scholarly journals Role of Inflammation in Pathophysiology of Colonic Disease: An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noha Ahmed Nasef ◽  
Sunali Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Colonic Disease ◽  
Colonic Diseases ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Diseases of the colon are a big health burden in both men and women worldwide ranging from acute infection to cancer. Environmental and genetic factors influence disease onset and outcome in multiple colonic pathologies. The importance of inflammation in the onset, progression and outcome of multiple colonic pathologies is gaining more traction as the evidence from recent research is considered. In this review, we provide an update on the literature to understand how genetics, diet, and the gut microbiota influence the crosstalk between immune and non-immune cells resulting in inflammation observed in multiple colonic pathologies. Specifically, we focus on four colonic diseases two of which have a more established association with inflammation (inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer) while the other two have a less understood relationship with inflammation (diverticular disease and irritable bowel syndrome).

Microbiome and paediatric gut diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-320875
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Gerasimidis ◽  
Konstantinos Gkikas ◽  
Christopher Stewart ◽  
Esther Neelis ◽  
Vaios Svolos
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Intestinal Failure ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Function

In the human gut resides a vast community of microorganisms which perform critical functions for the maintenance of whole body homeostasis. Changes in the composition and function of this community, termed microbiome, are believed to provoke disease onset, including non-communicable diseases. In this review, we debate the current evidence on the role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis, outcomes and management of paediatric gut disease. We conclude that even though the gut microbiome is altered in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, intestinal failure, necrotising enterocolitis and irritable bowel syndrome, there are currently very few implications for unravelling disease pathogenesis or guiding clinical practice. In the future, the gut microbiome may aid in disease differential diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcomes, and comprise a target for therapeutic interventions.

Are Viruses and Parasites Linked to Celiac Disease? A Question that Still has no Definite Answer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1181-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Shariati ◽  
Hamid R. Aslani ◽  
Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh ◽  
Ali Taghipour ◽  
Ahmad Nasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The People ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Related Proteins

Celiac Disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine that commonly occurs in genetically predisposed individuals due to intake of gluten and related proteins. Gluten consumption, duration of breast-feeding, various infections, especially frequent intestinal infections, vaccinations and use of antibiotics can be linked to CD. It is predicted that it affects 1% of the global population and its incidence rate is increasing. Most of the people with the HLA-DQ2 or HLADQ8 are at a higher risk of developing this disease. The link between infections and autoimmune diseases has been very much considered in recent years. In several studies, we explained that pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms might have multiple roles in initiation, exacerbation, and development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In various studies, the relationship between infections caused by viruses, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Rotavirus, Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Influenza virus, and parasites including Giardia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii with CD has been raised. However, increasing evidence proposes that some of these microorganisms, especially helminths, can also have protective and even therapeutic roles in the CD process. Therefore, in order to determine the role of microorganisms in the process of this disease, we attempted to summarize the evidence suggesting the role of viral and parasitic agents in pathogenesis of CD.

scholarly journals Irritable bowel syndrome: new insights into symptom mechanisms and advances in treatment

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Spiller
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Enteric Nerves ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Fodmap Diet ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Despite being one of the most common conditions leading to gastroenterological referral, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood. However, recent years have seen major advances. These include new understanding of the role of both inflammation and altered microbiota as well as the impact of dietary intolerances as illuminated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has thrown new light on IBS. This article will review new data on how excessive bile acid secretion mediates diarrhea and evidence from post infectious IBS which has shown how gut inflammation can alter gut microbiota and function. Studies of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have also shown that even when inflammation is in remission, the altered enteric nerves and abnormal microbiota can generate IBS-like symptoms. The efficacy of the low FODMAP diet as a treatment for bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort has been demonstrated by randomized controlled trials. MRI studies, which can quantify intestinal volumes, have provided new insights into how FODMAPs cause symptoms. This article will focus on these areas together with recent trials of new agents, which this author believes will alter clinical practice within the foreseeable future.

Current recommendations on the role of diet in the aetiology and management of IBD

2021 ◽  
pp. flgastro-2020-101429
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Gerasimidis ◽  
Lihi Godny ◽  
Rotem Sigall-Boneh ◽  
Vaios Svolos ◽  
Catherine Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Exclusive Enteral Nutrition ◽  
Established Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Diet is a key modifier of risk of inflammatory bowel disease development and potentially a treatment option in patients with established disease. International organisations in gastroenterology and inflammatory bowel disease have published guidelines for the role of diet in disease onset and its management. Here, we discuss the major overarching themes arising from these guidelines and appraise recent literature on the role of diet for inflammatory bowel disease prevention, treatment of active disease and maintenance of remission, considering these themes. Except for exclusive enteral nutrition in active Crohn’s disease, we currently possess very little evidence to make any further dietary recommendations for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. There is also currently uncertainty on the extrapolation of epidemiological dietary signals on risk of disease development and preclinical experiments in animal models to management, once disease is established. Until high-quality evidence from clinical research becomes available, the only specific recommendations for inflammatory bowel disease we might safely give are those of healthy eating which apply for the general population for overall health and well-being.

scholarly journals Organoid-based models to study the role of host-microbiota interactions in IBD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Poletti ◽  
Kaline Arnauts ◽  
Marc Ferrante ◽  
Tamas Korcsmaros
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Microbial Screening ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Research Questions

Abstract The gut microbiota appears to play a central role in health, and alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in both forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), namely Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Yet, the mechanisms behind host-microbiota interactions in IBD, especially at the intestinal epithelial cell level, are not yet fully understood. Dissecting the role of host-microbiota interactions in disease onset and progression is pivotal, and requires representative models mimicking the gastrointestinal ecosystem, including the intestinal epithelium, the gut microbiota and immune cells. New advancements in organoid microfluidics technology are facilitating the study of IBD-related microbial-epithelial crosstalk, and the discovery of novel microbial therapies. Here, we review different organoid-based ex vivo models that are currently available, and benchmark their suitability and limitations for specific research questions. Organoid applications such as patient-derived organoid biobanks for microbial screening and omics technologies are discussed, highlighting their potential to gain better mechanistic insights into disease mechanisms and eventually allowing personalized medicine.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN D IN COLONIC DISEASES (INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME)

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-393
Author(s):  
Hebatallah Sallam ◽  
Sameh Ghaly ◽  
Ashraf Elsherbiny ◽  
Hesham Radwan ◽  
Yasser Eid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Colonic Diseases ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Role of gut microbiota in human health and diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athira Paingott Narayanan ◽  
Merin Babu ◽  
Ankitha Latika ◽  
Anjali Shobha Nair ◽  
Pooja Ajesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Health Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Changes Over Time

: Every human body has a gut microbiome which is a complex collection of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts. The composition of the gut flora changes over time, when diet changes, overall health changes. Intestinal flora hosts more amounts of the microbes when compared to stomach flora as it's less vulnerable to the acidity of the gastric mucosa. Intestinal flora plays a major role in balancing the immune function, metabolic homeostasis, regulates inflammation, increases mineral bioavailability, synthesizes neurotransmitters, regulates appetite, regulates blood sugar and prevention against pathogens. Dysbiosis in the gut leads to various gastrointestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer, metabolic syndromes like obesity, diabetes and various neurological disorders like autism, multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the complete wellness of our body is dependent on the microbial composition of the gut. Probiotics and prebiotic foods can add as a key element supplementing the wellness of our body.

Fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal and extraintestinal disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1173-1183
Author(s):  
Gianluca Ianiro ◽  
Jonathan P Segal ◽  
Benjamin H Mullish ◽  
Mohammed N Quraishi ◽  
Serena Porcari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the infusion of feces from a healthy donor into the gut of a recipient to treat a dysbiosis-related disease. FMT has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection, but increasing evidence supports the role of FMT in other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. The aim of this review is to paint the landscape of current evidence of FMT in different fields of application (including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disorders, decolonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria, metabolic disorders and neurological disorders), as well as to discuss the current regulatory scenario of FMT, and hypothesize future directions of FMT.

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