scholarly journals Pacing Profiles of Middle-Distance Running World Records in Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12589
Author(s):  
Arturo Casado ◽  
Fernando González-Mohíno ◽  
José María González-Ravé ◽  
Daniel Boullosa
Keyword(s):  
Distance Running ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
World Records

The aims of the current study were to compare the pacing patterns of all-time 800 m, 1500 m and mile running world records (WRs) and to determine whether differences exist between sexes, and if 800 m and 1500 m WRs were broken during championship or meet races. Overall and lap times for men and women’s 800 m, 1500 m, and mile WRs from World Athletics were collected when available and subsequently compared. A fast initial 200 m segment and a decrease in speed throughout was found during 800 m WRs. Accordingly, the first 200 m and 400 m were faster than the last 200 m and 400 m, respectively (p < 0.001, 0.77 ≤ ES ≤ 1.86). The first 400 m and 409 m for 1500 m and mile WRs, respectively, were faster than the second lap (p < 0.001, 0.74 ≤ ES ≤ 1.46). The third 400 m lap was slower than the last 300 m lap and 400 m lap for 1500 m and mile WRs, respectively (p < 0.001, 0.48 ≤ ES ≤ 1.09). No relevant sex-based differences in pacing strategy were found in any event. However, the first 409 m lap was faster than the last 400 m lap for men but not for women during mile WRs. Women achieved a greater % of WRs than men during championships (80% vs. 45.83% in the 800 m, and 63.63% vs. 31.58% in the 1500 m, respectively). In conclusion, positive, reverse J-shaped and U-shaped pacing profiles were used to break 800 m, men’s mile and 1500 m, and women’s mile WRs, respectively. WRs are more prone to be broken during championships by women than men.

Gender and Power: Boys Will Be Boys and So Will Girls

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Carey
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Third ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Gender And Power ◽  
Depth Interviews

This paper examines the treatment of women by men in two areas of male-dominated employment: specific professions and non- traditional ‘manual’ employment such as construction, transport, and other trade workers. Based on data from secondary sources, and in-depth interviews with non-traditionally employed women in Northern Ireland, the paper is divided into three main parts. The first section assesses the extent of harassment and discrimination towards women in male- dominated professions; the second provides a similar account of the treatment of non-traditionally employed women in Northern Ireland. Evidence suggests that there is a dichotomy in the treatment of women between the two areas discussed - given that men and women in ‘manual’ employment seem to sustain a more ‘peer-like’ relationship than their counterparts in some male-dominated professions. Thus, in the third section of the paper, while attempting to avoid the trap of dualism, I posit reasons for the existence of such a dichotomy.

scholarly journals Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Colon

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tagore Sunkara ◽  
Megan E Caughey ◽  
Priyanka Makkar ◽  
Febin John ◽  
Vinaya Gaduputi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Adenosquamous Carcinoma ◽  
Colorectal Cancers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Carcinoma Of The Colon ◽  
The Third

Overall, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women, meaning that it is one of the more widely recognized preventable cancers. Instances of colorectal malignancies though are overwhelmingly attributable to adenocarcinoma. Colorectal cancers with components of squamous cell carcinoma represent a statistical anomaly. Here, we present the case of a 50-year-old male, who complained of abdominal pain and weight loss over a 3-month period of time. Biopsies from a colonoscopy ultimately revealed that this patient’s colon cancer consisted of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, representing a truly exceptional pathology finding in a patient diagnosed with a colorectal cancer.

Jurassic Park

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Steven Spielberg ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Encounters ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

‘Constellations: Jurassic Park’ explores how Steven Spielberg used the film to investigate several key themes that have been important to him across his career. These themes are: nature and humankind’s relationship with it, the importance of cinematic fantasy and how it shapes our view of the world, and the impact of toxic masculinity on both men and women. The book also looks at how Spielberg blends genres across his career as a whole and Jurassic Park specifically. This is particularly true of the science fiction and horror genres, which are used in Jurassic Park to create a film that is both cathartically scary and thematically satisfying. These points are contextualised within the wider scope of Spielberg’s life and career to understand how Jurassic Park acted as bridging point between the light entertainments he had been known for up to that point (Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, for example) and the more serious filmmaking he focused on after its release (Saving Private Ryan and Lincoln).

Colorectal cancer

2007 ◽  
pp. 343-356
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
The Third ◽  
Management Issues

Introduction 344 Treatment approaches to colorectal cancer 346 Care of the patient with a stoma 350 Nursing management issues 354 • Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer in UK (fourth worldwide) with over 34,000 UK cases diagnosed annually. • It affects men and women almost equally....

scholarly journals Introduction

Ramus ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
A. J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Annual Lecture ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roman Literature ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work And Life

Martial offers not only an anatomy of Roman sexuality but an ideology of it.J. P. Sullivan, Martial: The Unexpected ClassicWhat persuades men and women to mistake each other from time to time for gods or vermin is ideology.T. Eagleton, Ideology: An IntroductionJohn Sullivan's last public engagement was to deliver a paper at the third USC-UCLA Seminar in Roman Studies on St. Patrick's day 1993. The subject of the seminar was ‘Literature and Ideology’, and featured Tom Habinek (USC), Carole Newlands (UCLA), myself as moderator, and John himself, who was to speak on ‘Martial and Flavian Ideology’. John's deteriorating condition prevented him from attending the seminar and a timely replacement was found in the person of a fellow ‘Patrician’, Patrick Sinclair of UC Irvine. The seminar was crowded with John's southern Californian friends and colleagues, and the three and a half hours of lively, rigorous, intellectually tough but friendly discourse were very much in the spirit of the missing speaker, whose absence was incontrovertibly the defining presence. I approached the speakers later with the idea of a Festschrift for John, built upon the theme of the seminar and containing revised versions of their own papers. They warmly agreed. Such is the germination of this volume. To those initial three papers have been added two papers (those of Malamud and Winkler) from the Pacific Rim Roman Literature seminar organised by Frederick Ahl in honour of John at Cornell in August 1993, five specially commissioned pieces from other friends and literary colleagues, and the text of the first J.P. Sullivan Annual Lecture in Classics held at UCSB in March 1994. The aim has been to treat a topic which was becoming central to John Sullivan's own inquiries and to produce a volume with more intellectual and critical cohesion than is often the case with honorific collections. I wanted the result to be as worthy as is possible of the man and the values he embodied in work and life.

scholarly journals VO2 Attained During Treadmill Running: The Influence of a Specialist (400-m or 800-m) Event

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V.B. James ◽  
Leigh E. Sandals ◽  
Stephen B. Draper ◽  
Sara Maldonado-Martín ◽  
Dan M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Pacing Strategy

Purpose:Previously it has been observed that, in well-trained 800-m athletes, VO2max is not attained during middle-distance running events on a treadmill, even when a race-type pacing strategy is adopted. Therefore, the authors investigated whether specialization in a particular running distance (400-m or 800-m) influences the VO2 attained during running on a treadmill.Methods:Six 400-m and six 800-m running specialists participated in the study. A 400-m trial and a progressive test to determine VO2max were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400-m trial were compared to examine the influence of specialist event.Results:A VO2 plateau was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO2max. The VO2max values were 56.2 ± 4.7 and 69.3 ± 4.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .0003). Durations for the 400-m trial were 55.1 ± 4.2 s and 55.8 ± 2.3 s for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively. The VO2 responses achieved were 93.1% ± 2.0% and 85.7% ± 3.0% VO2max for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .001).Conclusions:These results demonstrate that specialist running events do appear to influence the percentage of VO2max achieved in the 400-m trial, with the 800-m specialists attaining a lower percentage of VO2max than the 400-m specialists. The 400-m specialists appear to compensate for a lower VO2max by attaining a higher percentage VO2max during a 400-m trial.

scholarly journals The Effect of Surgery on the Concentration of Circulating Megakaryocytes and Platelets

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER BRESLOW ◽  
RICHARD M. KAUFMAN ◽  
ALAN R. LAWSKY
Keyword(s):  
Maximal Level ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antecubital Vein ◽  
Platelet Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract The mean concentration of megakaryocytes in antecubital vein blood of 43 normal men and women was 3.4/ml. (range 0-13). No circulating megakaryocytes were found in 6 patients with thrombocytopenia due to marrow failure. Following surgery the average maximal megakaryocyte level increased to 50/ml. (range 15-190) from a preoperative mean of 8/ml. The maximal level was reached on about the third postoperative day with the platelet concentration reaching maximal levels 3 to 6 days later.

scholarly journals Homicides during the Barranquilla Carnival, Colombia: A 10 Year Time-Series Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Jhon Albert Guarin-Ardila ◽  
Rossycela Montero-Ariza ◽  
Claudia Iveth Astudillo-García ◽  
Julián Alfredo Fernández-Niño
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Effect

Homicides are currently the third leading cause of death among young adults, and an increase has been reported during holidays. The aim of the present study was to explore whether an association exists between Carnival in Barranquilla, Colombia, and an increase in homicides in the city. We used mortality records to identify the number of daily homicides of men and women throughout the week of Carnival, and we compared those with records from all of standard days between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015. Conditional fixed-effects models were used, stratified by time and adjusted by weather variables. The average number of homicides on Carnival days was found to be higher than on a standard day, with an OR of 2.34 (CI 95%: 1.19–4.58) for the occurrence of at least one male homicide per day during Carnival, and 1.22 (CI 95%: 1.22–7.36) for female homicides, adjusted by weather variables. The occurrence of homicides during Carnival was observed and was similar to findings for other holidays. Given that violence is a multifactorial phenomenon, the identification of the factors involved serves as a basis for evaluating whether current strategies have a positive effect on controlling it.

Beating Yourself: How Do Runners Improve Their Own Records?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Foster ◽  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Christian Thiel ◽  
Bram Versteeg ◽  
Daniel A. Boullosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
World Records ◽  
Elite Runners

Background: Pacing studies suggest the distribution of effort for optimizing performance. Cross-sectional studies of 1-mile world records (WRs) suggest that WR progression includes a smaller coefficient of variation of velocity. Purpose: This study evaluates whether intraindividual pacing used by elite runners to break their own WR (1 mile, 5 km, and 10 km) is related to the evolution of pacing strategy. We provide supportive data from analysis in subelite runners. Methods: Men’s WR performances (with 400-m or 1-km splits) in 1 mile, 5 km, and 10 km were retrieved from the IAAF database (from 1924 to present). Data were analyzed relative to pacing pattern when a runner improved their own WR. Similar analyses are presented for 10-km performance in subelite runners before and after intensified training. Results: WR performance was improved in 1 mile (mean [SD]: 3:59.4 [11.2] to 3:57.2 [8.6]), 5 km (13:27 [0:33] to 13:21 [0:33]), and 10 km (28:35 [1:27] to 28:21 [1:21]). The average coefficient of variation did not change in the 1 mile (3.4% [1.8%] to 3.6% [1.6%]), 5 km (2.4% [0.9%] to 2.2% [0.8%]), or 10 km (1.4% [0.1%] to 1.5% [0.6%]) with improved WR. When velocity was normalized to the percentage mean velocity for each race, the pacing pattern was almost identical. Very similar patterns were observed in subelite runners in the 10 km. When time improved from 49:20 (5:30) to 45:56 (4:58), normalized velocity was similar, terminal RPE increased (8.4 [1.6] to 9.1 [0.8]), coefficient of variation was unchanged (4.4% [1.1%] to 4.8% [2.1%]), and VO2max increased (49.8 [7.4] to 55.3 [8.8] mL·min−1·kg−1). Conclusion: The results suggest that when runners break their own best performances, they employ the same pacing pattern, which is different from when WRs are improved in cross-sectional data.

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