Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases

Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc.

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The Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Various Aspects of Periodontal Health

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) ◽

10.14712/18059694.2017.52 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 3-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vimal Jacob ◽

Sajith Vellappally ◽

Jindra Šmejkalová

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Treatment Procedures

Tobacco is one of the most important risk factors for oral diseases, including oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions and periodontal diseases. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the risk of oral diseases increases with frequent use of tobacco and that quitting smoking results in reduced risk. In this article, the influence of cigarette smoking on the periodontium will be discussed, giving importance to the effects on immune responses, alveolar bone loss, periodontal pathogens and briefly outlining the negative effects of smoking on wound healing and periodontal treatment procedures.

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Determinants of periodontitis according to the immunological and virological profiles of HIV-infected patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-020-01353-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Fokam ◽

Buolikeze Kuoh Nji Geh ◽

Samuel Martin Sosso ◽

Desire Takou ◽

Ezechiel Semengue Ngufack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Protective Role ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Periodontal Pocket ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Attachment Loss ◽

Cd8 Cells ◽

Reference Centre ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background HIV infection is associated to different oral manifestations (including periodontal diseases), which have decreased with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Yet, the occurrence of periodontitis is still consistent among patients with HIV living in sub Saharan-Africa, with limited evidence on the driven factors and mitigating measures in these settings. We aimed at evaluating the occurrence of periodontitis and its associated immunological and virological factors in patients with HIV living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods We included 165 (44 ART-naïve and 121 ART-experienced) patients > 18 years old attending the Yaoundé Central Hospital and the Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre, from January-April 2018. The periodontal status was assessed by measuring the clinical attachment loss, periodontal pocket depth, plaques index and gingival bleeding index. CD4+/CD8+ cells and viremia were measured using the fluorescence-activated cell sorting method (FACS Calibur) and the Abbott m2000 RT HIV-1 RNA kit respectively. A standard-questionnaire concerning participants’ medical records and oral hygiene methods was filled. Data was analyzed and p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results There was a significantly high prevalence of periodontitis in the ART-naïve (53.2%) compared to the ART-experienced group (37.3%), with a twofold increased risk of the ART-naïve population presenting with periodontitis than the ART-experienced population (OR 2.06, p = 0.03). More importantly, ART-naïve, patients with CD4 < 200 cells presented with higher risk of having periodontitis compared to those with higher CD4-values, with a threefold difference (OR 3.21). Worth noting, males presented with a higher risk of having clinical attachment loss (OR 6.07). There was no significant association between the occurrence of periodontitis and the CD8 (p = 0.45) or viremia (p = 0.10). Conclusion In the Cameroonian context, a considerable number of adults infected with HIV suffer from periodontitis regardless of their treatment profile. Nonetheless, ART-naïve patients have a higher risk, indicating the protective role of ART. Interestingly, severely immune-compromised patients and men are vulnerable to periodontitis, thereby highlighting the need for clinicians to refer patients for regular periodontal screening especially male patients and those with low CD4. Such measures could greatly improve the quality of life of the population living with HIV in Cameroon.

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The Use of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Maintain a Hopeless Tooth With a PeriodonticEndodontic Lesion: A Case Report

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.34172/jlms.2020.57 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 355-360

Author(s):

Nahid Derikvand ◽

Masoud Hatami ◽

Nasim Chiniforush ◽

Seyedeh Sara Ghasemi

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Case Report ◽

Root Canal ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Tooth Number ◽

End Stage ◽

Grade Iii

Background: In spite of some advances in periodontal generative methods, it is impossible to stop progressive Loss of supporting alveolar bone in some end-stage periodontitis. The aim of this study is to report a kind of treatment modality which was seemed to be successes full in maintaining teeth. In this case-report, a hopeless tooth was saved by combined non-surgical periodontalendodontal treatment and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Case Report: A 58-year-old male presented with a chief complaint of pain and mobility of tooth number 38. Clinical examinations revealed a periodontic-endodontic lesion with clinical attachment loss exceeding 10 mm and grade III mobility. To preserve the tooth, we operated nonsurgical periodontal treatment including scaling and root planning (SRP) plus root canal therapy (RCT) combined with intra-root canal non-aPDT laser decontamination. Then we applied laser pocket therapy with and without aPDT. Following 6 months of the aPDT treatment, the mobility and pocket depth of the tooth improved from grade III to I and from 10 to 3 millimeters respectively. Conclusion: aPDT is a novel adjunctive therapy that can be used for various conditions with microbial etiology. This case report demonstrated that aPDT might be effective in the treatment of periodontic-endodontic lesions in a hopeless tooth.

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Digitalization in Dental problem diagnosis, Prediction and Analysis: A Machine Learning Perspective of Periodontitis

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.e5672.018520 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 67-74

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Decision Making ◽

Oral Health ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Gum Disease

Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning, deep learning and image processing is becoming popular in medical sciences. The present digitalized world is remodelling each facetadditionally impacting dentistry and medical field from patient record maintenance, data analysisto new diagnostic methods, novel interference waysand totally different treatment choices. Oral health contributes to various diseases and conditions like Endocarditis, Cardio vascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, pregnancy and birth and many more. Bad breathe, tooth decay, periodontitis, oral abscess, tooth erosion, dentinal sensitivity and many more can be even trickier to detect in plain dental radiography. The most prevalent disease periodontitis is a gum disease when left untreated, leads to tooth loss and more hazardous complications. Early Prediction and Proper diagnosis in time will protect our health from the mentioned diseases which can be implemented by making use of emerging technologies to assist and support dentists in predictions and decision making. Hence focusing more on oral health, In the current paper, the most contributing risk factors and parameters like Pocket Depth, Black Triangles, Alveolar Bone Loss, Furcation, Periodontal Abscess, Smoking, Gingivitis, Clinical Attachment Loss, Mobility Etc. that progresses the disease were taken in to consideration and a Python code was implemented which can be used as a Decision making aid to check whether person suffers or likely to suffer in future or not suffering from the disease.In this paper, literature reviews on the various automated computerized methods used to detect and diagnose the disease were discussed and an attempt was made to clearly identify and describe both the clinical and radiological parameters that a dentist/Periodontist use as a metric to grade/assess the periodontitis. The present strategy can be enhanced as a tool and can be used as a decision making aid by dentists’ in the prediction of periodontitis and can also be used for demonstrating fresher’s or upcoming dentists the progress of gum disease, grading the severity of the disease and the associated risk factors considering clinical, radiological findings and adverse habits thereby improving overall time period taken for manual predictions.

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Periodontal and chronic kidney diseases: A modifiable association

Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences ◽

10.22317/jcms.v7i1.919 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Foujan Jabbarzadehkhoei ◽

Soheila Bakhshandeh ◽

Mahshid Namdari ◽

Mina Pakkhesal ◽

Mohammad Hossein Khoshnevisan

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Health ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Periodontal Index

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between periodontal diseases and CKD duration. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on referral CKD patients to a teaching hospital in 2017. Two instruments were used for data collection. The first one was a self-reported questionnaire regarding oral health status and patients’ behaviors. The second questionnaire was used for the clinical assessment of oral health status. Results: Out of 192 patients, 46.9% were male and 53.1% female with a mean (SD) age of 51.9 (±15.1) years. The mean duration of CKD was 7.70 (±7.34) years. About 67.7% of patients experienced toothache in the past year. Also, 67.7% had gingival bleeding (BOP), 34.4% had Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) > 4 mm, and over 50% of patients had a pocket depth (PD) > 4 mm. By controlling the patient’s age, a direct correlation was detected between the duration of CKD and DMFT index (r=0.64, P<0.001). Moreover, the prolongation of the disease period was detected in patients with CAL>4 mm (P=0.02). Likewise, a direct correlation was detected between the duration of CKD and the periodontal index (r=0.48, P<0.001). Conclusion: Given the direct correlation between the periodontal conditions and duration of CKD, regular biannual dental visits are essential for CKD patients. All physicians are encouraged to include regular oral health checkups in the treatment protocol for CKD patients.

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Correlation of periodontal diseases with intracranial aneurysm formation: novel predictive indicators

10.21203/rs.3.rs-36803/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Keyun Liu ◽

Jia Sun ◽

Lingling Shao ◽

Hongwei He ◽

Qinglin Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Radiographic Examination ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Aneurysm Formation

Abstract Background and purpose: We investigated whether periodontal diseases, specifically, periodontitis and gingivitis, could be risk factors of the incidence of intracranial aneurysms (IAs).Methods: We performed a case–control study to compare the differences in the periodontal disease parameters of 281 cases that were divided into the IAs group and non-IAs group. All cases underwent complete radiographic examination for IAs and examination for periodontal health. Results: Comparing with those in the non-IAs group, the cases in the IAs group were older (53.95 ± 8.56 vs 47.79 ± 12.33, p < 0.001) and had a higher incidence of hypertension (76 vs 34, p = 0.006). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (>50 years) and hypertension were predictive risk factors of aneurysm formation (odds ratio [OR] 1.047, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.022–1.073, p < 0.001 and OR 2.047, 95%CI 1.232–3.401, p = 0.006). In addition, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the parameters of periodontal diseases, including gingival index, plaque index, clinical attachment loss, and alveolar bone loss, were significantly associated with the occurrence of IAs (all p < 0.05). For further statistical investigation, the parameters of periodontal diseases were divided into four layers based on the quartered data. Poorer periodontal health condition (especially gingival index＞1.1 and plaque index＞1.5) had the correlation with IAs formation (p＝0.007 and p＜0.001). Conclusion: Severe gingivitis or periodontitis combining with hypertension, are significantly associated with the incidence of IAs.

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Assessment of alveolar bone level and furcation involvement in periodontal diseases using dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT): a systematic review

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2020.v23i3.1927 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Shishir Ram Shetty ◽

Sesha Reddy ◽

Hossam Abdelatty Abdelmagyd ◽

Hesham Marei ◽

Raghavendra Shetty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Furcation Defects ◽

Bone Level ◽

Furcation Involvement

The advent of CBCT has contributed significantly to dental imaging. In the field of periodontics, CBCT provides a multiplanar view to assess the alveolar bone in three dimensions. This helps the dentist to make measurements at any location that could significantly improve periodontal diagnosis. Objective- The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the accuracy of using CBCT in the assessment of alveolar bone level and furcation involvement in periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods- PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for literature related to the application of CBCT in periodontal diseases. Keywords used for the search were CBCT, furcation involvement, measurement and their synonyms. Results-Fifteen full-text English language research papers were eligible for the systematic review using the PRISMA guidelines. Conclusion- From the results of the systematic review it can be conclude that cone-beam computed tomography imaging technique offers significantly reliable images of the furcation involvement and height of the alveolar bone.KeywordsCone Beam Computed tomography, furcation defects, alveolar bone loss

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Salivary Myeloperoxidase, Assessed by 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine Colorimetry, Can Differentiate Periodontal Patients from Nonperiodontal Subjects

Enzyme Research ◽

10.1155/2016/7517928 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Supaporn Klangprapan ◽

Ponlatham Chaiyarit ◽

Doosadee Hormdee ◽

Amonrujee Kampichai ◽

Tueanjit Khampitak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Gingival Bleeding ◽

Potential Use ◽

Screening Marker

Periodontal diseases, which result from inflammation of tooth supporting tissues, are highly prevalent worldwide. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), from certain white blood cells in saliva, is a biomarker for inflammation. We report our study on the salivary MPO activity and its association with severity of periodontal diseases among Thai patients. Periodontally healthy subjects (n=11) and gingivitis (n=32) and periodontitis patients (n=19) were enrolled. Assessments of clinically periodontal parameters were reported as percentages for gingival bleeding index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP), whereas pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were measured in millimeters and then made to index scores. Salivary MPO activity was measured by colorimetry using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as substrate. The results showed that salivary MPO activity in periodontitis patients was significantly higher than in healthy subjects (p=0.003) and higher than in gingivitis patients (p=0.059). No difference was found between gingivitis and healthy groups (p=0.181). Significant correlations were observed (p<0.01) between salivary MPO activity and GI (r=0.632, p<0.001), BOP (r=0.599, p<0.001), PD (r=0.179, p=0.164), and CAL (r=0.357, p=0.004) index scores. Sensitivity (94.12%), specificity (54.55%), and positive (90.57%) and negative (66.67%) predictive values indicate that salivary MPO activity has potential use as a screening marker for oral health of the Thai community.

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Correlation of periodontal diseases with intracranial aneurysm formation: novel predictive indicators

Chinese Neurosurgical Journal ◽

10.1186/s41016-021-00249-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Keyun Liu ◽

Jia Sun ◽

Lingling Shao ◽

Hongwei He ◽

Qinglin Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Radiographic Examination ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Aneurysm Formation

Abstract Background We investigated whether periodontal diseases, specifically, periodontitis and gingivitis, could be risk factors of the incidence of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Methods We performed a case–control study to compare the differences in the periodontal disease parameters of 281 cases that were divided into the IAs group and non-IAs group. All cases underwent complete radiographic examination for IAs and examination for periodontal health. Results Comparing with those in the non-IAs group, the cases in the IAs group were older (53.95 ± 8.56 vs 47.79 ± 12.33, p < 0.001) and had a higher incidence of hypertension (76 vs 34, p = 0.006). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (> 50 years) and hypertension were predictive risk factors of aneurysm formation (odds ratio [OR] 1.047, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.022–1.073, p < 0.001 and OR 2.047, 95% CI 1.232–3.401, p = 0.006). In addition, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the parameters of periodontal diseases, including gingival index, plaque index, clinical attachment loss, and alveolar bone loss, were significantly associated with the occurrence of IAs (all p < 0.05). For further statistical investigation, the parameters of periodontal diseases were divided into four layers based on the quartered data. Poorer periodontal health condition (especially gingival index > 1.1 and plaque index > 1.5) had the correlation with IAs formation (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001). Conclusion Severe gingivitis or periodontitis, combining with hypertension, is significantly associated with the incidence of IAs.

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Effectiveness of Propolis in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Updated Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020269 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 269

Author(s):

Nansi López-Valverde ◽

Beatriz Pardal-Peláez ◽

Antonio López-Valverde ◽

Javier Flores-Fraile ◽

Silvia Herrero-Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Disease Treatment ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Quantitative Synthesis ◽

And Oxidative Stress

In recent times, the use of natural products has gained momentum, either as a treatment or as adjuvants for other drugs in the treatment of different conditions. Propolis is a natural substance produced by bees which has proven useful for treating periodontal disease. This systematic review and meta-analysis gather evidence of the effectiveness of propolis in this kind of condition. The MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched for scientific articles to identify the findings published up to October 2020. The MeSH phrases used in the search were: “periodontal diseases AND propolis treatment”; “gingivitis AND propolis treatment”; “periodontitis AND propolis treatment”; “propolis treatment AND oral health”; “propolis AND oxidative stress AND periodontitis”. The Boolean operator “AND” was used to combine the searches. Randomized trials where propolis was used in the treatment of different periodontal conditions were included. Non-randomized clinical studies were systematically reviewed and 224 studies were detected, eight of which met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Only three of these were selected for quantitative synthesis. In conclusion, propolis is safe to use and can improve the results of periodontal disease treatment, reducing probing pocket depth compared with treatment with a placebo (difference in means, fixed effects −0.67 [95% CI: −0.84, −0.50]).

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