scholarly journals Chronic Stress, Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease: Placing the Benefits and Risks of Physical Activity into Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9922
Author(s):  
Barry A. Franklin ◽  
Akash Rusia ◽  
Cindy Haskin-Popp ◽  
Adam Tawney
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Coronary Calcification ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Chronic stress, which has been exacerbated worldwide by the lingering COVID pandemic, has been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, autonomic dysregulation via sustained sympathetic activity has been shown to increase the risk of arrhythmias, platelet aggregation, acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. Fortunately, effective coping strategies have been shown to attenuate the magnitude of hyperarousal associated with the stress response, including moderate-to-vigorous lifestyle activity and/or structured exercise. A good-to-excellent level of cardiorespiratory fitness also appears to be highly cardioprotective. These beneficial effects have been substantiated by numerous studies that have evaluated the levels of stress reactivity and stress recovery in physically active individuals versus matched sedentary controls, as well as before and after exercise interventions. On the other hand, unaccustomed strenuous exercise in habitually sedentary persons with underlying CVD is associated with a disproportionate incidence of acute cardiac events. Moreover, extreme exercise regimens appear to increase coronary calcification and the likelihood of developing atrial fibrillation. This review summarizes these relations and more, with specific reference to placing the benefits and risks of physical activity into perspective.

Changes in Compliance With Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Christianne F. Coelho-Ravagnani ◽  
Jeeser A. Almeida ◽  
Xuemei Sui ◽  
Fabricio C.P. Ravagnani ◽  
Russell R. Pate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent ◽  
Physical Activity Guidelines ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Background: The effects of compliance with the US Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines and changes in compliance over time on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are unknown. Methods: Male participants in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 15,411; 18–100 y) reported leisure-time PA between 1970 and 2002. The frequency of and time spent in PA were converted into metabolic equivalent minutes per week. The participants were classified into remained inactive, became active, became inactive, or remained active groups according to their achievement of the PA guidelines along the follow-up, equivalent here to at least 500 metabolic equivalent minutes of PA per week. Cox regression adjusted for different models was used for the analyses, using age, body mass index, smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of CVD. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 439 CVD deaths occurred. Consistently meeting the PA guidelines, compared with not meeting, was associated with a 54% (95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.67) decreased risk of CVD mortality. After controlling for all potential confounders, the risk reduction was 47% (95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.77). Conclusions: Maintaining adherence to the PA guidelines produces substantial reductions in the risk of CVD deaths in men. Furthermore, discontinuing compliance with the guidelines may offset the beneficial effects on longevity.

Immunometabolic Changes in Hepatocytes Arising from Obesity and the Practice of Physical Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (27) ◽  
pp. 3200-3209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Alves Monteiro ◽  
Wagner Luiz do Prado ◽  
Thiago Ricardo dos Santos Tenório ◽  
Luciane Magri Tomaz ◽  
David H St-Pierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Triacylglycerol Accumulation

Over the recent years, a particular interest was shown towards understanding the roles of excessive hepatic fat accumulation and the development of obesity-related diseases. While hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation seems to be a response to the systemic increase of insulin release, fatty acid metabolites contribute to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It is widely accepted that NAFLD is a polygenic and multifactorial disease under the influence of critical behavioral factors such as overeating and sedentary lifestyles. The progression of the disease is proposed to include the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, but liver damage would be mainly initiated through an exaggerated activation of the immune system. This inflammatory response would be triggered by the increase in cytokine production followed by TLR-4 activation and NF-kB pathways. Interestingly, cytokines as IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 act as antiinflammatory in response to exercise and thus, could play an important role in the restoration of liver functions in diseased conditions. Strategies for healthy life behaviors including nutrition and regular physical exercise are recommended to counteract the dreadful effects of NAFLD. To beyond the classical effect of exercise for increasing energy expenditure and/or inducing negative energy balance, exercise also prevents and reverses the effects of disorders related to the immunometabolic profile. This suggests that exercise prescription may be an attractive alternative for the prevention of obesity and NAFLD. Thus, this review seeks to shed light on the inflammatory pathways regulating the beneficial effects of physical activity on obesity and NAFLD. We will clarify how physical activity intervenes to normalize inflammatory processes and prevent obesity and NAFLD. Finally, the exercise interventions should be individualized to facilitate behavioral and cognitive strategies in order to promote long-term adherence. A multidisciplinary approach including lifestyles, diet and exercise training interventions is considered as a "best practice" and displays the strongest liver benefits when it occurs simultaneously with weight loss.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular disease and excess mortality in depression: physical activity as a game changer

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
M Gerber ◽  
MC Claussen ◽  
R Cody ◽  
C Imboden ◽  
S Ludyga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Increased Risk

Problem: Depression is a widespread disorder and among the leading causes of disability worldwide. In this article, we perform an umbrella review on the association between depression and excess mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cardiovascular risk factors. We also provide an overview of mechanisms that explain these associations. Finally, we discuss clinical implications from a general perspective and discuss the potential of physical activity to favorably influence the relationship between depression and premature mortality. Methods: Meta-analyses were identified via PubMed. Only works on unipolar depression were included. Results: The association between depression and excess mortality is a robust epidemiological finding. This association can be attributed to the fact that people with depression are at increased risk for CVD and accumulate more cardiovascular risk factors. However, the causal associations are complex. While depression is associated with incident CVD, depression can also be a consequence of cardiac events. Regular physical activity and higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels mitigate the risk of premature mortality associated with depression. Discussion: More attention should be paid to the physical health of psychiatric patients. High priority should be given to the promotion of physical activity and fitness, as they are beneficial for both physical and mental health. Key Words: Fitness, Cardiovascular Disease, Physical Activity, Mortality

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites and Human Physical Performance

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 716
Author(s):  
Sanna Lensu ◽  
Satu Pekkala
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
And Performance

Trillions of microbes inhabiting the gut modulate the metabolism of the host. Cross-sectional studies have reported associations between physical performance and the gut microbiota (GM). Physical activity seems to increase GM diversity and the abundance of certain health-beneficial microbes. We reviewed the evidence from longitudinal studies on the connection between physically active lifestyle or long-term exercise interventions and the GM. We made literature searches using databases of Web of Science and PubMed Medline to collect human studies showing or not the associations between the GM and exercise. Many controversies exist in the studies. However, the longitudinal studies show that frequently, medium-intensity endurance exercise has yielded most beneficial effects on the GM, but the results vary depending on the study population and exercise protocol. In addition, the literature shows that certain microbes own the potency to increase physical activity and performance. Generally, a physically active lifestyle and exercise associate with a “healthy” GM. However, in previously sedentary subjects, the exercise-induced improvements in the GM seem to disappear unless the active lifestyle is continued. Unfortunately, several studies are not controlled for the diet. Thus, in the future, more longitudinal studies on the GM and physical performance are needed, with detailed dietary information.

scholarly journals Are There Deleterious Cardiac Effects of Acute and Chronic Endurance Exercise?

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels ◽  
Antonio B. Fernandez ◽  
Paul D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiac Events

Multiple epidemiological studies document that habitual physical activity reduces the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and most demonstrate progressively lower rates of ASCVD with progressively more physical activity. Few studies have included individuals performing high-intensity, lifelong endurance exercise, however, and recent reports suggest that prodigious amounts of exercise may increase markers for, and even the incidence of, cardiovascular disease. This review examines the evidence that extremes of endurance exercise may increase cardiovascular disease risk by reviewing the causes and incidence of exercise-related cardiac events, and the acute effects of exercise on cardiovascular function, the effect of exercise on cardiac biomarkers, including “myocardial” creatine kinase, cardiac troponins, and cardiac natriuretic peptides. This review also examines the effect of exercise on coronary atherosclerosis and calcification, the frequency of atrial fibrillation in aging athletes, and the possibility that exercise may be deleterious in individuals genetically predisposed to such cardiac abnormalities as long QT syndrome, right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This review is to our knowledge unique because it addresses all known potentially adverse cardiovascular effects of endurance exercise. The best evidence remains that physical activity and exercise training benefit the population, but it is possible that prolonged exercise and exercise training can adversely affect cardiac function in some individuals. This hypothesis warrants further examination.

scholarly journals The effect of intense physical activity session with glutamine supplementation on selected factors of wrestlers' immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Sepehri Manesh Mohammad ◽  
Abbasi Moghadam Mahdi ◽  
Sohrabi Parisa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Supplement Group ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Athletes with heavy training loads are prone to infectious diseases. It has been shown that these exercises may suppress immune function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one session of intense physical activity with glutamine supplementation on selected factors of wrestlers' immune system. For this purpose, 20 wrestlers were selected and randomly divided into two groups of supplement and placebo. The first blood sample was taken from the subjects. Then they did the Bruce test. Immediately after the end of the test, blood samples were taken from the subjects for the second time and then to the supplement group. The glutamine supplement was given the same amount of maltodextrin per kilogram of body weight and the placebo group. Blood samples were taken from the subjects for the third and fourth time 1 and 2.5 hours after taking the supplement or placebo. After measuring blood factors, the findings were statistically analyzed (ANOVA) at a significance level of p <0.05. The results showed that the percentage of neutrophils in the supplement group increased significantly 2.5 hours after supplementation compared to immediately after exercise and 1 hour after supplementation. This increase was less in the supplement group than in the placebo group. The percentage of lymphocytes in the supplement group decreased significantly 2.5 hours after supplementation compared to the pre-test, immediately after exercise and 1 hour after supplementation, which was less in the supplement group than the placebo group. The percentage of monocytes in the supplement group increased significantly 2.5 hours after supplementation compared to immediately after exercise. This increase was less in the supplement group than in the placebo group. The results of this study showed that glutamine supplementation during strenuous exercise has beneficial effects on the immune system of athletes.

scholarly journals Exercise for Prevention and Relief of Cardiovascular Disease: Prognoses, Mechanisms, and Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyang Tian ◽  
Jinqi Meng
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity ◽  
New Findings ◽  
General Exercise ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

This review is aimed at summarizing the new findings about the multiple benefits of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We pay attention to the prevalence and risk factors of CVD and mechanisms and recommendations of physical activity. Physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity, alleviate plasma dyslipidemia, normalize elevated blood pressure, decrease blood viscosity, promote endothelial nitric oxide production, and improve leptin sensitivity to protect the heart and vessels. Besides, the protective role of exercise on the body involves not only animal models in the laboratory but also clinical studies which is demonstrated by WHO recommendations. The general exercise intensity for humans recommended by the American Heart Association to prevent CVD is moderate exercise of 30 minutes, 5 times a week. However, even the easiest activity is better than nothing. What is more, owing to the different physical fitness of individuals, a standard exercise training cannot provide the exact treatment for everyone. So personalization of exercise will be an irresistible trend and bring more beneficial effects with less inefficient physical activities. This paper reviews the benefits of exercise contributing to the body especially in CVD through the recent mechanism studies.

scholarly journals Physical Activity, Vitamin D, and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Whites and Blacks: The ARIC Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1227-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Chin ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Martin Tibuakuu ◽  
Seth S. Martin ◽  
Chiadi E. Ndumele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Aric Study

Abstract Context: Physical activity (PA) is associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Both are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but their joint association with ASCVD risk is unknown. Objective: To examine the relationship between PA and 25(OH)D, and assess effect modification of 25(OH)D and PA with ASCVD. Design: Cross-sectional and prospective study. Setting: Community-dwelling cohort. Participants: A total of 10,342 participants free of ASCVD, with moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA assessed (1987 to 1989) and categorized per American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines (recommended, intermediate, or poor). Main Outcome Measures: Serum 25(OH)D levels (1990 to 1992) and ASCVD events (i.e., incident myocardial infarction, fatal coronary disease, or stroke) through 2013. Results: Participants had mean age of 54 years, and were 57% women, 21% black, 30% 25(OH)D deficient [&lt;20 ng/mL (&lt;50 nmol/L)], and &lt;40% meeting AHA-recommended PA. PA was linearly associated with 25(OH)D levels in whites. Whites meeting recommended PA were 37% less likely to have 25(OH)D deficiency [relative risk, 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56, 0.71)]; there was no significant association in blacks. Over 19.3 years of follow-up, 1800 incident ASCVD events occurred. Recommended PA was associated with reduced ASCVD risk [hazard ratio [HR], 0.78 (95% CI, 0.65, 0.93) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.62, 0.93)] among participants with intermediate [20 to &lt;30 ng/mL (50 to &lt;75 nmol/L)] and optimal [≥30 ng/mL (≥75 nmol/L)] 25(OH)D, respectively, but not among those with deficient 25(OH)D (P for interaction = 0.04). Conclusion: PA is linearly associated with higher 25(OH)D levels in whites. PA and 25(OH)D may have synergistic beneficial effects on ASCVD risk.

scholarly journals Effect of Physical Activity/Exercise Interventions on Immune Parameters, and Inflammatory Markers for Proxy Conditions Among Adults Prone to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebuka Miracle Anieto ◽  
Veronica Ebere Ogbodo ◽  
Ijeoma Blessing Nwadilibe ◽  
Omotoyosi Johnson Adu ◽  
Bouwien C.M. Smits-Engelsman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Immune Parameters

Abstract BackgroundOlder individuals (over 60 years) with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are at the highest risk of contracting and dying from Coronavirus (COVID-19). Compromised immunity (both innate and adaptive) and increased inflammatory response (cytokine-storm syndrome) are predictors for high mortality among this population group. Exercise/physical activity seems to be a plausible way to decrease both the risk of transmission and mortality, and improve health outcomes among this population since there is no available treatment for COVID-19. The study will investigate the effectiveness of physical activity/exercise in improving the immune parameters and reducing the inflammatory biomarkers in proxy conditions that make individuals susceptible to COVID-19.MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2015 will guide this review. We will search ten databases (until August 2020) to include randomized control trials articles that explored the effectiveness of physical activity/exercise in improving immune parameters and reducing inflammatory biomarkers in proxy conditions (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and cancer). Two review authors will independently screen citations (title and abstract), extract data (using standardized forms), assess the risk of bias (using Cochrane risks of bias) and quality of data (using GRADE). Homogenous studies will be analyzed using the fixed-effect model of meta-analysis, while a narrative synthesis will be conducted for heterogeneous studies.DiscussionThere are no specific physical activity/exercise parameters (frequency, intensity, type of exercise and time- FITT) for interventionists to use when developing high-quality RCT for individuals vulnerable to COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to review the literature to identify and highlight the exercise FITT parameters that increase the immune outcomes and reduce inflammatory biomarkers for proxy conditions that make individuals susceptible to COVID-19. It is also important to identify the specific exercise regimen suitable and beneficial for each proxy group.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020196907

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