Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with Starch Metabolism in Castanea henryi Seed (Fagaceae)

Starch is the most important form of carbohydrate storage and is the major energy reserve in some seeds, especially Castanea henryi. Seed germination is the beginning of the plant’s life cycle, and starch metabolism is important for seed germination. As a complex metabolic pathway, the regulation of starch metabolism in C. henryi is still poorly understood. To explore the mechanism of starch metabolism during the germination of C. henryi, we conducted a comparative gene expression analysis at the transcriptional level using RNA-seq across four different germination stages, and analyzed the changes in the starch and soluble sugar contents. The results showed that the starch content increased in 0–10 days and decreased in 10–35 days, while the soluble sugar content continuously decreased in 0–30 days and increased in 30–35 days. We identified 49 candidate genes that may be associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, two nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPS) genes and three starch synthases (SS) genes may be related to starch accumulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of these genes. Our study combined transcriptome data with physiological and biochemical data, revealing potential candidate genes that affect starch metabolism during seed germination, and provides important data about starch metabolism and seed germination in seed plants.

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Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase

10.32747/2009.7591740.bard ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Arthur Schaffer ◽

Jack Preiss ◽

Marina Petreikov ◽

Ilan Levin

Keyword(s):

Starch Content ◽

Large Subunit ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Regulatory Subunit ◽

Starch Accumulation ◽

Research Project ◽

Immature Fruit

The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.

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IPA1 Negatively Regulates Early Rice Seedling Development by Interfering with Starch Metabolism via the GA and WRKY Pathways

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22126605 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 6605

Author(s):

Yonggang He ◽

Menghao Zhu ◽

Zhihui Li ◽

Shan Jiang ◽

Zijun He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Seedling Development ◽

Starch Metabolism ◽

Early Seedling Growth ◽

Amylase Genes ◽

Early Seedling

Ideal Plant Architecture 1 (IPA1) encodes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 14 (SPL14) with a pleiotropic effect on regulating rice development and biotic stress responses. To investigate the role of IPA1 in early seedling development, we developed a pair of IPA1/ipal-NILs and found that seed germination and early seedling growth were retarded in the ipa1-NIL. Analysis of the soluble sugar content, activity of amylase, and expression of the α-amylase genes revealed that the starch metabolism was weakened in the ipa1-NIL germinating seeds. Additionally, the content of bioactive gibberellin (GA) was significantly lower than that in the IPA1-NIL seeds at 48 h of imbibition. Meanwhile, the expression of GA synthesis-related gene OsGA20ox1 was downregulated, whereas the expression of GA inactivation-related genes was upregulated in ipa1-NIL seeds. In addition, the expression of OsWRKY51 and OsWRKY71 was significantly upregulated in ipa1-NIL seeds. Using transient dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays, IPA1 was found to directly activate the expression of OsWRKY51 and OsWRKY71, which would interfere with the binding affinity of GA-induced transcription factor OsGAMYB to inhibit the expression of α-amylase genes. In summary, our results suggest that IPA1 negatively regulates seed germination and early seedling growth by interfering with starch metabolism via the GA and WRKY pathways.

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Primary metabolite mobilization during germination in rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) seeds

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/s0100-67622008000100003 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 19-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Renata Braga Souza Lima ◽

José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves ◽

Silvana Cristina Pando ◽

Andréia Varmes Fernandes ◽

André Luis Wendt dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Starch Content ◽

Initial Period ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Alpha Amylase ◽

Primary Metabolite ◽

Radicle Growth ◽

Starch Mobilization

This study aimed to characterize protein, oil, starch and soluble sugar mobilization as well as the activity of alpha-amylase during rosewood seed germination. Germination test was carried out at 25°C and the following parameters were analyzed: percentage of germination, initial, average, and final germination time. Seed reserve quantification was monitored in quiescent seeds and during different stages of radicle growth. Starch mobilization was studied in function of a-amylase activity. Germination reached 87.5% at the initial, average, and final time of 16, 21 and 30 days, respectively. Oil mobilization showed a negative linear behavior, decreasing 40% between the first and the last stage analyzed, whereas protein levels increased 34.7% during the initial period of germination. Starch content (46.4%) was the highest among those of the metabolites analyzed and starch mobilization occurred inversely to the observed for soluble sugars; alpha-amylase activity increased until the 15th day, a period before radicle emission and corresponding to the highest starch mobilization. The high percentage of rosewood seed germination may be related to the controlled condition used in the germination chamber as well as to high seed reserve mobilization, in special oil and starch.

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DRY WEIGHT, SOLUBLE SUGAR CONTENT, AND STARCH CONTENT OF MAIZE KERNELS DURING THE EARLY POSTSILKING PERIOD

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps78-029 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 199-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M. TOLLENAAR ◽

T. B. DAYNARD

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Starch Content ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Soluble Sugar Content ◽

Maize Kernels

Kernel development was studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444, grown in a controlled-environment growth room. A method was employed in which husks were excised, and kernels were removed from the same set of ears at several subsequent sampling dates. This method did not affect the dry matter accumulation of the remaining kernels. Basal kernels (kernel numbers 6–15 in the row) and tip kernels (kernel numbers 31–40) were removed at 2-day intervals during the period from 10 to 20 days postsilking. Dry weight, ethanol-soluble sugar content, and starch content were determined for each sample. Accumulation of dry matter in the tip kernels ceased in a fraction of the United-H106 ears at the onset of the period of linear tip-kernel dry matter accumulation. Only small differences were observed in sugar content between growing and non-growing tip kernels of ears of United-H106. Starch appeared to continue to accumulate in kernels in which dry matter had ceased to accumulate. Except for a delay of approximately 2 days, the pattern of development of tip kernels in Funk’s G-4444 was similar to that of kernels at the base.

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Expression of Maize MADS Transcription Factor ZmES22 Negatively Modulates Starch Accumulation in Rice Endosperm

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20030483 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 483 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kangyong Zha ◽

Haoxun Xie ◽

Min Ge ◽

Zimeng Wang ◽

Yu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Starch Accumulation ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Altered Expression ◽

Rice Endosperm

As major component in cereals grains, starch has been one of the most important carbohydrate consumed by a majority of world’s population. However, the molecular mechanism for regulation of biosynthesis of starch remains elusive. In the present study, ZmES22, encoding a MADS-type transcription factor, was modestly characterized from maize inbred line B73. ZmES22 exhibited high expression level in endosperm at 10 days after pollination (DAP) and peaked in endosperm at 20 DAP, indicating that ZmES22 was preferentially expressed in maize endosperm during active starch synthesis. Transient expression of ZmES22 in tobacco leaf revealed that ZmES22 protein located in nucleus. No transactivation activity could be detected for ZmES22 protein via yeast one-hybrid assay. Transformation of overexpressing plasmid 35S::ZmES22 into rice remarkedly reduced 1000-grain weight as well as the total starch content, while the soluble sugar was significantly higher in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, overexpressing ZmES22 reduced fractions of long branched starch. Scanning electron microscopy images of transverse sections of rice grains revealed that altered expression of ZmES22 also changed the morphology of starch granule from densely packed, polyhedral starch granules into loosely packed, spherical granules with larger spaces. Furthermore, RNA-seq results indicated that overexpressing ZmES22 could significantly influence mRNA expression levels of numerous key regulatory genes in starch synthesis pathway. Y1H assay illustrated that ZmES22 protein could bind to the promoter region of OsGIF1 and downregulate its mRNA expression during rice grain filling stages. These findings suggest that ZmES22 was a novel regulator during starch synthesis process in rice endosperm.

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Morphological and Physiological Changes in Sedum spectabile during Flower Formation Induced by Photoperiod

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4329824 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 426-431

Author(s):

Cuiqin YANG ◽

Xiyao WANG ◽

Yaoguo QIN ◽

Xin SUN ◽

Qiang WANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Floral Development ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Floral Induction ◽

Starch Content ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Flower Formation ◽

Soluble Sugar Content ◽

Apical Buds ◽

Long Day

Sedum spectabile is an ornamental herbaceous perennial considered as a long-day plant. Varying levels of hormones and sugars possibly affect flower bud formation. This study aimed to determine the changes in endogenous hormones, sugars, and respiration levels in leaves and in apical buds. In addition, the current research was also conducted to observe the morphological changes during the induction, initiation and development of flower buds. Results showed that the periods of floral induction, initiation and development of S. spectabile were the period from 0 d to 1 d, 2 d to 10 d and after 11 d respectively under long day of 20 hours. High zeatin level in apical buds was conducive to floral induction; the increasing levels of gibberrelin and indole acetic acid favor floral initiation; floral development was regulated by mutually synergistic and antagonistic relationships of hormones. The total starch content in leaves remarkably decreased during floral induction. Moreover, soluble sugar content increased and reached the maximum level at 20 d of the treatment period. Afterward, soluble sugar content declined rapidly and was probably transported to the apical buds for rapid floral development. Furthermore, the total respiration of leaves maintained an upward trend; the cytochrome pathway also maintained an increasing trend after the plants were treated for 20 d. Such changes may favour the morphological differentiation of apical buds in floral development.

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Stalk architecture, cell wall composition, and QTL underlying high stalk flexibility for improved lodging resistance in maize

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-020-02728-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaqing Wang ◽

Zi Shi ◽

Ruyang Zhang ◽

Xuan Sun ◽

Jidong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Strong Wind ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Fracture Angle ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Maize Varieties

Abstract Background Stalk fracture caused by strong wind can severely reduce yields in maize. Stalks with higher stiffness and flexibility will exhibit stronger lodging resistance. However, stalk flexibility is rarely studied in maize. Stalk fracture of the internode above the ear before tasseling will result in the lack of tassel and pollen, which is devastating for pollination in seed production. In this study, we focused on stalk lodging before tasseling in two maize inbred lines, JING724 and its improved line JING724A1 and their F2:3 population. Results JING724A1 showed a larger stalk fracture angle than JING724, indicating higher flexibility. In addition, compared to JING724, JING724A1 also had longer and thicker stalks, with a conical, frustum-shaped internode above the ear. Microscopy and X-ray microcomputed tomography of the internal stalk architecture revealed that JING724A1 had more vascular bundles and thicker sclerenchyma tissue. Furthermore, total soluble sugar content of JING724A1, especially the glucose component, was substantially higher than in JING724. Using an F2:3 population derived from a JING724 and JING724A1 cross, we performed bulk segregant analysis for stalk fracture angle and detected one QTL located on Chr3: 14.00–19.28 Mb. Through transcriptome data analysis and ∆ (SNP-index), we identified two candidate genes significantly associated with high stalk fracture angle, which encode a RING/U-box superfamily protein (Zm00001d039769) and a MADS-box transcription factor 54 (Zm00001d039913), respectively. Two KASP markers designed from these two candidate genes also showed significant correlations with stalk fracture angle. Conclusions The internode shape and glucose content are possibly correlated with stalk flexibility in maize. Two genes in the detected QTL are potentially associated with stalk fracture angle. These novel phenotypes and associated loci will provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the genetic mechanisms of lodging, and facilitate the selection of maize varieties with improved flexibility and robust lodging resistance.

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Utilisation of stored lipids during germination in dimorphic seeds of euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp17309 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 1009 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yuanqin Zhao ◽

Yanchun Ma ◽

Qiang Li ◽

Yang Yang ◽

Jianrong Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Isocitrate Lyase ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Malate Synthase ◽

Suaeda Salsa ◽

Lyase Activity ◽

Key Enzyme ◽

Black Seeds

Utilisation of stored lipids plays an important role in germination of oil seeds. In the present study, key enzyme activity (lipase, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) in lipid utilisation was determined during germination in dimorphic seeds of euhalophyte Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. The results revealed that the percentage of germination were highest in intertidal brown seeds, followed by inland brown seeds and then inland black seeds moistened with 0 and 300 mM NaCl during early seed germination. The same trend was found in the activity of three enzymes and soluble sugar content when seeds were moistened with 0 and 300 mM NaCl for 3 h. Salinity reduced the activity of three enzymes in inland brown and black seeds in the initial 3 h, except that salinity had no adverse effect on isocitrate lyase activity of brown seeds. Salinity had no adverse effect on three enzymes in inland brown and black seeds in the initial 30 h, except that it decreased malate synthase activity of black seeds. Salinity had no effect on three enzymes in intertidal brown seeds in the initial 3 h and 30 h. In conclusion, high activity of these enzymes in brown seeds may play an important role in utilisation of stored lipids during their rapid seed germination.

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Cloning and Expression of Two Soluble Acid Invertase Gene Isoforms from Rhododendron

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.139.2.123 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 139 (2) ◽

pp. 123-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

He Lisi ◽

Su Jiale ◽

Liu Xiaoqing ◽

Li Chang ◽

Chen Shangping

Keyword(s):

Floral Development ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Acid Invertase ◽

Cloning And Expression ◽

Transcriptional Level ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

Soluble Acid Invertase ◽

High Amino Acid ◽

Soluble Acid

Soluble acid invertase [SAI (Enzyme Commission 3.2.1.26)] plays an important role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of sucrose into hexoses and regulates floral development. Full-length cDNAs encoding RhSAI1 and RhSAI2 isoforms were cloned from Rhododendron hybrid ‘Yuqilin’ and they exhibited high amino acid sequence identity (89%) to each other. The protein sequences contain highly conserved motifs present in all SAIs, including the β-fructosidase motif N-D-P-(D/N), a putative active site W-E-C-(I/V)-D, and R-D-P. The expression of RhSAI1 and RhSAI2 genes was under spatial and temporal control. Expression of both RhSAI1 and RhSAI2 genes was most abundant in stems, and expression was lowest in roots and leaves, respectively. The expression of RhSAI2 was significantly lower than that of RhSAI1 in all organs. During floral development, RhSAI1 was highly expressed at the earliest stage (Stage I), decreased until Stage III, and increased again at the terminal stage. The pattern of RhSAI2 expression was distinctly different, showing a continuous increase during floral development. Consistent with the levels of RhSAI1 expression, SAI activity decreased during floral development and was inversely correlated with the soluble sugar content. Abundant expression of RhSAI1 at the transcriptional level in addition to high SAI activity during the initial stages of floral development may play a vital role in supplying the energy needed for rapid cell division and growth of flowers.

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Study on the in vitro development of Chrysanthymum indicum L. shoots in the salinity stress

Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences ◽

10.32508/stdjns.v2i4.804 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 5-12

Author(s):

Thang Thanh Tran ◽

Trinh Thi Diem Phan ◽

Huong Thanh Tran

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Stress Condition ◽

Starch Content ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽

Parenchymal Cells ◽

Vitro Development

In this study, NaCl at varrious concentrations of 4 – 10 g/L was used to investigate the salt tolerance of in vitro shoot cuttings of Chrysanthemum indicum. Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes during the response of shoot cuttings in the salinity stress were analyzed. NaCl at 6 g/L reduced the development of shoot cuttings. Under salinity stress conditions, there have just a little reduction of the chloroplast in parenchymal cells near the midrib of leaf before they turn brown and die. Besides, carotenoid, starch content, and photosynthesis intensity were decreased. In contrast, respiration rate, proline and total soluble sugar content, and the activity of IAA and gibberellin were strongly increased. The application of IAA 0.25 mg/L, zeatin 0.1 mg/L and GA3 0.1 mg/L improved the shoot development in the salinity stress condition. Shoots in MS medium supplemented with BA 0.2 mg/L, NAA 2 mg/L and NaCl 6 g/L grow better in salinity stress condition.

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