scholarly journals IQOS Marketing in the US: The Need to Study the Impact of FDA Modified Exposure Authorization, Marketing Distribution Channels, and Potential Targeting of Consumers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10551
Author(s):  
Carla J. Berg ◽  
Lorien C. Abroms ◽  
Hagai Levine ◽  
Katelyn F. Romm ◽  
Amal Khayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Tobacco Regulation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Promotional Strategies ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

IQOS, the leading heated tobacco product globally, recently received ‘reduced exposure’ authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration. Independent research focusing on IQOS marketing and potential impact on consumers’ perceptions and behavior, and ultimately public health, is critical. The literature to date has underscored several concerns. First, Philip Morris’s (PM’s) marketing distribution requires scrutiny, particularly given its innovative promotional strategies. For example, IQOS is distributed via unique points-of-sale (POS; e.g., specialty and pop-up stores, “corners” in convenience stores) and uses various other opportunities (e.g., social media, sponsored events, direct-to-consumer). Second, although PM claims that IQOS’ target market is current combustible tobacco users and not young people, the literature indicates that in some populations, IQOS use is equally prominent among smokers and nonsmokers, and that specific subgroups (e.g., young adults, women) are targeted. Third, the impact of IQOS’ use of ad content promoting IQOS health benefits must be studied (e.g., how consumers interpret modified exposure messages). In conclusion, surveillance of IQOS marketing, particularly following reduced exposure authorization, is critical for obtaining valuable data to estimate population impact, particularly among population subgroups (e.g., young adults), and inform future tobacco regulation. These considerations have implications beyond IQOS—to other products and companies.

scholarly journals United States Ending the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemic plan: evaluation of the role of industry funding in published pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somya Gupta ◽  
Reuben Granich
Keyword(s):  
Industry Funding ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Frequent Testing ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Corporate Support ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is integral to the US End of AIDS strategy. However, low adherence, high costs, frequent testing and monitoring side effects make delivery of PrEP complicated. Gilead has sponsored PrEP-related research efforts and access as part of its marketing efforts. We review potential conflict of interests (COI) in the scientific literature for the US PrEP related articles to understand the impact of Gilead’s corporate sponsorship.We identified 93 US PrEP articles published in the top 10 medical journals and top 10 HIV/AIDS journals in 2018. There were 289 first three and senior authors in these articles, of which, 34 (11%) declared a Gilead COI and 28 (10%) had undeclared Gilead COI. Only 10 authors accounted for 50% of the articles, with 70% of them having potential COI including receiving grants, fees and study drugs. The 93 articles were associated with 51 leading institutions (institution of three or more authors or participating institutions in a trial). Authors from 12 (24%) institutions declared an institutional Gilead COI and 22 (45%) institutions had undeclared Gilead support. Overall, of the 93 included articles, 30 (32%) had declared Gilead COI. Combining declared and undeclared COIs for authors and institutions provided an overall 83 (89%) articles with a potential Gilead COI. Of the 93 articles, 60 (71%) had favorable conclusions in 60 (71%). Declared Gilead support was significantly associated with favorable article conclusions (p<.05) but combined declared/undeclared author and/or institutional Gilead support was not associated with favorable conclusion. Nearly 90% of US PrEP articles had Gilead support and authors failed to report individual or institutional COI in 70% of articles. Direct corporate support is important for scientific research. However, Gilead’s marketing push for PrEP, undeclared COI, and potential influence of Gilead supported authors are of concern given the potential impact on the scientific discourse and the US HIV control strategy.

scholarly journals The impact of a comprehensive tobacco product flavor ban in San Francisco among young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 100273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Yang ◽  
Eric N. Lindblom ◽  
Ramzi G. Salloum ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
The Impact

Evaluating the promotional strategy of PRO KABADDI LEAGUE through Response Hierarchy Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunit Kumar Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Promotional Strategy ◽  
Hierarchy Model ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Promotional Strategies ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Global Platform ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Response Hierarchy

In this study, we are trying to study the different promotional strategies towards popularizing thetradition Indian game- Kabaddi. Study speciallycovers how the pro Kabaddi league got the global platform with the support ofcelebrities, media and other promotional tools. Using response hierarchy model we have tried to analyzethe responses of kabaddi viewers in all the three stages i.e. cognitive stage, affective stage and behavior stage and the impact of different promotional strategies during this stage.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Rising Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Young Adults on the Optimal Age to Start Screening in the US: A Microsimulation Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 46s-46s
Author(s):  
E.F.P. Peterse ◽  
R.G.S. Meester ◽  
R.L. Siegel ◽  
J.C. Chen ◽  
A. Dwyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Young Onset ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Background: In 2016, the MISCAN-Colon model was used to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines, which recommend screening from ages 50 to 75 years for average risk individuals. However, these models did not take into account the increase in CRC incidence below the age of 50 years. Aim: In this study, we reevaluated the optimal age to start screening, age to end screening and screening interval in light of the increase in CRC incidence observed in young adults. Methods: We adjusted the simulated lifetime CRC incidence in the MISCAN-Colon model to reflect the observed increase in young onset incidence. In line with the strong birth cohort effect, the current generation of 40-year-olds was assumed to carry forward escalated disease risk as they age. Life-years gained (benefit), the number of colonoscopies (burden) and the ratios of incremental burden to benefit (efficiency ratio) were projected for different screening strategies. Strategies differed with respect to test modality, ages to start screening (40, 45, 50), ages to stop screening (75, 80, 85), and screening intervals (depending on screening modality). We then determined the model-recommended strategies in a similar way as we did for the USPSTF, using similar efficiency ratio thresholds to the previously accepted efficiency ratio of 39 incremental colonoscopies per life-year gained. Results: The life-years gained and the number of colonoscopies for each colonoscopy strategy are plotted in Fig 1. Because of the higher CRC incidence, model-predicted life-years gained from screening increased compared with our previous analyses for the USPSTF. Consequently, the balance of burden to benefit of screening improved, with colonoscopy screening every 10 years starting at age 45 years resulting in an efficiency ratio of 32 incremental colonoscopies per life-year gained. Conclusion: This decision-analytic modeling approach suggests that based on the increase in young-onset CRC incidence, screening initiation at age 45 years has a favorable balance between screening benefits and burden. Screening until age 75 years with colonoscopy every 10 years, fecal immunochemical testing annually, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, and computed tomographic colonography every 5 years was recommended by the model as these strategies provided similar life-years gained at an acceptable screening burden.[Figure: see text]

scholarly journals Satellite Imaging of Global Urbanicity relate to Adolescent Brain Development and Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayuan Xu ◽  
Xiaoxuan Liu ◽  
Alex Ing ◽  
Qiaojun Li ◽  
Wen Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Geographic Locations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adolescent Brain Development

AbstractUrbanicity, the impact of living in urban areas, is among the greatest environmental challenges for mental health. While urbanicity might be distinct in different sociocultural conditions and geographic locations, there are likely to exist common features shared in different areas of the globe. Understanding these common and specific relations of urbanicity with human brain and behavior will enable to assess the impact of urbanicity on mental disorders, especially in childhood and adolescence, where prevention and early interventions are likely to be most effective.We constructed from satellite-based remote sensing data a factor for urbanicity that was highly correlated with population density ground data. This factor, ‘UrbanSat’ was utilized in the Chinese CHIMGEN sample (N=831) and the longitudinal European IMAGEN cohort (N=810) to investigate if exposure to urbanicity during childhood and adolescence is associated with differences in brain structure and function in young adults, and if these changes are linked to behavior.Urbanicity was found negatively correlated with medial prefrontal cortex volume and positively correlated with cerebellar vermis volume in young adults from both China and Europe. We found an increased correlation of urbanicity with functional network connectivity within- and between- brain networks in Chinese compared to European participants. Urbanicity was highly correlated with a measure of perceiving a situation from the perspective of others, as well as symptoms of depression in both datasets. These correlations were mediated by the structural and functional brain changes observed. Susceptibility to urbanicity was greatest in two developmental windows during mid-childhood and adolescence.Using innovative technology, we were able to probe the relationship between urban upbringing with brain change and behavior in different sociocultural conditions and geographic locations. Our findings help to identify shared and distinct determinants of adolescent brain development and mental health in different regions of the world, thus contributing to targeted prevention and early-intervention programs for young people in their unique environment. Our approach may be relevant for public health, policy and urban planning globally.

Ethics And The Accounting Profession In Malaysia

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Adam Bakar ◽  
Maisarah Mohamed Saat ◽  
Ainum Hj. Abd. Majid
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Professional Conduct ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
The Us ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Ethics, of late, had aroused significant interest amongst practitioners and academics alike. The collapse of Enron, the largest energy‐trading company in the US had jolted the profession out of its complacency and serves a warning that all is not well with the profession. It is under scrutiny! The message is clear, if accountants want to be relevant, they have to be more diligent and ethical. This paper reports on an empirical research carried out to understand the impact of the implementation of the By‐Laws (On Professional Conduct and Ethics) isued by the Malaysian Institute Of Accountants to its members. We use structured interviews and questionnaires and were able to solicit resources from 92 respondents out of 110 approached. We looked at five issues – whether respondents knew the existence of the By‐Laws, how much they knew about it, how much they understood its provisions, why they follow certain principles enshrined in it and how often they refer to it when faced with conflicts which were addressed by the By‐Laws. From the study, we found that the By‐Laws have no significant influence over their actions and behavior. This was due to the fact that most of them were ignorant of the By‐Laws. As such many were unaware of the provisions contained in it. even amongst those who were aware, not many refer to it when faced with ethical dilemma. Any adherence to the provisions of the By‐Laws were either coincidental or by default due to them being a universally accepted deeds.

Heated tobacco product awareness, use, and perceptions in a sample of young adults in the U.S

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J Berg ◽  
Katelyn F Romm ◽  
Brooke Patterson ◽  
Christina N Wysota
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Us ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Us Cities

Abstract Significance The emergence of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in the US marks a critical time for identifying those most likely to use, particularly among young adults. Methods We analyzed Fall 2019 data from a longitudinal study of young adults (ages 18-34; n=2,375, Mage=24.66±4.68) in 6 US cities, 24.1% of whom used cigarettes and 32.7% e-cigarettes. We assessed HTP awareness, use, and sources, as well as perceived risk, social acceptability, and likelihood of future use. Results In this sample, 9.7% (n=230) heard of HTPs, 3.5% (n=84) ever used them, and 2.4% (n=56) reported past-year purchases (tobacco shops, 66.1%; traditional retailers, 60.7%; online, 39.3%; IQOS specialty stores, 35.7%). In multivariable analyses, having heard of HTPs correlated with being older, male, and current cigarette and e-cigarette users; among those ever hearing of them, using HTPs correlated with being non-Hispanic and current cigarette and e-cigarette users. Greater likelihood of future use correlated with being older, male, sexual minority, non-Hispanic, and current cigarette and e-cigarette users. Among past-month users (n=78), the average number of days used was 5.48 (SD=5.54). Past-month cigarette and e-cigarette users, respectively, who tried HTPs were more likely to report consistent or more frequent use of their respective product than a year ago (p’s<.001). HTPs were perceived as less addictive than cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes, and less harmful and more socially acceptable than other tobacco products except e-cigarettes and hookah. Conclusions The relatively positive perceptions of HTPs and access via various channels underscores potential penetration of HTPs among US young adults.

The Impact of Direct-To-Consumer Advertising on Physician Attitudes and Behavior in Orthopedic Surgery

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Bozic ◽  
Amanda Smith ◽  
Sanjo Adeoye ◽  
Sanaz Hariri ◽  
John Gourville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Physician Attitudes ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Direct To Consumer Advertising ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of lifting community non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 during vaccination rollout in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Matrajt ◽  
Holly Janes ◽  
Joshua T Schiffer ◽  
Dobromir Dimitrov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Using a mathematical model, we estimated the potential impact in mortality and total infections of completely lifting community nonpharmaceutical interventions when only a small proportion of the population has been fully vaccinated in two states in the US. Lifting all community nonpharmaceutical interventions immediately is predicted to result in twice as many deaths over the next 6 months than a more moderate reopening allowing 70% of pre-pandemic contacts.

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