scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Nakai ◽  
Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
Keyword(s):  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Sulfur Transfer ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Small Biomolecules ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Sulfur is an essential element required for plant growth. It can be found as a thiol group of proteins or non-protein molecules, and as various sulfur-containing small biomolecules, including iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters, molybdenum cofactor (Moco), and sulfur-modified nucleotides. Thiol-mediated redox regulation has been well investigated, whereas biosynthesis pathways of the sulfur-containing small biomolecules have not yet been clearly described. In order to understand overall sulfur transfer processes in plant cells, it is important to elucidate the relationships among various sulfur delivery pathways as well as to investigate their interactions. In this review, we summarize the information from recent studies on the biosynthesis pathways of several sulfur-containing small biomolecules and the proteins participating in these processes. In addition, we show characteristic features of gene expression in Arabidopsis at the early stage of sulfate depletion from the medium, and we provide insights into sulfur transfer processes in plant cells.

Signal-regulated oxidation of proteins via MICAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
Clara Ortegón Salas ◽  
Katharina Schneider ◽  
Christopher Horst Lillig ◽  
Manuela Gellert
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Intracellular Signals ◽  
Amino Acid Side Chains ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Processing of and responding to various signals is an essential cellular function that influences survival, homeostasis, development, and cell death. Extra- or intracellular signals are perceived via specific receptors and transduced in a particular signalling pathway that results in a precise response. Reversible post-translational redox modifications of cysteinyl and methionyl residues have been characterised in countless signal transduction pathways. Due to the low reactivity of most sulfur-containing amino acid side chains with hydrogen peroxide, for instance, and also to ensure specificity, redox signalling requires catalysis, just like phosphorylation signalling requires kinases and phosphatases. While reducing enzymes of both cysteinyl- and methionyl-derivates have been characterised in great detail before, the discovery and characterisation of MICAL proteins evinced the first examples of specific oxidases in signal transduction. This article provides an overview of the functions of MICAL proteins in the redox regulation of cellular functions.

scholarly journals The Myocardial and Neuronal Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and Detrimental Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Herbert ◽  
Dominique Fournier ◽  
Waleed A. Al-Shaqha ◽  
Mohamed Chahine
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Insufficient Data ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Neuronal Functions

The epidemiological outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), alias COVID-19, began in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in late December and eventually turned into a pandemic that has led to 3.71+ million deaths and 173+ million infected cases worldwide. In addition to respiratory manifestations, COVID-19 patients with neurological and myocardial dysfunctions exhibit a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. The immune function tends to be affected by cardiovascular risk factors and is thus indirectly related to the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Many neurological symptoms and manifestations have been reported in COVID-19 patients. However, detailed descriptions of the prevalence and characteristic features of these symptoms are restricted due to insufficient data. It is thus advisable for clinicians to be vigilant for both cardiovascular and neurological manifestations in order to detect them at an early stage to avoid inappropriate management of COVID-19 and to address the manifestations adequately. Patients with severe COVID-19 are notably more susceptible to developing cardiovascular and neurological complications than non-severe COVID-19 patients. This review focuses on the consequential outcomes of COVID-19 on cardiovascular and neuronal functions, including other influencing factors.

Factors Affecting the Referral of Potentially Malignant Lesions from Primary Dental Care: A Pilot Study in South Yorkshire

2009 ◽  
Vol os16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R Brocklehurst ◽  
Sarah R Baker ◽  
Paul M Speight
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Clinical Excellence ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aims Early diagnosis of oral cancer is an essential element of prevention, yet many patients present late, suggesting that criteria used for referral miss the small or early-stage lesions. The aims of this study were to determine what cues are used by primary care dentists when making the decision to refer a suspicious lesion, and to investigate their recent referral behaviour. Methods A cross-sectional study using a postal questionnaire was undertaken in a major conurbation in South Yorkshire. The questionnaire was sent to all 95 practices in the area concerned. Primary care dentists were asked to score a range of cues on a five-point scale and list their top ten. Experience of referrals made in the last 12 months was also recorded. Results Forty-two questionnaires were returned (44.2%). The cues that primary care dentists ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ would initiate a referral were: ‘fixed’, ‘smokes >20 cigarettes/day’, ‘indurated’, ‘ragged borders’ and ‘ulceration’. The most cited top-ten cues were ‘ulcerated’, ‘fixed to underlying tissues’, ‘smoking’ and ‘indurated’. The median number of lesions referred was 0.77 per 1000 adult patients. Twenty-six dentists recorded their experience of 29 lesions. Of these, 17% had been found by the patient whereas 80% had been found at a routine dental examination. Seventy-nine per cent had been present for more than six weeks. Reasons for referral included atypical appearance (38%), ulceration (21%) and location (21%). Fifty-four per cent of primary care dentists described their relationship with secondary care as either ‘good’ or ‘excellent’. Conclusions The most cited cues related to established or advanced disease, not to ‘red’ and ‘white’ lesions, which the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommend for early referral. Even allowing for the relatively poor response rate, this suggests that some small lesions of oral cancer are being missed.

Remote sensing of geological structure in temperate agricultural terrains

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Drury
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Thematic Mapper ◽  
Landsat Thematic Mapper ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Bond Stretching ◽  
Absorption Features

AbstractAgricultural patterns dominate most remotely sensed images of lowland north Europe and camouflage shadow patterns related to topography and hence to underlying geological structure. Images of those parts of the near-infrared spectrum close to absorption features controlled by H–O–H bond stretching in plant cells and soil moisture largely remove this hindrance to interpretation, if they are acquired at an early stage in the growing season. The most easily available and most useful images of this type are those of band 5 from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Spatial filtering techniques applied to digital images can enhance them for structural interpretation if filter matrices and viewing scales are chosen to match the dimensions of the most common elements of the landscape and the peak of visual acuity. Filters to enhance directional attributes of an agricultural scene give appealing results but contain spurious linear features that masquerade as faults.

The automated synthesis of sulfur-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotides using 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide as a sulfur-transfer reagent

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (15) ◽  
pp. 4693-4699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhakrishnan P. Iyer ◽  
Lawrence R. Phillips ◽  
William Egan ◽  
Judith B. Regan ◽  
Serge L. Beaucage
Keyword(s):  
Automated Synthesis ◽  
Sulfur Transfer ◽  
Sulfur Transfer Reagent ◽  
Sulfur Containing

scholarly journals Intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia induces inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase subunit β-dependent atherosclerosis in pulmonary arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. R763-R769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Imamura ◽  
Jin Xue ◽  
Orit Poulsen ◽  
Dan Zhou ◽  
Michael Karin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Double Knockout ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Clinical studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases atherosclerosis risk. The inflammation, especially mediated by the macrophages via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), has been speculated to contribute to atherogenicity in OSA patients. Inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-β (IKKβ) is an essential element of the NF-κB pathway and is linked to atherosclerosis. We previously reported that atherosclerosis was accelerated in pulmonary artery (PA) but not in aorta when low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout ( Ldlr−/−) mice were exposed to intermittent hypoxia/hypercapnia (IHH), a surrogate for recurrent upper-airway obstruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that IKKβ-dependent NF-κB activation in monocytes and macrophages plays a role in IHH-induced PA atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis, myeloid restricted IKKβ deletion ( IkkβΔMye) or control ( IkkβF/F) mice were crossed with Ldlr−/− mice to generate double-knockout mice. Then, the mice were exposed to IHH or room air (Air) on high-fat diet for 8 or 16 wk. Lesions of PA and aorta were examined in IkkβΔMye; Ldlr−/− and IkkβF/F; Ldlr−/− male mice under IHH vs. Air. The results revealed that IKKβ deletion abolished IHH-induced PA atherosclerosis after 8-wk exposure but not after 16-wk exposure (8 wk: IkkβF/F; Ldlr−/−, IHH 13.5 ± 1.4 vs. Air 5.7 ± 0.7%, P < 0.01; IkkβΔMye; Ldlr−/−, IHH 7.4 ± 1.9% vs. Air 4.6 ± 1.3%, P = 0.24). Both IKKβ deletion and IHH had no effects on atherosclerosis in the aorta. Our findings demonstrate that IKKβ-dependent NF-κB activity in myeloid-lineage cells plays a critical role in IHH-induced PA atherosclerosis at the early stage.

Structures and Thermal Properties of Silver(I) (Poly)chalcogenide Halide Solid Solutions Ag10Te4–(q, p)Q(q, p)Br3 with Q = S, Se

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Nilges ◽  
Melanie Bawohl
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Solid Solutions ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lower Phase ◽  
New Class ◽  
Phase Transition Temperatures ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Low Degrees ◽  
Sulfur Containing

X-Ray diffraction experiments, thermal analyses and EDX spectroscopy were performed to determine the structural and thermal properties of the solid solutions Ag10Te4−qSqBr3 and Ag10Te4−pSepBr3. The present investigation completes the work on silver(I) (poly)chalcogenide halides, a new class of mixed electron and ion conductors, with the general composition Ag10Q4X3 (Q = chalcogen and X = halogen). A high silver mobility within the polytelluride substructure and a pronounced polymorphism are characteristic features of these solid electrolytes. Phase transition temperatures are reduced upon the substitution of Te by the lighter homologs Se and S. Even low degrees of substitution lead to significantly lower phase transitions for the high-temperature polymorphs compared with Ag10Te4Br3. A permanent disorder within the silver substructure is present for the maximally substituted sulfur containing phases.

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