Chemical Structure, Property and Potential Applications of Biosurfactants Produced by Bacillus subtilis in Petroleum Recovery and Spill Mitigation

Melanin is a complex multifunctional pigment found in all kingdoms of life, including fungi. The complex chemical structure of fungal melanins, yet to be fully elucidated, lends them multiple unique functions ranging from radioprotection and antioxidant activity to heavy metal chelation and organic compound absorption. Given their many biological functions, fungal melanins present many possibilities as natural compounds that could be exploited for human use. This review summarizes the current discourse and attempts to apply fungal melanin to enhance human health, remove pollutants from ecosystems, and streamline industrial processes. While the potential applications of fungal melanins are often discussed in the scientific community, they are successfully executed less often. Some of the challenges in the applications of fungal melanin to technology include the knowledge gap about their detailed structure, difficulties in isolating melanotic fungi, challenges in extracting melanin from isolated species, and the pathogenicity concerns that accompany working with live melanotic fungi. With proper acknowledgment of these challenges, fungal melanin holds great potential for societal benefit in the coming years.

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A Review of Bacteriochlorophyllides: Chemical Structures and Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051293 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1293

Author(s):

Chih-Hui Yang ◽

Keng-Shiang Huang ◽

Yi-Ting Wang ◽

Jei-Fu Shaw

Keyword(s):

Solar Cell ◽

Energy Harvesting ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

The Other ◽

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell ◽

Synthetic Route ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Dye Sensitized ◽

Heme Synthesis ◽

Potential Applications

Generally, bacteriochlorophyllides were responsible for the photosynthesis in bacteria. Seven types of bacteriochlorophyllides have been disclosed. Bacteriochlorophyllides a/b/g could be synthesized from divinyl chlorophyllide a. The other bacteriochlorophyllides c/d/e/f could be synthesized from chlorophyllide a. The chemical structure and synthetic route of bacteriochlorophyllides were summarized in this review. Furthermore, the potential applications of bacteriochlorophyllides in photosensitizers, immunosensors, influence on bacteriochlorophyll aggregation, dye-sensitized solar cell, heme synthesis and for light energy harvesting simulation were discussed.

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Barbituric Acid Based Fluorogens: Synthesis, Aggregation-Induced Emission, and Protein Fibril Detection

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siyang Ding ◽

Bicheng Yao ◽

Louis Schobben ◽

Yuning Hong

Keyword(s):

Barbituric Acid ◽

Fluorescent Dyes ◽

Photophysical Properties ◽

Wavelength Region ◽

Structure Property ◽

Aggregation Induced Emission ◽

Long Wavelength ◽

Structure Property Relationships ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Protein Fibril

Fluorescent dyes, especially those emitting in the long wavelength region, are excellent candidates in the area of bioassay and bioimaging. In this work, we report a series of simple organic fluorescent dyes consisting of electron-donating aniline groups and electron-withdrawing barbituric acid groups. These dyes are very easy to construct while emitting strongly in the red region in their solid state. The photophysical properties of these dyes, such as solvatochromism and aggregation-induced emission, are systematically characterized. Afterward, the structure–property relationships of these barbituric acid based fluorogens are discussed. Finally, we demonstrate their potential applications for protein amyloid fibril detection.

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Elastomeric Polyether-Ester Block Copolymers. I. Structure-Property Relationships of Tetramethylene Terephthalate/Polyether Terephthalate Copolymers

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3535166 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 688-703 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. R. Wolfe

Keyword(s):

Phase Separation ◽

Melting Point ◽

Block Copolymers ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Chain Length ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

High Water ◽

Structure Property ◽

Tear Strength ◽

Structure Property Relationships

Abstract The properties of elastomeric tetramethylene terephthalate/polyether terephthalate copolymers have been related to the chemical structure, chain length, and concentration in the copolymers of the PTMEG-, PEG-, and PPG-derived polyether units. Low-temperature properties and tear strength are dependent on all three polyether-related variables. Melting point, hardness, and stress at 100% elongation appear to be independent of polyether structure. Polyether glycols of low MW volatilize during copolymer preparation. High-MW polyethers tend to crystallize when present in the copolymers. Polyether glycols of intermediate MW (∼ 1000) yield copolymers with the best resistance to low-temperature stiffening. Copolymer synthesis is most difficult with PPG as the polyether glycol. Inherent viscosities are low, and phase separation occurs at lower polyether MW than with PTMEG or PEG. The PEG-based copolymers exhibit high water swell, particularly at intermediate and high PEG MW. The PTMEG-based copolymers are easiest to synthesize and exhibit the best overall combination of properties.

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Correlation of Defect-Related Optoelectronic Properties inZn5(OH)6(CO3)2/ZnO Nanostructures with Their Quasi-Fractal Dimensionality

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2015/237985 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Antonio Paramo ◽

Yuri M. Strzhemechny ◽

Tamio Endo ◽

Zorica Crnjak Orel

Keyword(s):

Crystal Morphology ◽

Relative Concentration ◽

Fractal Dimensionality ◽

Optoelectronic Properties ◽

Growth Time ◽

Structure Property ◽

Phase Crystal ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Subsurface Layers ◽

The Relationship

Hydrozincite (Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2) is, among others, a popular precursor used to synthesize nanoscale ZnO with complex morphologies. For many existing and potential applications utilizing nanostructures, performance is determined by the surface and subsurface properties. Current understanding of the relationship between the morphology and the defect properties of nanocrystalline ZnO and hydrozincite systems is still incomplete. Specifically, for the latter nanomaterial the structure-property correlations are largely unreported in the literature despite the extensive use of hydrozincite in the synthesis applications. In our work, we addressed this issue by studying precipitated nanostructures of Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2with varying quasi-fractal dimensionalities containing relatively small amounts of a ZnO phase. Crystal morphology of the samples was accurately controlled by the growth time. We observed a strong correlation between the morphology of the samples and their optoelectronic properties. Our results indicate that a substantial increase of the free surface in the nanocrystal samples generates higher relative concentration of defects, consistent with the model of defect-rich surface and subsurface layers.

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In situ characterization of Cu–Co oxides for catalytic application

Faraday Discussions ◽

10.1039/c4fd00192c ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 177 ◽

pp. 249-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Z. Y. Tian ◽

H. Vieker ◽

P. Mountapmbeme Kouotou ◽

A. Beyer

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Structure Property ◽

Temperature Oxidation ◽

Spatially Resolved ◽

Structure Property Relationships ◽

Potential Applications

In situ emission and absorption FTIR methods were employed to characterize the spatially resolved structure of binary Co–Cu oxides for low-temperature oxidation of CO and propene. Co–Cu oxide catalysts were controllably synthesized by pulsed-spray evaporation chemical vapor deposition. XRD, FTIR, XPS, UV-vis and helium ion microscopy (HIM) were employed to characterize the as-prepared thin films in terms of structure, composition, optical and thermal properties as well as morphology. In situ emission FTIR spectroscopy indicates that Co3O4, CuCo2O4 and CuO are thermally stable at 650, 655 and 450 °C, respectively. The catalytic tests with absorption FTIR display that the involvement of Co–Cu oxides can initiate CO and C3H6 oxidation at lower temperatures. The results indicate that in situ emission and absorption FTIR are useful techniques to explore the thermal properties and catalytic performance of functional materials, allowing many potential applications in tailoring their temporally and spatially resolved structure-property relationships.

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A broad activity screen in support of a chemogenomic map for kinase signalling research and drug discovery

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20121418 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 451 (2) ◽

pp. 313-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Yinghong Gao ◽

Stephen P. Davies ◽

Martin Augustin ◽

Anna Woodward ◽

Umesh A. Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Drug Discovery ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Rational Design ◽

Kinase Inhibitors ◽

Biochemical Assays ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Specific Inhibitors ◽

Target Effects

Despite the development of a number of efficacious kinase inhibitors, the strategies for rational design of these compounds have been limited by target promiscuity. In an effort to better understand the nature of kinase inhibition across the kinome, especially as it relates to off-target effects, we screened a well-defined collection of kinase inhibitors using biochemical assays for inhibitory activity against 234 active human kinases and kinase complexes, representing all branches of the kinome tree. For our study we employed 158 small molecules initially identified in the literature as potent and specific inhibitors of kinases important as therapeutic targets and/or signal transduction regulators. Hierarchical clustering of these benchmark kinase inhibitors on the basis of their kinome activity profiles illustrates how they relate to chemical structure similarities and provides new insights into inhibitor specificity and potential applications for probing new targets. Using this broad dataset, we provide a framework for assessing polypharmacology. We not only discover likely off-target inhibitor activities and recommend specific inhibitors for existing targets, but also identify potential new uses for known small molecules.

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Characterization of Aerogels – Challenges and Prospects

Advances in Science and Technology ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.91.54 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 91 ◽

pp. 54-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gudrun Reichenauer

Keyword(s):

Catalyst Support ◽

Optical Devices ◽

Structure Property ◽

Severe Problem ◽

The Past ◽

Structure Property Relationships ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Directed Development ◽

Non Destructive

Aerogels are porous materials with potential applications in fields ranging from thermal insulation, catalyst support, filters, electrical storage, components in optical devices, mechanical damping all the way to drug release. However, careful reliable characterization is the base for both, understanding of fundamental structure - property relationships as well as a directed development of materials and composites for specific applications. The review therefore addressed severe problem upon aerogel characterization that have been identified in the past and presents reliable non-destructive alternatives and novel methods that can be applied for the characterization of aerogels as well as their gel precursors.

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