a Reservoir with Fluctuating Monsoon Precipitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8499
Author(s):  
Ye-eun Moon ◽  
Hyun-su Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Monsoon Precipitation ◽  
Chl A

Long-term evaluation from 2000 to 2020 of a temperate reservoir indicated that water quality and trophic status were not critically controlled by the inter-annual dynamics of monsoon precipitation. The fluctuation of annual concentrations of TP, TSS, and EC did not always correlate with the variation of precipitation. BOD and COD demonstrated monotonically increasing trends with Sen’s slope of 0.02 and 0.01, respectively, while Chl-a manifested a decreasing trend (slope = −0.23). The increases of different magnitudes in the levels of TP, TSS, and Chl-a in the monsoon and the early post-monsoon periods were observed in the drought, flood, and normal years. The drought years showed distinct seasonal variations in many parameters, while those in the flood and the normal years were very similar. Pearson correlation and empirical regression analyses resulted in weaker correlation between water quality and hydrological parameters than other reservoirs, which, along with low impact of precipitation, was attributed to the low drainage ratio (28.8) of the study area. BOD/COD ratios were higher than 0.5 in the reservoir, indicating the presence of a significant fraction of biodegradable organic matter. The ratio increased in the longitudinal flow direction (>50% in the drought years), implying the possibility of autochthonous sources of organic matter. TSID evaluation resulted in variation of limiting factors not related to the fluctuation of annual precipitation. The loadings of the significant principal components were very similar among the different precipitation groups, supporting the other findings that annual precipitation governed by monsoon intensity would not solely control the water quality dynamics of the study area.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TOTAL BAKTERI COLIFORM DI SUNGAI BANJIR KANAL BARAT DAN SILANDAK, SEMARANG Analysis of Total Coliform Bacteria in Banjir Kanal Barat and Silandak Rivers, Semarang

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-315
Author(s):  
Dilia Puspita Asih ◽  
Churun Ain ◽  
Niniek Widyorini
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Relationship

Sungai Banjir Kanal Barat dan Silandak merupakan sungai besar yang berada di Kota Semarang. Terdapat berbagai aktivitas di sepanjang aliran sungai tersebut, diantaranya aktivitas domestik dan industri dimana buangan limbah masuk ke dalam badan sungai sehingga menyebabkan penurunan kualitas perairan. Salah satu mikroorganisme yang terkandung dalam limbah domestik yang berperan sebagai indikator pencemaran yaitu bakteri coliform sehingga perlu dilakukan perhitungan total coliform guna mengetahui adanya pencemaran di Sungai Banjir Kanal Barat dan Silandak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan total coliform, status mutu air berdasarkan PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 kelas II dan hubungan antara total coliform dengan bahan organik dan BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) di Sungai Banjir Kanal Barat dan Silandak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode survei. Pengambilan sampel terdiri dari 2 stasiun (A dan B) yang masing-masing terdapat 5 titik dan 2 kali pengulangan (P1 dan P2). Variabel utama yang dianalisis yaitu total coliform, bahan organik dan BOD, variabel pendukung yang diukur yaitu temperatur, salinitas, DO (Dissolved Oxygen ) dan pH. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jumlah total coliform pada stasiun A berkisar antara 240-16000 MPN/100 mldan 23-5400 MPN/100 ml pada stasiun B. Nilai total coliform pada titik A2 dan B2 pada P1 serta A5 P2telah melebihi bakumutu. Hubungan antara total coliform dengan bahan organik yaitu sangat lemah (nilaiPearson Correlation = 0,15). Hubungan antara total coliform denganBOD yaitu lemah (nilaiPearson Correlation= 0,378). Banjir Kanal Barat and Silandak Rivers are large rivers in Semarang. There are various activities along the river flow, including domestic activities and industries where waste effluents enter the river bodies causing a decrease in water quality. One of the microorganisms contained in domestic waste that as an indicator of pollution is coliform bacteria, so it is necessary to calculate the total coliform in order to find out the pollution in the Banjir Kanal Barat and Silandak Rivers. This study aims to determine abundance of total Coliform, water quality status based on PP No. 82 of 2001 class II and relationship between the total coliform with organic matter and BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) in the Banjir Kanal Barat and Silandak Rivers. The method used in this study is survey method. Sampling consisted of 2 stations (A and B), each of which had 5  points and 2 repetitions (P1 and P2). The main variables analyzed were total coliform, organic matter and BOD, the supporting variable analiyzed were temperature, salinity, DO (Dissolved Oxygen ) and pH. Based on the results of the study, the total number of coliform at station A ranged from 240-16000 MPN/100 ml and 23-5400MPN/100 ml at station B. The total value of coliform at points A2 and B2 at P1 and A5 P2 has exceeded the standard. The relationship between total coliform and organic matter is very weak (Pearson Correlation value = 0.15). The relationship between total coliform and BOD is weak (Pearson Correlation value = 0.378). 

Monitoring seasonal variations of colored dissolved organic matter for the Saginaw River based on Landsat-8 data

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Chen ◽  
Weining Zhu ◽  
Yuhan Zheng ◽  
Yong Q. Tian ◽  
Qian Yu
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Colored Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Positive Role

Abstract Remote sensing is an effective tool for studying CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) variations and its relevant environmental factors. Monitoring CDOM distribution and dynamics in small water is often limited by the coarse spatial resolution of traditional ocean color sensors. In this study, because of its high spatial resolution of 30 m, Landsat-8 data were used to assess seasonal variations of CDOM in the Saginaw River, by using an empirical statistic model. Pearson correlation analysis between CDOM variations and other environmental factors, such as temperature, discharge, and dissolved oxygen, shows that temperature was negatively correlated to CDOM variations and discharge played a positive role. We also calculated the monthly mean aCDOM(440) (the absorption coefficient of CDOM at 440 nm) for the Saginaw River between April and November from 2013 to 2016. This study demonstrates a good example for future applications in small waters: observing CDOM variations and other relevant environmental factors change by using Landsat remote sensing, so that we can know more about water quality and ecosystem health of small waters as well as the climate change impact on regional watersheds.

scholarly journals Multiyear Links between Water Chemistry, Algal Chlorophyll, Drought-Flood Regime, and Nutrient Enrichment in a Morphologically Complex Reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jang HaRa ◽  
Usman Atique ◽  
Kwang-Guk An
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Drought And Flood ◽  
The Impact

This investigation targeted the largest morphologically complex reservoir (Soyang) in South Korea during 1992–2013. It is a prominent source of domestic water supply, irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation. Therefore, this investigation focused on regional- to global-scale applications. We revealed the empirical links between chlorophyll (Chl-a) and total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), the impact of the monsoon regime on nutrients, and flood and drought regime. Further, we investigated the trophic status dynamics, tendencies of water chemistry factors, and valuation of zonal water chemistry by the application of a modified multimetric water pollution index (WPI). The physicochemical indicators illustrated significant disparities among the Lacustrine (Lz), Transition (Tz), and Riverine (Rz) zones. The solid contents (TSS) displayed a significant increase in the lake zones in the order of Lz (4.58 ± 13.7 mg/L), Tz (6.16 ± 16.2 mg/L), and Rz (7.38 ± 18.9 mg/L). However, TP and allied chemical species revealed an inverse relationship with the TN:TP ambient ratios. Nevertheless, Chl-a displayed sharp interzonal fluctuations from the Lz (2.90 ± 3.29 µg/L) to Tz (4.61 ± 4.98 µg/L). The seasonal deviations, however, exposed divergent heterogeneities among the TSS, TN, TP, and Chl-a. The regression plot between the observed and predicted Chl-a in the Soyang reservoir displayed a very strong relationship (R2 = 0.997). The seasonal and interannual variations of trophic status displayed a higher impact of precipitation, particularly in the case of TP and Chl-a. The flood years indicated phosphorus limitations, while drought years alluded to the non-algal light limitations (biogenic turbidity). Water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), TSS, TP, and Chl-a displayed decreasing trends in the ambient water. In contrast, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), and TN displayed increasing tendencies by the application Mann–Kendall trend analysis. The WPI outcomes designated Lz with excellent water quality while Tz an Rz indicated good water quality. It also indicated impending sedimentation tendencies in the Rz. In conclusion, our findings indicated fluctuating rainfall patterns (drought and flood conditions) that significantly impacted the Soyang reservoir water quality, flood and drought severity, and trophic status of the reservoir. This study highlights the requirements of further studies to substantiate the drought and flood dynamics and their impacts on nutrients and overall water quality status.

scholarly journals Assessment of Water Quality Based on Trophic Status and Nutrients-Chlorophyll Empirical Models of Different Elevation Reservoirs

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3640
Author(s):  
Md Mamun ◽  
Usman Atique ◽  
Kwang-Guk An
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
Chl A ◽  
State Index

Water quality degradation is one of the most pressing environmental challenges in reservoirs around the world and makes the trophic status assessment of reservoirs essential for their restoration and sustainable use. The main aims of this study were to determine the spatial variations in water quality and trophic state of 204 South Korean reservoirs at different altitude levels. The results demonstrated mean total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (CHL-a), total suspended solids (TSS), organic matter indicators (chemical oxygen demand: COD; total organic carbon: TOC), water temperature (WT), and electrical conductivity (EC) remain consistently higher in the very lowland reservoirs (VLLR) than those in other altitudes, due to sedimentary or alluvial watersheds. The average TP and CHL-a levels in VLLR crossed the limit of the eutrophic water, symptomizing a moderate risk of cyanobacterial blooms. Empirical models were developed to identify critical variables controlling algal biomass and water clarity in reservoirs. The empirical analyses of all reservoir categories illustrated TP as a better predictor of CHL-a (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.01) than TN (R2 = 0.02, p < 0.05) as well as showed strong P-limitation based on TN:TP ratios. The algal productivity of VLLR (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.01) was limited by phosphorus, while highland reservoirs (HLR) were phosphorus (R2 = 0.23, p < 0.03) and light-limited (R2 = 0.31, p < 0.01). However, TSS showed a highly significant influence on water clarity compared to TP and algal CHL-a in all reservoirs. TP and TSS explained 47% and 34% of the variance in non-algal turbidity (NAT) in HLR. In contrast, the TP and TSS variances were 18% and 29% in midland reservoirs (MLR) and 32% and 20% in LLR. The trophic state index (TSI) of selected reservoirs varied between mesotrophic to eutrophic states as per TSI (TP), TSI (CHL-a), and TSI (SD). Mean TSI (CHL-a) indicated all reservoirs as eutrophic. Trophic state index deviation (TSID) assessment also complemented the phosphorus limitation characterized by the blue-green algae (BGA) domination in all reservoirs. Overall, reservoirs at varying altitudes reflect the multiplying impacts of anthropogenic factors on water quality, which can provide valuable insights into reservoir water quality management.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of nutrients in Maumere Bay, East Nusa Tenggara

2021 ◽  
Vol 890 (1) ◽  
pp. 012006
Author(s):  
H Meirinawati ◽  
H B Prayitno
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The availability of nutrients in the marine environment is very important for primary production and as indicator of the health condition in waters. East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the province that has a potential fishery, especially in Maumere Bay of Sikka Regency. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the water quality and spatial distribution of nutrients in that area. This study aims to determine water quality, assess water trophic status, and determine limiting factors in Maumere Bay. Sampling was conducted in August 2017 at 14 research stations and 1 daily station. The results showed that the relationship between DIN, DIP, and DSi at the daily station was a weak correlation. DIN reaches maximum concentration after 8 hours, whereas DIP and DSi reach maximum concentration after 12 hours. The average DIN, DIP, and DSi were 1.082 μmol L−1, 0.123 μmol L−1, and 4.544 μmol L−1, respectively. The average DIN/DIP ratio was 11.554. It can be concluded that Maumere Bay is an oligotrophic area and phosphate as a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KUALITAS PERAIRAN BERDASARKAN TOTAL BAKTERI COLIFORM DI SUNGAI PLUMBON, SEMARANG An Analysis of Waters Quality Based on Coliform Bacteria in Plumbon River, Semarang

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-220
Author(s):  
Avenda Diza Pratiwi ◽  
Niniek Niniek Widyorini ◽  
Arif Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

ABSTRAK Sungai Plumbon merupakan sungai yang berada di daerah Mangkang Kulon, terletak di pemukiman padat penduduk. Terdapat sumber pencemar yang masuk ke dalam perairan diantaranya limbah industri rumahan maupun limbah rumah tangga Kegiatan ini dapat menurunkan kualitas perairan. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kualitas perairan adalah berdasarkan total bakteri Coliform. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui total bakteri Coliform, hubungan total bakteri Coliform dengan nitrat serta bahan organik total dan mengetahui beban pencemaran beserta indeks pencemaran di sungai Plumbon, Semarang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2019 dilakukan setiap seminggu sekali dalam waktu dua minggu. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah metode observasi. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling pada 3 stasiun dengan 3 titik di setiap stasiunnya. Analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis kepadatan bakteri Coliform, analisis kualitas air berdasarkan baku mutu dan indeks pencemaran, analisis beban pencemaran serta analisis korelasi pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kepadatan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform berkisar antara 5.566 – 1.203.333 MPN/100 ml. Keberadaan total bakteri Coliform memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan nitrat dan bahan organik total di Sungai Plumbon, Semarang. Kepadatan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform dan beban pencemaran bakteri Coliform yang diperoleh pada setiap stasiun tidak memenuhi baku mutu kelas II menurut Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 tahun 2001, sedangkan status pencemaran di sungai Plumbon dikategorikan sebagai tercemar ringan hingga sedang. ABSTRACT Plumbon River is a river in Mangkang Kulon, It is located in densely populated settlements. There are pollutant resource such as home industry waste and household waste in the water. It can decrease water quality. The waters quality can be predicted with the total number of coliform bacteria. This research was aimed to obtain total Coliform bacteria, find the correlation between total Coliform bacteria with nitrate and organic matter, and pollution load with pollution index in Plumbon River, Semarang. This research was conducted on March 2019 and it was held every week in two weeks. The method used in this research was observation method. The sample of this research was taken purposively in 3 stations with 3 points in every station. The data analysis included the analysis of Coliform bacteria density, the analysis of water quality based on quality standards and waters index, the analysis of pollution load, and the analysis of pearson correlation. The result of this research was showed that average density of total Coliform bacteria in the range between 5.566 - 1.203.333 MPN/100 ml. The existence of total Coliform bacteria has low relation with nitrate and total organic matter in Plumbon River, Semarang. The average density of total Coliform bacteria and bacterial pollution load in every station was not fulfill the quality standards class II. Based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001,  whereas pollution status of Plumbon River has been categorized as mild to moderate polluted.

scholarly journals Long-Term Water Quality Patterns in an Estuarine Reservoir and the Functional Changes in Relations of Trophic State Variables Depending on the Construction of Serial Weirs in Upstream Reaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12568
Author(s):  
Namsrai Jargal ◽  
Ho-Seong Lee ◽  
Kwang-Guk An
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Estuarine Reservoir

Water quality degradation is one of the major problems with artificial lakes in estuaries. Long-term spatiotemporal patterns of water quality in a South Korean estuarine reservoir were analyzed using seasonal datasets from 2002 to 2020, and some functional changes in relations of trophic state variables due to the construction of serial weirs in the upper river were also investigated. A total of 19 water quality parameters were used for the study, including indicators of organic matter, nutrients, suspended solids, water clarity, and fecal pollution. In addition, chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) was used to assess algal biomass. An empirical regression model, trophic state index deviation (TSID), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied. Longitudinal fluctuations in nutrients, organic matter, sestonic CHL-a, and suspended solids were found along the axis of the riverine (Rz), transition (Tz), and lacustrine zones (Lz). The degradation of water quality was seasonally caused by resuspension of sediments, monsoon input due to rainfall inflow, and intensity of Asian monsoon, and was also related to intensive anthropic activities within the catchment. The empirical model and PCA showed that light availability was directly controlled by non-algal turbidity, which was a more important regulator of CHL-a than total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The TSID supported our hypothesis on the non-algal turbidity. We also found that the construction of serial upper weirs influenced nutrient regime, TSS, CHL-a level, and trophic state in the estuarine reservoir, resulting in lower TP and TN but high CHL-a and high TN/TP ratios. The proportions of both dissolved color clay particles and blue-green algae in the TSID additionally increased. Overall, the long-term patterns of nutrients, suspended solids, and algal biomass changed due to seasonal runoff, turnover time, and reservoir zones along with anthropic impacts of the upper weir constructions, resulting in changes in trophic state variables and their mutual relations in the estuarine reservoir.

scholarly journals Long-Term Interannual and Seasonal Links between the Nutrient Regime, Sestonic Chlorophyll and Dominant Bluegreen Algae under the Varying Intensity of Monsoon Precipitation in a Drinking Water Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2871
Author(s):  
Ji Yoon Kim ◽  
Usman Atique ◽  
Md Mamun ◽  
Kwang-Guk An
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Monsoon Precipitation ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Drinking Water Reservoir

Long-term variations in reservoir water chemistry could provide essential data in making sustainable water quality management decisions. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variabilities of nutrients, sestonic chlorophyll-a (CHL-a), nutrient enrichment, dominant algal species, and overall chemical water health of the third-largest drinking water reservoir in South Korea during 2000–2020. Our results distinctly explained the strong influence of monsoon rainfall on spatial and annual water chemistry variations. We observed a consistent increase in the chemical oxygen demand alluding to organic matter pollutants, while a steady declining trend in the sestonic CHL-a. The long-term total phosphorus (TP) level showed a steady reduction from the riverine zone to the lacustrine area. However, a higher total coliform bacteria (TCB) was observed at the water intake tower sites. TP displayed a strong link to algal CHL-a and ambient nitrogen phosphorus ratios, suggesting a robust phosphorus-limitation state. The severe phosphorus-limitation was also corroborated by the findings of trophic state index deviation. The high and low flow dynamics exhibited the strong influence of intensive rainfall carrying many nutrients and sediments and flushing out the sestonic CHL-a. Successive eutrophic conditions prevailed along with dominating blue-green algae species (Microcystis and Anabaena). We observed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.62) between water temperature and CHL-a and between total suspended solids and TP (r = 0.65). The multi-metric water pollution index characterized the overall water quality as ‘good’ at all the study sites. In conclusion, the long-term spatiotemporal variabilities of the ecological functions based on the nutrient-CHL-a empirical models are regulated mainly by the intensive monsoon precipitation. The drinking water could become hazardous under the recurrent eutrophication events and chemical degradations due to uncontrolled and untreated inflow of sewage and wastewater treatment plant effluents. Therefore, we strongly advocate stringent criteria to mitigate phosphorus and organic pollutant influx for sustainable management of Daecheong Reservoir.

scholarly journals Empirical Estimation of Nutrient, Organic Matter and Algal Chlorophyll in a Drinking Water Reservoir Using Landsat 5 TM Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2256
Author(s):  
Md Mamun ◽  
Jannatul Ferdous ◽  
Kwang-Guk An
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Landsat 5 Tm

The main objective of this study was to develop empirical models from Landsat 5 TM data to monitor nutrient (total phosphorus: TP), organic matter (biological oxygen demand: BOD), and algal chlorophyll (chlorophyll-a: CHL-a). Instead of traditional monitoring techniques, such models could be substituted for water quality assessment in aquatic systems. A set of models were generated relating surface reflectance values of four bands of Landsat 5 TM and in-situ data by multiple linear regression analysis. Radiometric and atmospheric corrections improved the satellite image quality. A total of 32 compositions of different bands of Landsat 5 TM images were considered to find the correlation coefficient (r) with in-situ measurement of TP, BOD, and CHL-a levels collected from five sampling sites in 2001, 2006, and 2010. The results showed that TP, BOD, and CHL-a correlate well with Landsat 5 TM band reflectance values. TP (r = −0.79) and CHL-a (r = −0.79) showed the strongest relations with B1 (Blue). In contrast, BOD showed the highest correlation with B1 (Blue) (r = −0.75) and B1*B3/B4 (Blue*Red/Near-infrared) (r = −0.76). Considering the r values, significant bands and their compositions were identified and used to generate linear equations. Such equations for Landsat 5 TM could detect TP, BOD, and CHL-a with accuracies of 67%, 65%, and 72%, respectively. The developed empirical models were then applied to all study sites on the Paldang Reservoir to monitor spatio-temporal distributions of TP, BOD, and CHL-a for the month of September using Landsat 5 TM images of the year 2001, 2006, and 2010. The results showed that TP, BOD, and CHL-a decreased from 2001 to 2006 and 2010. However, S3 and S4 still have water quality issues and are influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors, which could significantly affect reservoir drinking water quality. Overall, the present study suggested that the Landsat 5 TM may be appropriate for estimating and monitoring water quality parameters in the reservoir.

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