scholarly journals Sprint Variables Are Associated with the Odds Ratios of Non-Contact Injuries in Professional Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10417
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Elena Mainer-Pardos ◽  
Angel Denche Zamorano ◽  
Thomas G. Bowman ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Volume ◽  
High Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Interval Time ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Load

Significant evidence has emerged that a high volume of sprinting during training is associated with an increased risk of non-contact injuries in professional soccer players. Training load has been reported as a modifiable risk factor for successive injury in soccer. Sprint workload measures and non-contact injuries were recorded weekly in twenty-one professional soccer players over a one season period. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated based on the weeks of high and low load of total distance (TD), high-speed distance (HSD), sprint distance (SPD). and repeated sprints (RS). The Poisson distribution estimated the interval time between the last injury and the new injury. The weeks with high-load levels increased the risk of non-contact injury associated with TD (OR: 4.1; RR: 2.4), HSD (OR: 4.6; RR: 2.6), SPD (OR: 6.9; RR: 3.7), and RS (OR: 4.3; RR: 2.7). The time between injuries was significantly longer in weeks of low-load in TD (rate ratio time (RRT) 1.5 vs. 4.2), HSD (RRT: 1.6 vs. 4.6), and SPD (RRT: 1.7 vs. 7.7) compared to weeks of high-load. The findings highlight an increased risk of non-contact injuries during high weekly sprint workloads. Possibly, TD, HSD, and SPD measured via a wearable inertial measurement unit could be modeled to track training and to reduce non-contact injuries. Finally, the interval time between the last injury and the new injury at the high-load is shorter than the low-load.

scholarly journals Workload is Associated with the Occurrence of Non-Contact Injuries in Professional Male Soccer Players: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Sara Mahmoudzadeh Khalili ◽  
Angel Denche Zamorano ◽  
Thomas G. Bowman ◽  
Jose Carmelo Adsuar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
High Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Load ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Type Of Injury

Abstract Background: Injuries in professional soccer are a significant concern for teams, and they are, mostly, caused by high training load. This cohort study described the relationship between workload parameters with the occurrence of non-contact injuries, during weeks with high and low workload in professional soccer players throughout the season.Methods: Twenty-one professional soccer players aged 28.3±3.9 yrs. who competed in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League participated in this 48-week study. The external load was monitored using global positioning system (GPS, GPSPORTS Systems Pty Ltd) and the type of injury was documented by the team's medical staff daily. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated for non-contact injuries for high- and low-load weeks according to acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), and AW variation (Δ-Acute) values. By using Poisson distribution, the interval between previous and new injuries were estimated.Results: Overall, 12 non-contact injuries occurred during high load and 9 during low load weeks. Based on the variables ACWR and Δ-AW, there was a significantly increased risk of sustaining non-contact injuries (p < 0.05) during high-load weeks for ACWR (OR: 4.67), and Δ-AW (OR: 4.07). Finally, the expected time between injuries was significantly shorter in high load weeks for ACWR [1.25 vs 3.33, rate ratio time (RRT)] and Δ-AW [1.33 vs 3.45, RRT] respectively, compared to low load weeks.Conclusion: The risk of sustaining injuries was significantly larger during high workload weeks for ACWR, and Δ-AW compared with low workload weeks. The high numbers for OR in high load weeks indicate that there is a significant relationship between workload and occurrence of non-contact injuries. The predicted time to new injuries is shorter in high load weeks compared to low load weeks. Therefore, the frequency of injuries is higher during high load weeks for ACWR and Δ-AW. ACWR and Δ-AW appear to be good indicators for estimating the injury risk, and the time interval between injuries.

scholarly journals Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Accelerometer-Based Training Monotony and Strain during a Soccer Season: A within-Group Study for Starters and Non-Starters

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8007
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Mustafa Sögüt ◽  
Rafael Oliveira ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽  
Katsuhiko Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Arbitrary Unit ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
And Training ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study was to analyze the intragroup differences in weekly training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) between starter and non-starter male professional soccer players at accelerometry based variables throughout the periods of a season. TM and TS of different accelerations and decelerations zones for twenty-one players were followed for forty-eight weeks. Regardless of group, players obtained the highest mean TM (starters = 3.3 ± 0.6, non-starters = 2.2 ± 1.1, in arbitrary unit, AU) and TS (starters = 1288.9 ± 265.2, non-starters = 765.4 ± 547.5, AU) scores in the pre-season for accelerations at Zone 1 (<2 m/s2). The results also indicated that both groups exhibited similar TM and TS scores in accelerations at Zones 2 (2 to 4 m/s2) and 3 (>4 m/s2) across the entire season. While the starters showed the highest TM and TS scores at deceleration Zone 1 (<−2 m/s2) in the end-season, the non-starters exhibited the highest scores at the deceleration Zone 1 in pre-season. It seems that in pre-season, coaches applied higher levels of training with greater emphasis on deceleration for non-starters. This tendency was reduced over time for non-starters, while starters presented higher values of deceleration Zone 1. These results highlight the variations in TM and TS across the different periods of a full season according to match starting status among professional soccer players, and the results suggest that non-starter players should receive higher levels of load to compensate for non-participation in matches throughout a soccer season.

Do elite soccer players cover longer distance when losing? Differences between attackers and defenders

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412098227
Author(s):  
Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽  
Anton Kalén ◽  
Miguel Lorenzo-Martinez ◽  
Roberto López-Del Campo ◽  
Ricardo Resta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Score Line

This study aimed to evaluate the effects playing position, match location (home or away), quality of opposition (strong or weak), effective playing time (total time minus stoppages), and score-line on physical match performance in professional soccer players using a large-scale analysis. A total of 10,739 individual match observations of outfield players competing in the Spanish La Liga during the 2018–2019 season were recorded using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA). The players were classified into five positions (central defenders, players = 94; external defenders, players = 82; central midfielders, players = 101; external midfielders, players = 72; and forwards, players = 67) and the following match running performance categories were considered: total distance covered, low-speed running (LSR) distance (0–14 km · h−1), medium-speed running (MSR) distance (14–21 km · h−1), high-speed running (HSR) distance (>21 km · h−1), very HSR (VHSR) distance (21–24 km · h−1), sprint distance (>24 km · h−1) Overall, match running performance was highly dependent on situational variables, especially the score-line condition (winning, drawing, losing). Moreover, the score-line affected players running performance differently depending on their playing position. Losing status increased the total distance and the distance covered at MSR, HSR, VHSR and Sprint by defenders, while attacking players showed the opposite trend. These findings may help coaches and managers to better understand the effects of situational variables on physical performance in La Liga and could be used to develop a model for predicting the physical activity profile in competition.

scholarly journals ISOKINETIC PROFILES AND REFERENCE VALUES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-615
Author(s):  
Guillermo Charneco Salguero ◽  
Francisco García-Muro San José ◽  
Arturo Pérez Gosalvez ◽  
Jose Miguel Cárdenas Rebollo ◽  
Isabel Brígido Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Average Work ◽  
Torque Values

ABSTRACT Introduction: Isokinetics is a tool commonly used in professional soccer. There is ongoing debate among researchers as to the isokinetic reference values a player should have. Objectives: To determine the absolute peak torque (PT) and average work of professional soccer players in relation to their positions on the field, and to establish the reference values for these variables. Methods: Purposeful sampling was used to select 289 professional soccer players. The sample included 32 goalkeepers, 100 defenders, 98 midfielders, and 59 strikers. The participants were measured preseason. The players were asked to perform a 10-minute warm-up on an exercise bike, and then to perform 5 repetitions at low speed, 10 at medium speed, and 25 at high speed, with 30 to 40-s of rest between each set of repetitions. The contraction method was concentric-concentric in a dynamometer Isomed 2000. Results: The average age, weight, and height of the players was 21.9 years, 74.3 kilograms, and 1.8 meters, respectively. The goalkeepers presented higher PT at the 3 measured speeds, and the higher average work at 180°/s and 240°/s in relation to defenders and midfielders. The strikers presented higher average work at 240°/s in relation to midfielders, and higher PT in relation to the defenders and midfielders. Absolute values were shown and reference values were established. Conclusions: The goalkeepers and strikers were the players that showed the greatest differences in their favor in relation to the other positions. The peak torque values and average work were described in relation to the player's position on the field. This study resulted in the creation of a tool for health professionals working with professional soccer players, providing reference values for these players in relation to their position on the field that can be used as benchmarks, by health professionals, to optimize soccer players’ performance. Level of evidence II, Prospective comparative study.

scholarly journals Musculoskeletal Screening Tests and Bony Hip Morphology Cannot Identify Male Professional Soccer Players at Risk of Groin Injuries: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1294-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea B. Mosler ◽  
Adam Weir ◽  
Andreas Serner ◽  
Rintje Agricola ◽  
Cristiano Eirale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Groin Pain ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Hip Morphology ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean

Background: Musculoskeletal hip/groin screening tests are commonly performed to detect at-risk individuals. Bony hip morphology is considered a potential intrinsic risk factor but has not been examined prospectively. Purpose: To evaluate the association between intrinsic risk factors identified from musculoskeletal and radiographic screening tests and hip/groin injuries leading to time loss from training and/or match play in professional male soccer players. Study Design: Prospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Male professional soccer players, aged ≥18 years, underwent screening specific for hip/groin pain during 2 consecutive seasons of the Qatar Stars League. The screening battery included pain provocation, range of motion, and strength tests as well as a hip radiographic examination. The radiographic examination included an anteroposterior pelvic view and 45° Dunn view, with bony hip morphology determined using quantitative methods. Time-loss (≥1 day) hip/groin injuries and individual player exposure (training and match play) were recorded prospectively, and injuries were categorized as adductor-related, inguinal-related, iliopsoas-related, pubic-related, or hip-related groin pain, or “other,” as recommended in the Doha agreement. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) from univariate and multivariate Cox regression models to assess the relationship between potential risk factors and hip/groin injuries. Results: There were 438 players, completing 609 player seasons, and 113 hip/groin injuries that met the criteria for inclusion, with 85 injuries categorized as adductor-related. The proportion of players with bony morphological variants was the following: cam, 71%; pincer, 5%; and acetabular dysplasia, 13%. Previous hip/groin injuries (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7) and eccentric adduction strength were associated with the risk of hip/groin injuries. Higher (>1 SD above the mean) than normal eccentric adduction strength was associated with an increased risk for all hip/groin injuries (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.5). Lower (<1 SD below the mean) than normal eccentric adduction strength was associated with an increased risk for adductor-related injuries (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0). No other musculoskeletal screening test or bony hip morphology variables were associated with the injury risk. Conclusion: Previous groin injuries and eccentric adduction strength were associated with the risk of groin injuries. However, these associations were not strong enough to identify an “at-risk” individual, and therefore, musculoskeletal screening tests were not useful to dictate individualized prevention strategies. Bony hip morphology was not associated with the risk of groin injuries.

A New Approach for Training-load Quantification in Elite-level Soccer: Contextual Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berni Guerrero-Calderón ◽  
Maximilian Klemp ◽  
Alfonso Castillo-Rodriguez ◽  
José Alfonso Morcillo ◽  
Daniel Memmert
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Equivalent Distance ◽  
Physical Responses ◽  
Match Location

AbstractThe aims of this study were to analyse the physical responses of professional soccer players during training considering the contextual factors of match location, season period, and quality of the opposition; and to establish prediction models of physical responses during training sessions. Training data was obtained from 30 professional soccer players from Spanish La Liga using global positioning technology (N=1365 performances). A decreased workload was showed during training weeks prior to home matches, showing large effects in power events, equivalent distance, total distance, walk distance and low-speed running distance. Also, the quality of the opposition also affected the training workload (p<0.05). All regression-models showed moderate effects, with an adjusted R2 of 0.37 for metabolic-work, 0.34 for total distance covered, 0.25 for high-speed running distance (18–21 km·h−1), 0.29 for very high-speed running distance (21–24 km·h−1), 0.22 for sprint running distance (>24 km·h−1) and 0.34 for equivalent distance. The main finding of this study was the great association of match location, season period and quality of opposition on the workload performed by players in the training week before the match; and the development of workload prediction-models considering these contextual factors, thus proposing a new and innovative approach to quantify the workload in soccer.

Somatotrope Pituitary Function in Professional Soccer Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (05) ◽  
pp. 306-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Roser ◽  
Tatiana Wehrhahn ◽  
Henry Krogmann ◽  
Nina Riedel ◽  
Robert Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Glucagon Test ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background and objective Soccer is associated with repetitive head trauma, which, as it is known from sports like football and boxing, can result in hypopituitarism. Gonadotropins and GH are the most common pituitary hormones to become deficient. GH deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and has negative influence on body mass index, visceral fat mass, insulin resistance and sensitivity, bone mineral density and inflammatory markers. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the somatotrope pituitary function in professional soccer players. Research design and methods This clinical study included 15 male, professional soccer players with at least 10 years of professional training. Basal hormonal parameters of the pituitary axis were obtained from the participants. To assess GH-IGF-I axis, glucagon stimulation tests were used. Rise in growth hormone during glucagon test was analyzed and the prevalence of newly diagnosed hormone deficiencies was evaluated. Results Mean age of all participants was 31±10 years. None of the 15 soccer players had GH deficiency. Mean rising factor of GH after stimulation with glucagon was 100 in all participants. We did not find signs of ACTH, TSH or LH/FSH deficiency in any player. Conclusions In this small collective of soccer players we did not find playing soccer to be a risk factor for the development of GH-deficiency. According to our data screening for somatotrope deficiency is not necessary. Further investigations in larger cohorts are needed.

New method to evaluate three-dimensional push-off angle during short-track speed skating using wearable inertial measurement unit sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungsoo Kim ◽  
Jun Seok Kim ◽  
Tserenchimed Purevsuren ◽  
Batbayar Khuyagbaatar ◽  
SuKyoung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
New Method ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Angle Estimation ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Speed Skating

The push-off mechanism to generate forward movement in skating has been analyzed by using high-speed cameras and specially designed skates because it is closely related to skater performance. However, using high-speed cameras for such an investigation, it is hard to measure the three-dimensional push-off force, and a skate with strain gauges is difficult to implement in the real competitions. In this study, we provided a new method to evaluate the three-dimensional push-off angle in short-track speed skating based on motion analysis using a wearable motion analysis system with inertial measurement unit sensors to avoid using a special skate or specific equipment insert into the skate for measurement of push-off force. The estimated push-off angle based on motion analysis data was very close to that based on push-off force with a small root mean square difference less than 6% when using the lateral marker in the left leg and the medial marker in the right leg regardless of skating phase. These results indicated that the push-off angle estimation based on motion analysis data using a wearable motion capture system of inertial measurement unit sensors could be acceptable for realistic situations. The proposed method was shown to be feasible during short-track speed skating. This study is meaningful because it can provide a more acceptable push-off angle estimation in real competitive situations.

Study of Zero Velocity Update for Both Low- and High-Speed Human Activities

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zhang ◽  
M. Loschonsky ◽  
L.M. Reindl
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Zero Velocity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Algorithm Implementation

Previous studies show that inertial sensor-based personal positioning benefited from Zero Velocity Update (ZUPT) method by resetting the foot speed at every foot step. However, only the solution for normal pedestrian movement with small velocity like walking was given. This paper presents a novel ZUPT system which can be used in a wide range of human activities, including walking, running, and stair climbing by using two inertial measurement unit (IMU) modules. One is attached on the centre of the human body for human activities’ classification and recognition. The other one is mounted on the foot for ZUPT algorithm implementation based on the result of activities’ recognition. Test cases include stair climbing by walking and running, walking, fast walking, and running. In all cases, most of the steps are able to be detected and the new ZUPT system can be successfully implemented.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF Y BALANCE TEST AND DORSIFLEXION LUNGE TEST IN PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR SOCCER PLAYERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-493
Author(s):  
Marcela Godoy Xixirry ◽  
Marcelo Riberto ◽  
Lucas Sartori Manoel
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction The ankle has the highest incidence of soccer injuries (17 to 20% of injuries), which can cause personal and professional losses for the athlete. Ankle stability is due to a number of mechanisms, such as muscle control between agonists and antagonists, proprioception, balance, and muscle strength. If there are changes in any of these mechanisms, there is an increased risk of ankle injuries. Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the ankle function of amateur and professional soccer players in the preseason, using Y Balance Test (YBT) and Dorsiflexion Lunge Test (DLT), observing possible functional deficits in this sample, and subsequently analyzing the relationship of results between the functional tests in this population. Methods A total of 107 soccer players were assessed, of whom 36 were amateur and 71 professional athletes. The volunteers initially underwent history taking, followed by a 5-minute warm-up on a stationary bicycle then the YBT and DLT functional tests. Results There was no significant difference in the DLT between dominant and non-dominant limbs in amateur and professional athletes. There was also no significant difference in the YBT between dominant and non-dominant limbs of amateur athletes, but there was a significant difference between dominant and non-dominant limbs in professional athletes. There was no correlation between the tests when the dominant and non-dominant limbs of the sample were analyzed. Conclusion The weak relationship between the functional tests indicates that both tests are recommended for athletes in clinical practice, since they serve as tools to assess different functional deficits. Level of Evidence III - Case-control study.

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