scholarly journals The Role of Ghrelin in Anorexia Nervosa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Schalla ◽  
Andreas Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone expressed in X/A-like endocrine cells of the stomach, is the only known peripherally produced and centrally acting peptide that stimulates food intake and therefore attracted a lot of attention with one major focus on the treatment of conditions where an increased energy intake or body weight gain is desired. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a pronounced reduction of body weight, a disturbed body image and hormonal alterations. Ghrelin signaling has been thoroughly investigated under conditions of anorexia nervosa. The present review will highlight these alterations of ghrelin in anorexia and discuss possible treatment strategies targeting ghrelin signaling. Lastly, gaps in knowledge will be mentioned to foster future research.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Eating Disorders

2010 ◽  
pp. 347-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Tanofsky-Kraff ◽  
Denise E. Wilfley
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Interpersonal Psychotherapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Routine Clinical Care ◽  
Interpersonal Factors ◽  
Future Research Directions

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a focused, time-limited treatment that targets interpersonal problem(s) associated with the onset and/or maintenance of EDs. IPT is supported by substantial empirical evidence documenting the role of interpersonal factors in the onset and maintenance of EDs. IPT is a viable alternative to cognitive behavior therapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The effectiveness of IPT for the treatment of anorexia nervosa requires further investigation. The utility of IPT for the prevention of obesity is currently being explored. Future research directions include enhancing the delivery of IPT for EDs, increasing the availability of IPT in routine clinical care settings, exploring IPT adolescent and parent–child adaptations, and developing IPT for the prevention of eating and weight-related problems that may promote full-syndrome EDs or obesity.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome Derived From Anorexia Nervosa Patients Impairs Weight Gain and Behavioral Performance in Female Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (10) ◽  
pp. 2441-2452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Hata ◽  
Noriyuki Miyata ◽  
Shu Takakura ◽  
Kazufumi Yoshihara ◽  
Yasunari Asano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Poor Weight Gain

Abstract Anorexia nervosa (AN) results in gut dysbiosis, but whether the dysbiosis contributes to AN-specific pathologies such as poor weight gain and neuropsychiatric abnormalities remains unclear. To address this, germ-free mice were reconstituted with the microbiota of four patients with restricting-type AN (gAN mice) and four healthy control individuals (gHC mice). The effects of gut microbes on weight gain and behavioral characteristics were examined. Fecal microbial profiles in recipient gnotobiotic mice were clustered with those of the human donors. Compared with gHC mice, gAN mice showed a decrease in body weight gain, concomitant with reduced food intake. Food efficiency ratio (body weight gain/food intake) was also significantly lower in gAN mice than in gHC mice, suggesting that decreased appetite as well as the capacity to convert ingested food to unit of body substance may contribute to poor weight gain. Both anxiety-related behavior measured by open-field tests and compulsive behavior measured by a marble-burying test were increased only in gAN mice but not in gHC mice. Serotonin levels in the brain stem of gAN mice were lower than those in the brain stem of gHC mice. Moreover, the genus Bacteroides showed the highest correlation with the number of buried marbles among all genera identified. Administration of Bacteroides vulgatus reversed compulsive behavior but failed to exert any substantial effect on body weight. Collectively, these results indicate that AN-specific dysbiosis may contribute to both poor weight gain and mental disorders in patients with AN.

scholarly journals Role for central ghrelin in food intake and secretion profile of stomach ghrelin in rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 174 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Murakami ◽  
T Hayashida ◽  
T Kuroiwa ◽  
K Nakahara ◽  
T Ida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Intestinal Hormones ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Secretion Profile ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Minimum Volumes ◽  
Ghrelin Secretion

Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid peptide, has recently been isolated from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor. We have reported previously that central or peripheral administration of ghrelin stimulates food intake, and the secretion of GH and gastric acid in rats. In the present study, we investigated how much endogenous centrally released ghrelin is involved in the control of food intake and body weight gain. We also examined the profile of ghrelin secretion from the stomach by RIA using two kinds of anti-ghrelin antiserum, one raised against the N-terminal ([Cys(12)]-ghrelin[1-11]) region and one raised against the C-terminal ([Cys(0)]-ghrelin [13-28]) region of the peptide. The former antibody recognizes specifically ghrelin with n- octanoylated Ser 3 (acyl ghrelin), and does not recognize des-acyl ghrelin. The latter also recognizes des-acyl ghrelin (i.e. total ghrelin). Intracerebroventricular treatment with the anti-ghrelin antiserum against the N-terminal region twice a day for 5 days decreased significantly both daily food intake and body weight. Des-acyl ghrelin levels were significantly higher in the gastric vein than in the trunk. Either fasting for 12 h, administration of gastrin or cholecystokinin resulted in increase of both acyl and des-acyl ghrelin levels. The ghrelin levels exhibited a diurnal pattern, with the bimodal peaks occurring before dark and light periods. These two peaks were consistent with maximum and minimum volumes of gastric content respectively. These results suggest that (1) endogenous centrally released ghrelin participates in the regulation of food intake and body weight, (2) acyl ghrelin is secreted from the stomach, (3) intestinal hormones stimulate ghrelin release from the stomach, and (4) regulation of the diurnal rhythm of ghrelin is complex, since ghrelin secretion is augmented under conditions of both gastric emptying and filling.

scholarly journals The role of leptin in patients recovering from Anorexia Nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Rząd ◽  
Joanna Rog
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Diet Restriction ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Monitoring Treatment

Abstract Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental disorder with the highest death rate. The characteristic feature of AN is endocrine dysregulations, including changes in adipose-tissue secreted hormones, especially adipokines. The most widely studied of them is leptin whose role in the pathophysiology and prognosis of AN is confirmed in more and more studies. The aim of the study was to summarize the role of endocrine disruptions with particular emphasis on leptin in the pathophysiology of AN. Material and methods: For the literature review, the electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar search were used with the following keywords: eating disorders, adipokines, leptin, metreleptin, satiety, hunger, anorexia, obesity, for studies listed from database inception to October 2021. Results: Leptin, produced mainly by white adipose tissue, inhibits the hunger center in the hypothalamus by negative feedback with ghrelin secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. Leptin is involved in numerous biological functions, including body weight regulation, innate and adaptive immunity regulation, reproduction, and bone formation. Studies confirm decreased leptin levels in AN individuals. In recent years, extensive experience has been gained with leptin as a drug in clinical trials. The studies suggested that treatment can restore menstrual function and bone health and improve mood with unclear body weight effects. Conclusions: Focusing on leptin-related changes is a promising approach to improve AN management. Assessment of leptin levels in AN patients could be a useful tool for therapy monitoring. Treatment with leptin could reverse unfavourable changes induced by diet restriction, including mood symptoms, loss of bone mass and menstrual function. However, the results of these studies need confirmation on larger groups of patients.

Psychosocial Approaches to the Treatment and Prevention of Bipolar Disorder

2016 ◽  
pp. 489-498
Author(s):  
Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Social Rhythm ◽  
Psychosocial Approaches

Over the past two decades, adjunctive psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder have been shown to hasten recovery, reduce relapse, and improve patients’ medication adherence, functioning, and quality of life. This chapter reviews four of the most widely studied psychosocial approaches for bipolar disorder: psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family-focused treatment (FFT), and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT). Core treatment strategies for each modality are presented, and key outcome studies are reviewed. The role of psychosocial treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder and in the prevention of bipolar disorder in youth at high risk for bipolar disorder is also presented. Suggestions for future research and the critical need for dissemination are also briefly discussed.

Pharmacological treatment strategies for patients with monogenic obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 967-973
Author(s):  
Peter Kühnen ◽  
Susanna Wiegand ◽  
Heike Biebermann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation ◽  
Melanocortin Signaling ◽  
Recent Research Progress

AbstractThe leptin melanocortin signaling pathway is playing a pivotal role for body weight regulation. Genetic defects within this cascade are leading to severe hyperphagia and early onset obesity. In most cases, due to persistent hyperphagia the affected patients are not able to stabilize body weight for a longer period of time with conservative treatment strategies based on lifestyle interventions. Therefore, it is of importance to implement alternative treatment options for these patients. This review provides an overview about the published pharmacological treatment attempts in respect to monogenic forms of obesity and summarizes recent research progress about the role of MC4R signaling and POMC derivatives for body weight regulation.

scholarly journals Current and emerging concepts on the role of peripheral signals in the control of food intake and development of obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 778-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Duca ◽  
M. Covasa
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Gastrointestinal Peptides ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

The gastrointestinal peptides are classically known as short-term signals, primarily inducing satiation and/or satiety. However, accumulating evidence has broadened this view, and their role in long-term energy homeostasis and the development of obesity has been increasingly recognised. In the present review, the recent research involving the role of satiation signals, especially ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY, in the development and treatment of obesity will be discussed. Their activity, interactions and release profile vary constantly with changes in dietary and energy influences, intestinal luminal environment, body weight and metabolic status. Manipulation of gut peptides and nutrient sensors in the oral and postoral compartments through diet and/or changes in gut microflora or using multi-hormone ‘cocktail’ therapy are among promising approaches aimed at reducing excess food consumption and body-weight gain.

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