scholarly journals Routes of Administration of Illicit Drugs among Young Swiss Men: Their Prevalence and Associated Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Adverse Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11158
Author(s):  
Natalia Estévez-Lamorte ◽  
Simon Foster ◽  
Gerhard Gmel ◽  
Meichun Mohler-Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Financial Autonomy ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Single Versus

The prevalence of different routes of administration (ROAs) of illicit drugs other than cannabis was examined in young Swiss men, in addition to the association between socio-demographics and adverse outcomes and particular ROAs. Our sample consisted of 754 men (mean age = 25.4 ± 1.2 years) who participated in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors and reported using any of 18 illicit drugs over the last 12 months. Prevalence estimates were calculated for oral use, nasal use, smoking, injecting, and other ROAs. Associations between ROAs and socio-demographics and adverse outcomes (i.e., alcohol use disorder (AUD), suicidal ideations, and health and social consequences) were calculated for using single versus multiple ROAs. The most prevalent ROA was oral use (71.8%), followed by nasal use (59.2%), smoking (22.1%), injecting (1.1%), and other ROAs (1.7%). Subjects’ education, financial autonomy, and civil status were associated with specific ROAs. Smoking was associated with suicidal ideations and adverse health consequences and multiple ROAs with AUD, suicidal ideations, and health and social consequences. The most problematic pattern of drug use among young adults appears to be using multiple ROAs, followed by smoking. Strategies to prevent and reduce the use of such practices are needed to avoid adverse outcomes at this young age.

scholarly journals Predictors of Changes in Alcohol Craving Levels during a Virtual Reality Cue Exposure Treatment among Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 3018
Author(s):  
Olga Hernández-Serrano ◽  
Alexandra Ghiţă ◽  
Natàlia Figueras-Puigderrajols ◽  
Jolanda Fernández-Ruiz ◽  
Miquel Monras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Cue Exposure ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Alcohol Craving ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Civil Status

Background/Objective: Determining the predictive variables associated with levels of alcohol craving can ease the identification of patients who can benefit from treatments. This study aimed to describe changes (improvement or no change/deterioration) in alcohol craving levels and explore the predictors of these changes from admission to discharge in outpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) undergoing treatment-as-usual (TAU), or treatment-as-usual supplemented with virtual reality cue-exposure therapy (TAU + VR-CET). Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted amongst 42 outpatients with AUD (n = 15 TAU + VR-CET and n = 27 TAU) from a clinical setting. Changes in the levels of alcohol craving between admission and discharge were assessed with the Multidimensional Alcohol Craving Scale. Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and socioeconomic and civil status), cognitive-affective behavioral patterns (AUD severity, abstinence duration, psychiatric comorbidity, state anxiety, attentional bias, and substance use), and type of treatment (TAU + VR-CET and only TAU) were also evaluated. Results: The TAU + VR-CET group showed greater changes of improvement in the levels of alcohol craving than the TAU group (χ2 = 10.996; p = 0.001). Intragroup changes in alcohol craving from pre to post-treatment were significant in the TAU + VR-CET group (χ2 = 13.818; p = 0.003) but not within the TAU group (χ2 = 2.349; p = 0.503). The odds of an improvement in any of the craving levels between pre- and post-test was 18.18 (1/0.055) times higher in the TAU + VR-CET group with respect to the TAU group. The use of illicit drugs in the month prior to the test increased the odds of having a positive change by 18.18 (1/0.055) with respect to not having consumed. Conclusions: Including VR-CET in TAU programs may provide benefits in the treatment of AUDs mainly among patients with intense alcohol craving and individuals having used illicit substances prior to treatment.

scholarly journals Estimates of prevalence, demographic characteristics and social factors among people with disabilities in the USA: a cross-survey comparison

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e017828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Andrew Lauer ◽  
Andrew J Houtenville
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
College Education ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Usa

ObjectiveA national priority for disability research in the USA is the standardised identification of people with disabilities in surveillance efforts. Mandated by federal statute, six dichotomous difficulty-focused questions were implemented in national surveys to identify people with disabilities. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics and social factors among people with disabilities based on these six questions using multiple national surveys in the USA.SettingAmerican Community Survey (ACS), Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP).ParticipantsCivilian, non-institutionalised US residents aged 18 and over from the 2009 to 2014 ACS, 2009 to 2014 CPS-ASEC, 2009 to 2014 NHIS and 2008 SIPP waves 3, 7 and 10.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDisability was assessed using six standardised questions asking people about hearing, vision, cognition, ambulatory, self-care and independent living disabilities. Social factors were assessed with questions asking people to report their education, employment status, family size, health and marital status, health insurance and income.ResultsRisk ratios and demographic distributions for people with disabilities were consistent across survey. People with disabilities were at decreased risk of having college education, employment, families with three or more people, excellent or very good self-reported health and a spouse. People with disabilities were also consistently at greater risk of having health insurance and living below the poverty line. Estimates of disability prevalence varied between surveys from 2009 to 2014 (range 11.76%–17.08%).ConclusionReplicating the existing literature, we found the estimation of disparities and inequity people with disabilities experience to be consistent across survey. Although there was a range of prevalence estimates, demographic factors for people with disabilities were consistent across surveys. Variations in prevalence estimates can be explained by survey context effects.

REMARRIAGES IN CONTEMPORARY POLAND. A DEMOGRAPHIC SKETCH

2021 ◽  
Vol 568 (7) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Piotr Szukalski
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Civil Status

A stabile number on newly contracted marriages in Poland prior 2020, hides deep structural changes defined in terms of civil status of newlyweds. In the last fifteen years a rapid increase in proportion of remarriages is observed, i.e. marriages with at least one nupturient being earlier married. An aim of the article is to describe the mentioned above changes and to explain factors affecting the trend. An important task is also to indicate missing research fields related to demographic and social consequences of the change.

scholarly journals Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Substance Use Disorder in Oman

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. e296-303
Author(s):  
Mahmood Z. Al Abri ◽  
Mohamed A.H. Farag ◽  
Asaad S. Al Mosawi ◽  
Salah T. Al Awaidy
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Opioid Substitution Therapy ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
Virus C

Objectives: Substance use disorder is a global challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an updated view of socio-demographic characteristics and patterns of substance use in Oman. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted between 2004 and 2018. Data were retrieved from Oman’s National Drug Addict Registry. The data collected included the socio-demographic characteristics of registered cases, the proportion of various psychoactive substances’ consumption and their routes of administration, the associated sociodemographic determinants as well as comorbid conditions. Results: A total of 6,453 cases were registered during the study’s timeframe. The majority of which were Omani (97.9%), male (98.7%), single (57.9%), unemployed (50.2%), had an education level below university (81.0%) and were adolescents and young adults (77.0%). Opiates were the most common substance used (66.6%) and more than half of the sample were polydrug users (51.0%). Injecting-drug users constituted 53.4% of the total registered cases. The proportion of people with hepatitis virus C, hepatits virus B and HIV among the registered cases were 46.9%, 5.1% and 3.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings are in favour of rapidly escalating the introduction of a substance use preventive programme at all school levels as well as making opioid substitution therapy and other harm reduction programmes available in Oman. Keywords: Substance Use Disorders; Intravenous Drug Abuse; Opioid-Related Disorders; Comorbidity; Oman.

scholarly journals COMORBIDITY OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMONG STUDENTS AT THE KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGES IN KENYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 360-370
Author(s):  
Jared Menecha ◽  
Susan Muriungi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co Morbidity

Objectives: To determine comorbidity of depression and anxiety among students at the Kenya Medical Training College, Kenya Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study design. Study participants were basic diploma students in a middle level college in Kenya. Data was collected using a researcher designed self-administered questionnaire for socio-demographic characteristics, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for severity of depression and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for the severity of anxiety in all the students in the seven largest KMTC campuses. All the participants gave informed consent. Results: 18.4% and 20.2% of group A and B respectively had moderate depression while 48.5% and 45.8% respectively had severe depression. The equivalents for anxiety in groups A and B were 24.4% and 23.6% for moderate anxiety and 32.1% and 31.5% for severe anxiety. There was a higher rate of depression and anxiety in thesecond year; with a statistically significant association between depression and anxiety and the year of study in the two groups (p<0.0001 each respectively). All the other social demographic characteristics had no statistically significant association with depression or anxiety in the two groups. There was a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety co-morbidity in both groups which was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Depression and anxiety were highly prevalent and significantly co-existent among the KMTC students. These mental conditions seemed to vary with the level of study training among college students. Therefore, the psychological well-being of college students need to be carefully addressed. There is need to closely monitor anxiety and depression to eliminate the risk factors and consequently prevent the development of adverse outcomes.

scholarly journals In-Hospital Illicit Drug Use and Patient-Directed Discharge: Barriers to Care for Patients With Injection-Related Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen F Eaton ◽  
Andrew O Westfall ◽  
Brandi McClesky ◽  
Cayce S Paddock ◽  
Peter S Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Against Medical Advice ◽  
Persons Who Inject Drugs

Abstract Background Hospitalized persons who inject drugs are at a greater risk of adverse hospital outcomes including discharge against medical advice, inpatient illicit drug use, overdose, and death. However, there are limited data on the frequency and outcomes of these events in the United States. Methods This retrospective analysis included patients with injection-related infections receiving a protocol for injection drug use (IDU) at University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital from 2016 to 2017. In-hospital IDU was suspected or reported drug usage plus confirmatory drug screen, and documented discharges “against medical advice” were deemed patient-directed discharges (PDD). We analyzed the frequency of and associations between in-hospital IDU, PDD, 30-day readmission, and deaths (between 2016 and 2019) using McNemar’s tests. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between PDD, in-hospital IDU, readmission, and death. Results Overall, 83 patients met inclusion criteria: 28 (34%) with in-hospital IDU, 12 (14%) PDD, 9 (11%) died, and 12 (14%) 30-day readmission. In-hospital IDU was significantly associated with PDD (P = .003), 30-day readmission (P = .005), and death (P = .0003). Patient-directed discharges and 30-day readmission were not significantly associated with death nor with each other. Conclusions In a cohort of patients receiving inpatient care for injection-related infections, illicit drug use, PDD, 30-day readmissions, and death were common. Furthermore, patients who use illicit drugs while hospitalized are significantly more likely to leave early, be readmitted, and/or die. We must design models of care that prevent adverse outcomes, including drug use and PDD, to reduce barriers to evidence-based treatment of infections.

The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: An Italian prospective study

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bressi ◽  
M. Porcellana ◽  
P.M. Marinaccio ◽  
E.P. Nocito ◽  
M. Ciabatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Young Mania ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Multidimensional Concept

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate potential differences in insight among bipolar manic, mixed and bipolar depressed inpatients and assess the role of clinical and demographic characteristics as possible predictors.MethodOne hundred and twenty consecutive inpatients divided into three diagnostic groups were studied on admission (T0), at discharge (T1) and at 18weeks after hospitalization (T2). The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) were used.ResultsPatients with mixed mania showed highest scores on the SUMD than patients with mania or bipolar depression. It was found a significant relationship between improvements in mania and in the insight. The level of insight at baseline was the only predictor of awareness in social consequences, moreover clinical and demographic characteristics were predictors of insight into mental illness. For what concerns insight about therapy benefits it was influenced by level of mania at baseline.ConclusionThe three general dimensions of insight revealed significant differences among the three groups. Regression models suggest that insight is a multidimensional concept in which some aspects are state-related, associated with psychopathology, whereas others are trait-like qualities, not directly associated with symptoms and predicted only by level at baseline.

scholarly journals The Economic Effects of Firm-Level Uncertainty: Evidence Using Subjective Expectations

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1320) ◽  
pp. 1-48
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Fiori ◽  
◽  
Filippo Scoccianti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Subjective Expectations ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Italian Survey ◽  
Broad Array

This paper uses over two decades of Italian survey data on business managers' expectations to measure subjective firm-level uncertainty and quantify its economic effects. We document that firm-level uncertainty persists for a few years and varies across firms' demographic characteristics. Uncertainty induces long-lasting economic effects over a broad array of real and financial variables. The source of uncertainty matters with firms responding only to downside uncertainty, that is, uncertainty about future adverse outcomes. Economy-wide uncertainty, constructed aggregating firm-level uncertainty, is countercyclical but uncorrelated with typical proxies in the literature, and accounts for a sizable amount of GDP variation during crises.

Substance Use Disorders in the Elderly

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Burgard ◽  
Robert Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Driving Under The Influence

Substance use disorders in older adults remains lower than in younger adults; however, the prevalence is rising in the elderly population. In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of an alcohol use disorder among persons age 65 and older is 16.1%. Studies of Veteran’s Administration nursing home residents have found that 29% to 49% of those admitted have a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorder. A sizable proportion of the elderly acknowledge driving under the influence. In 2013, 1.5% of the elderly had used illicit drugs. The number requiring treatment for substance abuse is expected to double by 2020. The populations with the fastest increase in opiate mortality are those age 55 and older, including those 65 and older. This chapter presents the epidemiology of substance use among older adults and discusses issues related to elders’ substance use, including use in nursing homes, impaired driving and arrests, use of non-prescription medications, screening for substance use, and treatment.

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