scholarly journals Biocatalysis of Platycoside E and Platycodin D3 Using Fungal Extracellular β-Glucosidase Responsible for Rapid Platycodin D Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Ahn ◽  
Hyun You ◽  
Myung Park ◽  
Tony Johnston ◽  
Seockmo Ku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Aspergillus Usamii ◽  
Platycodin D ◽  
Platycodi Radix

Platycodi radix (i.e., Platycodon grandiflorum root) products (e.g., tea, cosmetics, and herbal supplements) are popular in East Asian nutraceutical markets due to their reported health benefits and positive consumer perceptions. Platycosides are the key drivers of Platycodi radixes’ biofunctional effects; their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical activities are primarily related to the number and varieties of sugar side-chains. Among the various platycosides, platycodin D is a major saponin that demonstrates various nutraceutical activities. Therefore, the development of a novel technology to increase the total platycodin D content in Platycodi radix extract is important, not only for consumers’ health benefits but also producers’ commercial applications and manufacturing cost reduction. It has been reported that hydrolysis of platycoside sugar moieties significantly modifies the compound’s biofunctionality. Platycodi radix extract naturally contains two major platycodin D precursors (platycoside E and platycodin D3) which can be enzymatically converted to platycodin D via β-d-glucosidase hydrolysis. Despite evidence that platycodin D precursors can be changed to platycodin D in the Platycodi radix plant, there is little research on increasing platycodin D concentrations during processing. In this work, platycodin D levels in Platycodi radix extracts were significantly increased via extracellular Aspergillus usamii β-d-glucosidase (n = 3, p < 0.001). To increase the extracellular β-d-glucosidase activity, A. usamii was cultivated in a culture media containing cellobiose as its major carbon source. The optimal pH and temperature of the fungal β-d-glucosidase were 6.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Extracellular A. usamii β-d-glucosidase successfully converted more than 99.9% (w/v, n = 3, p < 0.001) of platycoside E and platycodin D3 into platycodin D within 2 h under optimal conditions. The maximum level of platycodin D was 0.4 mM. Following the biotransformation process, the platycodin D was recovered using preparatory High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and applied to in vitro assays to evaluate its quality. Platycodin D separated from the Platycodi radix immediately following the bioconversion process showed significant anti-inflammatory effects from the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammatory responses with decreased nitrite and IL-6 production (n = 3, p < 0.001). Taken together, these results provide evidence that biocatalysis of Platycodi radix extracts with A. usamii may be used as an efficient method of platycodin D-enriched extract production and novel Platycodi radix products may thereby be created.

scholarly journals HIF-1α is a key mediator of the lung inflammatory potential of lithium-ion battery particles

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Violaine Sironval ◽  
Mihaly Palmai-Pallag ◽  
Rita Vanbever ◽  
François Huaux ◽  
Jorge Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
Occupational Settings

Abstract Background Li-ion batteries (LIB) are increasingly used worldwide. They are made of low solubility micrometric particles, implying a potential for inhalation toxicity in occupational settings and possibly for consumers. LiCoO2 (LCO), one of the most used cathode material, induces inflammatory and fibrotic lung responses in mice. LCO also stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) -1α, a factor implicated in inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenicity. Here, we investigated the role of cobalt, nickel and HIF-1α as determinants of toxicity, and evaluated their predictive value for the lung toxicity of LIB particles in in vitro assays. Results By testing a set of 5 selected LIB particles (LCO, LiNiMnCoO2, LiNiCoAlO2) with different cobalt and nickel contents, we found a positive correlation between their in vivo lung inflammatory activity, and (i) Co and Ni particle content and their bioaccessibility and (ii) the stabilization of HIF-1α in the lung. Inhibition of HIF-1α with chetomin or PX-478 blunted the lung inflammatory response to LCO in mice. In IL-1β deficient mice, HIF-1α was the upstream signal of the inflammatory lung response to LCO. In vitro, the level of HIF-1α stabilization induced by LIB particles in BEAS-2B cells correlated with the intensity of lung inflammation induced by the same particles in vivo. Conclusions We conclude that HIF-1α, stabilized in lung cells by released Co and Ni ions, is a mechanism-based biomarker of lung inflammatory responses induced by LIB particles containing Co/Ni. Documenting the Co/Ni content of LIB particles, their bioaccessibility and their capacity to stabilize HIF-1α in vitro can be used to predict the lung inflammatory potential of LIB particles.

Design Considerations and Assays for Hemocompatibility of FDA-Approved Nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 637-652
Author(s):  
Amit K. Saha ◽  
Min-Yi S. Zhen ◽  
Folarin Erogbogbo ◽  
Anand K. Ramasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Cardiovascular Tissues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Imaging Sensors

AbstractNanoparticles have numerous biomedical applications including, but not limited to, targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, sensors, and implants for a wide range of diseases including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and tuberculosis. Although the mode of delivery of the nanoparticles depends on the application and the disease, the nanoparticles are often in immediate contact with the systemic circulation either because of intravenous administration or their ability to enter the bloodstream with relative ease or their longer survival time in circulation. Once in circulation, the nanoparticles may elicit unintended hemostatic and inflammatory responses, and hence the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications should take broad hemocompatibility concerns into consideration. In this review, we present the principles underlying the structural and functional design of various classes of nanoparticles that are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, categorize these particles based on their interactions with cardiovascular tissues and ensuing adverse events, and also describe various in vitro assays that may be used evaluate their hemocompatibility.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of Dietary Fiber Anti-Infectious Properties against Food-Borne Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3188
Author(s):  
Thomas Sauvaitre ◽  
Claude Durif ◽  
Adeline Sivignon ◽  
Sandrine Chalancon ◽  
Tom Van de Wiele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Mucus Cell ◽  
Etec Strain ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Dietary fibers have well-known beneficial effects on human health, but their anti-infectious properties against human enteric pathogens have been poorly investigated. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main agent of travelers’ diarrhea, against which targeted preventive strategies are currently lacking. ETEC pathogenesis relies on multiple virulence factors allowing interactions with the intestinal mucosal layer and toxins triggering the onset of diarrheal symptoms. Here, we used complementary in vitro assays to study the antagonistic properties of eight fiber-containing products from cereals, legumes or microbes against the prototypical human ETEC strain H10407. Inhibitory effects of these products on the pathogen were tested through growth, toxin production and mucus/cell adhesion inhibition assays. None of the tested compounds inhibited ETEC strain H10407 growth, while lentil extract was able to decrease heat labile toxin (LT) concentration in culture media. Lentil extract and specific yeast cell walls also interfered with ETEC strain H10407 adhesion to mucin beads and human intestinal cells. These results constitute a first step in the use of dietary fibers as a nutritional strategy to prevent ETEC infection. Further work will be dedicated to the study of fiber/ETEC interactions within a complex gut microbial background.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation in the proinflammatory activity of urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by in vitro assays

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Christopher Lovett ◽  
Mafalda Cacciottolo ◽  
Farimah Shirmohammadi ◽  
Amin Haghani ◽  
Todd E. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Proinflammatory Activity

Background: Ambient particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) undergoes diurnal changes in chemical composition due to photochemical oxidation. In this study we examine the relationships between oxidative activity and inflammatory responses associated with these diurnal chemical changes. Because secondary PM contains a higher fraction of oxidized PM species, we hypothesized that PM2.5 collected during afternoon hours would induce a greater inflammatory response than primary, morning PM2.5. Methods: Time-integrated aqueous slurry samples of ambient PM2.5 were collected using a direct aerosol-into-liquid collection system during defined morning and afternoon time periods. PM2.5 samples were collected for 5 weeks in the late summer (August-September) of 2016 at a central Los Angeles site. Morning samples, largely consisting of fresh primary traffic emissions (primary PM), were collected from 6-9am (am-PM2.5), and afternoon samples were collected from 12-4pm (pm-PM2.5), when PM composition is dominated by products of photochemical oxidation (secondary PM). The two diurnally phased PM2.5 slurries (am- and pm-PM2.5) were characterized for chemical composition and BV-2 microglia were assayed in vitro for oxidative and inflammatory gene responses. Results: Contrary to expectations, the am-PM2.5 slurry had more proinflammatory activity than the pm-PM2.5 slurry as revealed by nitric oxide (NO) induction, as well as the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 (MCP-1), as assessed by messenger RNA production. Conclusions: The diurnal differences observed in this study may be in part attributed to the greater content of transition metals and water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) of am-PM2.5 (primary PM) vs. pm-PM2.5 (secondary PM), as these two classes of compounds can increase PM2.5 toxicity.

scholarly journals Potential Health Benefits of Origanum heracleoticum Essential Oil: Phytochemical and Biological Variability among Different Calabrian Populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Marrelli ◽  
Fabrizio Araniti ◽  
Maria Rosa Abenavoli ◽  
Giancarlo Statti ◽  
Filomena Conforti
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
No Production ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Phytochemical Content

The potential health benefits of the essential oils of six different populations of Origanum heracleoticum L. from Calabria (Italy) were assessed, together with the evaluation of the influence of the site of collection on their metabolic profile and biological activity. Different terpenoids were identified, being thymol, carvacrol and o-cymene among the most abundant ones. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed the identification of two main groups, which were discriminated by the altitude of collection. The antioxidant activity was tested by means of two in vitro assays: DPPH and β-carotene bleaching test. Samples EO-4 and EO-3 were the most active in protecting linoleic acid from peroxidation, with IC50 values of 4.00 and 4.68 μg/mL after 30 minutes of incubation. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed through the evaluation of the capacity to inhibit NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. All essential oils induced a dose-depending inhibitory effect. An excellent activity was demonstrated for sample EO-4, followed by sample EO-3 (IC50 values equal to 32.77 and 49.48 μg/mL, respectively). Observed biological properties were correlated to the phytochemical content of analyzed samples.

scholarly journals In VivoandIn VitroAntitumor Effects of Platycodin D, a Saponin Purified from Platycodi Radix on the H520 Lung Cancer Cell

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Chan Park ◽  
Young Joon Lee ◽  
Hae Yun Choi ◽  
Yong Kook Shin ◽  
Jong Dae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Nude Mice ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Athymic Nude Mice ◽  
Platycodin D ◽  
Platycodi Radix

Platycodin D is a major pharmacological constituent of Platycodi radix and has showed various pharmacological activities through oxidative stress defense mechanisms. Here, possible antitumor, anticachexia, and immunomodulatory activities of platycodin D were observed on the H520 tumor cell-bearing athymic nude mice after confirming thein vitrocytotoxicity. Platycodin D was orally administered at dose levels of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg, once a day for 35 days from 15 days after implantation. The results were compared with gemcitabine 160 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated mice (7-day intervals). Platycodin D showed favorable cytotoxic effects on the H520 cells, and also dose-dependently decreased the tumor volumes and weights with increases of apoptotic cells (caspase-3 and PARP immunopositive cells), iNOS and TNF-αimmunoreactivities, decreases of COX-2 immunoreactivities in tumor masses. Platycodin D also showed dose-dependent immunostimulatory and anticachexia effects. Gemcitabine showed favorable cytotoxity against H520 tumor cell and relatedin vivoantitumor effects but aggravated the cancer related cachexia and immunosuppress in H520 tumor cell-bearing athymic nude mice. Taken together, it is considered that oral treatment of platycodin D has potent antitumor activities on H520 cells through direct cytotoxic effects, increases of apoptosis in tumor cells, and immunostimulatory effects and can be control cancer related cachexia.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation in the proinflammatory activity of urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by in vitro assays

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Christopher Lovett ◽  
Mafalda Cacciottolo ◽  
Farimah Shirmohammadi ◽  
Amin Haghani ◽  
Todd E. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Proinflammatory Activity

Background: Ambient particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) undergoes diurnal changes in chemical composition due to photochemical oxidation. In this study we examine the relationships between oxidative activity and inflammatory responses associated with these diurnal chemical changes. Because secondary PM contains a higher fraction of oxidized PM species, we hypothesized that PM2.5 collected during afternoon hours would induce a greater inflammatory response than primary, morning PM2.5. Methods: Time-integrated aqueous slurry samples of ambient PM2.5 were collected using a direct aerosol-into-liquid collection system during defined morning and afternoon time periods. PM2.5 samples were collected for 5 weeks in the late summer (August-September) of 2016 at a central Los Angeles site. Morning samples, largely consisting of fresh primary traffic emissions (primary PM), were collected from 6-9am (am-PM2.5), and afternoon samples were collected from 12-4pm (pm-PM2.5), when PM composition is dominated by products of photochemical oxidation (secondary PM). The two diurnally phased PM2.5 slurries (am- and pm-PM2.5) were characterized for chemical composition and BV-2 microglia were assayed in vitro for oxidative and inflammatory gene responses. Results: Contrary to expectations, the am-PM2.5 slurry had more proinflammatory activity than the pm-PM2.5 slurry as revealed by nitric oxide (NO) induction, as well as the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 (MCP-1), as assessed by messenger RNA production. Conclusions: The diurnal differences observed in this study may be in part attributed to the greater content of transition metals and water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) of am-PM2.5 (primary PM) vs. pm-PM2.5 (secondary PM), as these two classes of compounds can increase PM2.5 toxicity.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation in the proinflammatory activity of urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by in vitro assays

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Lovett ◽  
Mafalda Cacciottolo ◽  
Farimah Shirmohammadi ◽  
Amin Haghani ◽  
Todd E. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Proinflammatory Activity

Background: Ambient particulate matter (PM) smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) undergoes diurnal changes in chemical composition due to photochemical oxidation. In this study we examine the relationships between oxidative activity and inflammatory responses associated with these diurnal chemical changes. Because secondary PM contains a higher fraction of oxidized PM species, we hypothesized that PM2.5 collected during afternoon hours would induce a greater inflammatory response than primary, morning PM2.5. Methods: Time-integrated aqueous slurry samples of ambient PM2.5 were collected using a direct aerosol-into-liquid collection system during defined morning and afternoon time periods. PM2.5 samples were collected for 5 weeks in the late summer (August-September) of 2016 at a central Los Angeles site. Morning samples, largely consisting of fresh primary traffic emissions (primary PM), were collected from 6-9am (am-PM2.5), and afternoon samples were collected from 12-4pm (pm-PM2.5), when PM composition is dominated by products of photochemical oxidation (secondary PM). The two diurnally phased PM2.5 slurries (am- and pm-PM2.5) were characterized for chemical composition and BV-2 microglia were assayed in vitro for oxidative and inflammatory gene responses. Results: Contrary to expectations, the am-PM2.5 slurry had more proinflammatory activity than the pm-PM2.5 slurry as revealed by nitric oxide (NO) induction, as well as the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 (MCP-1), as assessed by messenger RNA production. Conclusions: The diurnal differences observed in this study may be in part attributed to the greater content of transition metals and water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) of am-PM2.5 (primary PM) vs. pm-PM2.5 (secondary PM), as these two classes of compounds can increase PM2.5 toxicity.

Activité antimicrobienne d'antioxydants phénoliques

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1306-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Turcotte ◽  
Samir A. Saheb
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Family ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

The antimicrobial activity of three antioxydants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ethoxyquin (ETO) was studied. In vitro assays showed that when these antioxydants are added to the culture media at concentrations lower or equal to that used in nutrition, they inhibit or decrease the growth of certain microorganisms. BHT showed the most marked effect, affecting Gram-positive bacteria at a higher degree than the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Inactivation study of different bacterial species by BHT revealed differences in sensitivity among a single genus and between strains of the same species. The association of ETO with BHT results in an increase of the inhibitory activity. The increased sensitivity to BHT resulting from the osmotic shock of Escherichia coli cells suggests that the resistance to BHT of the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae might be due in part to the structure of their cell wall.

Urban Air Pollution Nanoparticles from Los Angeles: Recently Decreased Neurotoxicity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hongqiao Zhang ◽  
Carla D’Agostino ◽  
Henry Jay Forman ◽  
Mafalda Cacciottolo ◽  
Max Thorwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
In Vitro Assays

Background: Air pollution is widely associated with accelerated cognitive decline at later ages and risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Correspondingly, rodent models demonstrate the neurotoxicity of ambient air pollution and its components. Our studies with nano-sized particulate matter (nPM) from urban Los Angeles collected since 2009 have shown pro-amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory responses. However, recent batches of nPM have diminished induction of the glutamate receptor GluA1 subunit, Iba1, TNFα, Aβ 42 peptide, and white matter damage. The same methods, materials, and mouse genotypes were used throughout. Objective: Expand the nPM batch comparisons and evaluate archived brain samples to identify the earliest change in nPM potency. Methods: Batches of nPM were analyzed by in vitro cell assays for NF-κB and Nrf2 induction for comparison with in vivo responses of mouse brain regions from mice exposed to these batches, analyzed by PCR and western blot. Results: Five older nPM batches (2009–2017) and four recent nPM batches (2018, 2019) for NF-κB and Nrf2 induction showed declines in nPM potency after 2017 that paralleled declines of in vivo activity from independent exposures in different years. Conclusion: Transcription-based in vitro assays of nPM corresponded to the loss of in vivo potency for inflammatory and oxidative responses. These recent decreases of nPM neurotoxicity give a rationale for evaluating possible benefits to the risk of dementia and stroke in Los Angeles populations.

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