scholarly journals Fungal Melanins and Applications in Healthcare, Bioremediation and Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
Ellie Rose Mattoon ◽  
Radames J. B. Cordero ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Metal Chelation ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Societal Benefit ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Fungal Melanin ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Fungal Melanins ◽  
Isolated Species

Melanin is a complex multifunctional pigment found in all kingdoms of life, including fungi. The complex chemical structure of fungal melanins, yet to be fully elucidated, lends them multiple unique functions ranging from radioprotection and antioxidant activity to heavy metal chelation and organic compound absorption. Given their many biological functions, fungal melanins present many possibilities as natural compounds that could be exploited for human use. This review summarizes the current discourse and attempts to apply fungal melanin to enhance human health, remove pollutants from ecosystems, and streamline industrial processes. While the potential applications of fungal melanins are often discussed in the scientific community, they are successfully executed less often. Some of the challenges in the applications of fungal melanin to technology include the knowledge gap about their detailed structure, difficulties in isolating melanotic fungi, challenges in extracting melanin from isolated species, and the pathogenicity concerns that accompany working with live melanotic fungi. With proper acknowledgment of these challenges, fungal melanin holds great potential for societal benefit in the coming years.

tiRNAs & tRFs Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 5849-5861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Jiang ◽  
Feng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Reverse Transcriptases ◽  
Dna Damage Responses ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Viral Reverse Transcriptases

tiRNAs & tRFs are a class of small molecular noncoding tRNA derived from precise processing of mature or precursor tRNAs. Most tiRNAs & tRFs described originate from nucleus-encoded tRNAs, and only a few tiRNAs and tRFs have been reported. They have been suggested to play important roles in inhibiting protein synthesis, regulating gene expression, priming viral reverse transcriptases, and the modulation of DNA damage responses. However, the regulatory mechanisms and potential function of tiRNAs & tRFs remain poorly understood. This review aims to describe tiRNAs & tRFs, including their structure, biological functions and subcellular localization. The regulatory roles of tiRNAs & tRFs in translation, neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, viral infections, and carcinogenesis are also discussed in detail. Finally, the potential applications of these noncoding tRNAs as biomarkers and gene regulators in different diseases is also highlighted.

scholarly journals A Review of Bacteriochlorophyllides: Chemical Structures and Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Chih-Hui Yang ◽  
Keng-Shiang Huang ◽  
Yi-Ting Wang ◽  
Jei-Fu Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Heme Synthesis ◽  
Potential Applications

Generally, bacteriochlorophyllides were responsible for the photosynthesis in bacteria. Seven types of bacteriochlorophyllides have been disclosed. Bacteriochlorophyllides a/b/g could be synthesized from divinyl chlorophyllide a. The other bacteriochlorophyllides c/d/e/f could be synthesized from chlorophyllide a. The chemical structure and synthetic route of bacteriochlorophyllides were summarized in this review. Furthermore, the potential applications of bacteriochlorophyllides in photosensitizers, immunosensors, influence on bacteriochlorophyll aggregation, dye-sensitized solar cell, heme synthesis and for light energy harvesting simulation were discussed.

Fungal melanins: a review

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1115-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Butler ◽  
A W Day
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lignin Peroxidases ◽  
Fungal Melanin ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fungal Melanins

The relationship of polyketide melanogenesis molecular biology to that of nonmelanin-producing pathways in a wide range of fungi and other organisms is discussed. Analytical methods and fundamental properties of melanins are discussed and fungal melanin properties are compared with those of animal and bacterial melanins. The enzymatic degradation of melanins by lignin peroxidases is described.Key words: fungal melanin, polyketide melanin, DHN melanin, melanin degradation, melanin properties, melanin analysis.

scholarly journals Current Advances in Ejector Modeling, Experimentation and Applications for Refrigeration and Heat Pumps. Part 2: Two-Phase Ejectors

Inventions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zine Aidoun ◽  
Khaled Ameur ◽  
Mehdi Falsafioon ◽  
Messaoud Badache
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Mixing Enhancement ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
And Performance

Two-phase ejectors play a major role as refrigerant expansion devices in vapor compression systems and can find potential applications in many other industrial processes. As a result, they have become a focus of attention for the last few decades from the scientific community, not only for the expansion work recovery in a wide range of refrigeration and heat pump cycles but also in industrial processes as entrainment and mixing enhancement agents. This review provides relevant findings and trends, characterizing the design, operation and performance of the two-phase ejector as a component. Effects of geometry, operating conditions and the main developments in terms of theoretical and experimental approaches, rating methods and applications are discussed in detail. Ejector expansion refrigeration cycles (EERC) as well as the related theoretical and experimental research are reported. New and other relevant cycle combinations proposed in the recent literature are organized under theoretical and experimental headings by refrigerant types and/or by chronology whenever appropriate and systematically commented. This review brings out the fact that theoretical ejector and cycle studies outnumber experimental investigations and data generation. More emerging numerical studies of two-phase ejectors are a positive step, which has to be further supported by more validation work.

A broad activity screen in support of a chemogenomic map for kinase signalling research and drug discovery

2013 ◽  
Vol 451 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghong Gao ◽  
Stephen P. Davies ◽  
Martin Augustin ◽  
Anna Woodward ◽  
Umesh A. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Specific Inhibitors ◽  
Target Effects

Despite the development of a number of efficacious kinase inhibitors, the strategies for rational design of these compounds have been limited by target promiscuity. In an effort to better understand the nature of kinase inhibition across the kinome, especially as it relates to off-target effects, we screened a well-defined collection of kinase inhibitors using biochemical assays for inhibitory activity against 234 active human kinases and kinase complexes, representing all branches of the kinome tree. For our study we employed 158 small molecules initially identified in the literature as potent and specific inhibitors of kinases important as therapeutic targets and/or signal transduction regulators. Hierarchical clustering of these benchmark kinase inhibitors on the basis of their kinome activity profiles illustrates how they relate to chemical structure similarities and provides new insights into inhibitor specificity and potential applications for probing new targets. Using this broad dataset, we provide a framework for assessing polypharmacology. We not only discover likely off-target inhibitor activities and recommend specific inhibitors for existing targets, but also identify potential new uses for known small molecules.

Non-living soil organic matter: what do we know about it?

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Skjemstad ◽  
L. J. Janik ◽  
J. A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Mineral Associations ◽  
Considerable Work

Summary. Non-living soil organic matter is a small but critical component of soils contributing to soil structure, fertility and a range of other chemical, physical and biological functions. Although considerable work has contributed to our knowledge of its distribution, chemical structure, mineral associations and turnover, there is still little information on which fractions or pools of non-living soil organic matter are implicated in various soil functions and to what extent. This review paper summarises some of what is known about the distribution, chemistry, mineral associations and soil structure, turnover and the measurement of non-living soil organic matter, with particular emphasis on Australia. It also discusses some of the difficulties in using current methods for describing the function of this material in soil.

scholarly journals Adjuvant Activity of Emulsan, a Secreted Lipopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1240-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Panilaitis ◽  
Atul Johri ◽  
Walter Blank ◽  
David Kaplan ◽  
Juliet Fuhrman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Complex Polymer ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT Several promising adjuvant candidates have been studied over the past 75 years; however, only alum is currently approved for human use. The complex acylated polysaccharide emulsan, secreted from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, represents a new candidate. Unique features of this family of polymers are their amenability to structural tailoring and their emulsification behavior. We demonstrate that emulsan activates macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This activation is dependent on the presence of the fatty acid side chains that decorate the polysaccharide backbone, and, furthermore, the level of activation can be affected by changes in the chemical characteristics of emulsan structural variants. One emulsan variant was examined in a classical hapten carrier immunization protocol and demonstrated significant adjuvant activity as determined by hapten-specific antibody titers. This immune response was characterized by a high immunoglobulin G2a titer, consistent with a Th1 response. The significant immunopotentiation demonstrated by this complex polymer establishes emulsan as an exciting new candidate adjuvant. Furthermore, by manipulating the chemical structure of this compound, we can explore the physical basis of pattern recognition receptors and macrophage activation.

Potential applications of deep eutectic solvents in natural gas sweetening for CO2 capture

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayeb Aissaoui ◽  
Inas M. AlNashef ◽  
Umair A. Qureshi ◽  
Yacine Benguerba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Gas Sweetening ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Natural Gas Sweetening

AbstractNovel solvents named deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been intensively investigated in recent years. Their non-toxicity, biodegradability, low volatility, easy preparation and low cost make them promising green solvents for several industrial processes. This article provides a status review of the possible applications of DESs in natural gas (NG) sweetening by carbon dioxide (CO

Foam Extrusion of Polystyrene Blown with HFC-134a

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gendron ◽  
Michel Huneault ◽  
Jacques Tatibouët ◽  
Caroline Vachon
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Polystyrene Foam ◽  
Screw Design ◽  
Blowing Agents ◽  
Foam Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
Hfc 134A ◽  
Hcfc 142B

There is much interest in developing industrial processes to manufacture extruded polystyrene foam that do not involve ozone depleting blowing agents. A popular alternate candidate is HFC-134a. It has a zero ozone depletion factor and is nearer in chemical structure to standard blowing agents (CFC-22 and HCFC-142b) than carbon dioxide. Although exhibiting main good features, HFC-134a is not used widely as a blowing agent as low foam density is not readily achieved and extruder operation is difficult. A review of past and on-going works on the use of HFC-134 will be addressed first. Then attention will be paid mainly on some processing aspects, with emphasis on the plasticization behavior of polystyrene (PS) by HFC-134a and the effect of screw design on dynamic dissolution of HFC-134a in PS during foam extrusion. Solubility efficiency during extrusion processing has been assessed for different screw configurations by an in-line ultrasonic technique. These results have also been correlated to off-line solubility and diffusivity properties.

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