Snakebites in Rural Areas of Brazil by Race: Indigenous the Most Exposed Group

Animal stings are environmental hazards that threaten millions annually and cause a significant socioeconomic impact. Snakebite envenoming affects 2.7 million people globally every year, mostly the poorest and rural communities, with approximately 27,000 annual cases in Brazil. This study’s objective is to identify the most exposed racial group for snakebites in rural areas of Brazil and analyze possible differences in the outcome of an accident. A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted using a database of rural snakebite cases from Brazil’s Ministry of Health (2017). Descriptive analysis and a regression model were performed to examine the association of bad outcomes after a snakebite with several covariables. While mixed-race individuals presented the highest number of cases (61.79%), indigenous and white populations were the racial groups with the highest and lowest exposure rates (194.3 and 34.1 per 100,000 population, respectively). The fatality rate was 3.5 times higher in the indigenous population compared to the white population. In the multivariable model, the number of hours between the accident and health care received and the case classification suggested an association with a bad outcome. Snakebite is prominent in Brazil, particularly among indigenous groups. Antivenom is available in the Brazilian Health System; however, efforts need to be made for decentralization.

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Modeling optimal price policy of pharmaceutical companies for sales maximization based on Data Science technologies

Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Economics ◽

10.17721/1728-2667.2021/214-1/6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

O. Chernyak ◽

J. Sztrik ◽

Y. Fareniuk

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Data Science ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Rural Households ◽

National Development ◽

Probit Model ◽

Price Policy

Social capital has become an important aspect of most rural communities in developing nations. But, the dimensions of social capital vary across rural regions while little is known about the factors influencing it in rural areas. This study aimed to identify the prevalent social capital dimensions in rural areas and examine the factors determining rural people involved in those dimensions. A field survey which consists of structured and self-administered questionnaire was carried out with rural households. The information of the survey was obtained from 220 rural households in the study area between August and October, 2019. The descriptive analysis identified social networks (3.875), norms (societal values) (3.390), trust and solidarity (4.115), and cooperation and group action (4.139) as the prevailing social capital dimensions in the rural communities. The results further suggest that cooperation, trust and solidarity, and networks are respectively the dominating social capital dimensions in the rural areas. The results from probit model estimates show that the factors that are more likely to be associated with social capital in rural areas include education, access to credit and ownership of farm (cash crop). Since social capital is becoming a prerequisite for rural development, our findings lead to the suggestion that cooperation, build-up of networks should be facilitated for people in the rural areas. Furthermore, policy direction towards access to education, credit provision and development of primary occupation in the rural areas should also be enhanced. Economic policy makers and rural development agencies are invited to continuously work on the identified factors to promote the individual, community and national development on equitable basis.

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Factors influencing social capital in rural communities in Nigeria

Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Economics ◽

10.17721/1728-2667.2021/214-1/5 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 27-34

Author(s):

N. A. Sofoluwe ◽

L. O. Oyelami ◽

O. Adisa

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Rural Households ◽

National Development ◽

Probit Model ◽

Access To Credit ◽

Factors Influencing

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EKSISTENSI PERKAWINAN EKSOGAMI MASYARAKAT SUKU GAYO DI LINGKUNGAN PERKOTAAN DAN PERDESAAN (Studi Penelitian di Kecamatan Lut Tawar dan Kecamatan Linge Kabupaten Aceh Tengah)

JURNAL ILMIAH MAHASISWA FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS MALIKUSSALEH ◽

10.29103/jimfh.v4i1.4089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nofrin Ariska Beru sembiring ◽

Jamaluddin J ◽

Faisal F

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Urban Communities ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Field Research ◽

Research Field ◽

Customary Law ◽

Library Research ◽

Village Communities ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstrak The Gayo tribe community is prohibited from carrying out exogamous marriages for several reasons, one of which is that they consider one clan / split to be one offspring. The Gayo tribe community still maintains this custom and cannot be violated, if the Gayo people marry into one clan / split or one village with girls in the village then this is considered a disgrace and will have a direct impact on being ostracized by the community in that village. Communities who carry out exogamous marriages will be subject to customary sanctions in the form of farak (exile) which is decided by customary deliberations conducted by Sarak Opat (customary institution). But in reality, there are still Gayo people in urban and rural areas who carry out exogamous marriages. This study aims to determine and explain the Exogamy Marriage Exogamy of the Gayo Tribe between urban and rural areas in Central Aceh Regency, to find out and explain the legal consequences of exogamous marriages in urban and rural areas for the Gayo tribe in Central Aceh District and efforts to resolve customary sanctions given to people who carry out exogamous marriages in Central Aceh District. This study uses a qualitative method with an empirical juridical approach. Data obtained through library research (library research) and supported by field research (field research). Data analysis was carried out descriptively (descriptive analysis). Based on the results of the research, it is known that exogamous marriage in urban communities has maintained the prohibition of marrying one clan / split until now, while in rural communities the prohibition of marrying among tribes is not really cared about because there has been a shift in customs in the countryside. So that the customs in the Gayo Tribe, not all people of Central Aceh District comply with the customary prohibition of exogamous marriage. The leniency of customs in several places, especially in Linge District, is because the majority of pentani communities from outside the region who carry out exogamous marriages due to ignorance of local customary rules. It is recommended for the community to continue to maintain the customs in the Gayo Tribe. Gayo and Reje Adat Majlis so that they can provide guidance to all rural communities so that they understand and know the local customs rules because the Gayo Tribe customs are the norms (rules) for all people in Central Aceh Regency that must be obeyed. Keywords: Exogamy Marriage of the Gayo Tribe, Traditional Gayo Tribe, Sanctions of Gayo Tribe Customary Law, and Differences in the Application of Gayo Customs.

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Prevalence of endoparasitors in rural communities in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.689 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

B Souza Rocha ◽

R Alves Guimarães ◽

P Sérgio Scalize ◽

V Pagotto ◽

F Souza Fiaccadori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Brazil ◽

Stool Samples

Abstract Background Studies show that the magnitude is high in regions lacking basic sanitation, such as rural areas. Despite this, there is little evidence on the prevalence of endoparasitosis in rural communities in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of endoparasitosis in residents of rural communities in Central Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted within the scope of the Sanrural Project that aims to assess the health and sanitation conditions of rural communities in 2019. The target population of this study consisted of residents of 17 settlements, 24 quilombola and 7 riverside communities in Central Brazil. By listing the total number of residents of each household in the communities, residents were selected by simple random probability sampling. Then, stool samples were collected in sterile plastic containers and identified. After collection, the samples were transported for analysis by direct examination of the feces. The descriptive analysis was made. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goiás. Results Data from 680 individuals (children and adults) who had stool samples collected were analyzed. The prevalence's of the endoparasites found were: Entamoeba coli (13.5%; 90%CI: 11.5-15.8%); Giardia lamblia (2.8%; 90%CI: 1.9-4.4); Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%; 90%CI: 0.9-2.4); Ancyslotoma (0.9%; 90%CI: 0.5-1.7); Enterobius vermicularis (0.7%; 90%CI: 0.4-1.5%); Taenia (0.6%; 90%CI: 0.3-1.3); Hymenolepis nana (0.6%; 90%CI: 0.3-1,3); Itamoeba (0.4; 90%CI: 0.2-1.1); Hymenolepis diminuta (0.3%; 90%CI: 0.1-0.9), Strongiloides (0.0%); Trichuris (0.0%) and, Schistosoma mansoni (0.0%). Conclusions An intermediate prevalence for principal endoparasites was observed. This result may suggest the persistence of precarious sanitation conditions. Thus, the implications of the study include the need for systematic action by managers and health professionals in improving sanitation conditions. Key messages A current diagnosis will be made on the health and sanitation situation of rural communities in Goiás, based on the analysis of clinical samples and water quality, among other conditions. Based on this diagnosis, together with the community, we will seek solutions for sanitation and health through a Rural Sanitation Security Plan (PSSR).

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SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITY AND POVERTY PROFILES IN OIL PRODUCING RURAL AREAS IN NIGERIA

Journal of Asian Rural Studies ◽

10.20956/jars.v3i2.1905 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Inibehe George Ukpong ◽

Mercy Michael Inyeinyang ◽

Abraham Godwin Ominikari

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Young People ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Government Support ◽

Skills Acquisition ◽

Oil Companies ◽

The Government

This study examines the disparity in socioeconomic and poverty profiles of people in oil producing rural areas in Nigeria. The study involved a total of 446 respondents selected from fifteen rural communities in the Niger Delta region, where the bulk of Nigeria’s crude oil is produced. Inferences were based on the results from simple descriptive analysis involving percentages and cross tabulations. The results indicate a wide disparity in the socioeconomic characteristics and poverty profiles of people in the study areas. In particular, the results suggest poverty prevalence in oil producing rural areas particularly among farmers, fishermen and young people. The results also suggest an obvious impact of oil and gas extraction on agriculture and other traditional sources of livelihood in the rural areas. Thus, a reduction in environmental pollution would help to improve agriculture and other sources of livelihood of the rural people. The study also encourages government support and increased private sector investment in agriculture in the rural areas, while multinational oil companies are encouraged to promote agricultural development through increased financial support for rural farmers, training of the farmers and funding for agricultural research. In addition, the government and multinational oil companies are encouraged to guarantee efficient wealth distribution, provision of employment and sustainable human empowerment through viable skills acquisition programmes for young people in the rural areas.

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Seeing Similarity or Distance?

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000168 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 127-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leigh Wilton ◽

Diana T. Sanchez ◽

Lisa Giamo

Keyword(s):

Social Distance ◽

Mixed Race ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Perceived Similarity ◽

The Social ◽

Intergroup Perception ◽

Intergroup Perceptions ◽

Racially Ambiguous ◽

Ambiguous Faces

Biracial individuals threaten the distinctiveness of racial groups because they have mixed-race ancestry, but recent findings suggest that exposure to biracial-labeled, racially ambiguous faces may positively influence intergroup perception by reducing essentialist thinking among Whites ( Young, Sanchez, & Wilton, 2013 ). However, biracial exposure may not lead to positive intergroup perceptions for Whites who are highly racially identified and thus motivated to preserve the social distance between racial groups. We exposed Whites to racially ambiguous Asian/White biracial faces and measured the perceived similarity between Asians and Whites. We found that exposure to racially ambiguous, biracial-labeled targets may improve perceptions of intergroup similarity, but only for Whites who are less racially identified. Results are discussed in terms of motivated intergroup perception.

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TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

NORDSCI Conference proceedings, Book 1 Volume 3 ◽

10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/31 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Remus Runcan

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Physical Work ◽

Healthy Environment ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural Development Programme ◽

Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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Sex disparities in cardiovascular health metrics among rural-dwelling older adults in China: a population-based study

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02116-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaolei Han ◽

Ziying Jiang ◽

Yuanjing Li ◽

Yongxiang Wang ◽

Yajun Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Rural China ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Population Based ◽

Baseline Survey ◽

Chinese Older Adults ◽

Face To Face ◽

Sex Disparities

Abstract Background Cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics among Chinese older adults are poorly understood. We investigated sex disparities in CVH metrics and their management among rural-dwelling older adults in China. Methods This community-based study included 5026 participants (age ≥ 65 years; 57.2% women) in the baseline survey of a multimodal intervention study in rural China. In March–September 2018, data were collected through face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests. We defined six CVH metrics (three behavioral factors—smoking, body mass index, and physical activity; three biological factors—blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) following the modified American Heart Association’s recommendations. We performed descriptive analysis separately for men and women. Results Of all participants, only 0.8% achieved ideal levels in all six CVH metrics. Men were more likely than women to have ideal levels in all CVH metrics but smoking. Women had higher prevalence of ideal global (9.7% vs. 7.8%) and behavioral (18.3% vs. 9.5%) CVH metrics (p < 0.001), whereas men had higher prevalence of ideal biological CVH metrics (5.4% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of ideal global and behavioral CVH metrics increased with age in both women and men (p for trend< 0.001). Women were more likely to be aware of their hypertension and diabetes, and to receive antihypertensive treatment, while men were more likely to achieve the goal of high cholesterol treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions The CVH metrics among older adults living in the rural communities in China are characterized by an extremely low proportion of optimal global CVH metrics and distinct sex differences, alongside poor management of major biological risk factors. Trial registration ChiCTR1800017758 (Aug 13, 2018).

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Tackling Rural Health, Energy, … and Technological Issues All at Once: A Call for a Global Interdisciplinary Platform for Strengthening Rural Setting Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

Challenges ◽

10.3390/challe12020016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Farshad Amiraslani

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Rural Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Global Challenges ◽

Rural Settings ◽

Research Studies

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has revealed flaws in rural settings where most people live without the necessary tools, income, and knowledge to tackle such unprecedented global challenges. Here, I argue that despite the research studies conducted on rural areas, these have not solved rising rural issues, notably poverty and illiteracy. I propound a global institute to be formed by governments that provides a platform for empowering rural communities through better training, skills, and competencies. Such global endeavour will ensure the remaining rural communities withstand future pandemics if they occur.

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Solid Biomass Energy Potential as a Development Opportunity for Rural Communities

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3398

Author(s):

Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski ◽

Paweł Dudziec ◽

Michał Krzyżaniak ◽

Ewelina Olba-Zięty

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Development Opportunity ◽

Biomass Resources ◽

Administrative Units ◽

Solid Biomass

Conventional energy sources often do not fully satisfy the needs of a modern economy, especially given the climate changes associated with them. These issues should be addressed by diversification of energy generation, including the development of renewable energy sources (RES). Solid biomass will play a major part in the process in Poland. The function of rural areas, along with a well-developed agricultural and forest economy sector, will be a key aspect in this as these areas are suitable for solid biomass acquisition in various ways. This study aimed to determine the solid biomass energy potential in the commune of Goworowo to illustrate the potential in the smallest administrative units of Poland. This research determined the environmental and natural conditions in the commune, which helped to identify the crucial usable solid biomass resources. The total energy potential of solid biomass resources in the commune of Goworowo amounted to 97,672 GJ y−1. The highest potential was accumulated in straw surplus (37,288 GJ y−1) and the lowest was in wood from roadside maintenance (113 GJ y−1). This study showed that rural areas could soon play a significant role in obtaining solid biomass, and individual communes could become spaces for the diversification of energy feedstock.

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