scholarly journals Vascular Aspects in Glaucoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4662
Author(s):  
Anna-Sophie Mursch-Edlmayr ◽  
Matthias Bolz ◽  
Clemens Strohmaier
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge

Glaucomatous optic neuropathies have been regarded as diseases caused by high intraocular pressure for a long time, despite the concept of vascular glaucoma dating back to von Graefe in 1854. Since then, a tremendous amount of knowledge about the ocular vasculature has been gained; cohort studies have established new vascular risk factors for glaucoma as well as identifying protective measures acting on blood vessels. The knowledge about the physiology and pathophysiology of the choroidal, retinal, as well as ciliary and episcleral circulation has also advanced. Only recently have novel drugs based on that knowledge been approved for clinical use, with more to follow. This review provides an overview of the current vascular concepts in glaucoma, ranging from novel pathogenesis insights to promising therapeutic approaches, covering the supply of the optic nerve head as well as the aqueous humor production and drainage system.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome and age

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schweizer ◽  
Hügli ◽  
Koella ◽  
Jeanneret
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Leg Pain ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

On the occasion of diagnosing a popliteal entrapment syndrome in a 59-year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors, who developed acute ischemic leg pain during long distance running, we give an overview on this entity with emphasis on patients’age. The different types of the popliteal artery compression syndrome are summarized. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The most important clinical sign of a popliteal entrapment syndrome is the lack of atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with limited walking distance. Not only in young athletes but also in patients more than 50 years old the popliteal entrapment syndrome has to be taken into account.

Elevated Inflammatory Parameter Levels Negatively Impact Populations of Circulating Stem Cells (CD133+), Early Endothelial Progenitor Cells (CD133+/VEGFR2+), and Fibroblast Growth Factor in Stroke Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Golab-Janowska ◽  
Edyta Paczkowska ◽  
Boguslaw Machalinski ◽  
Dariusz Kotlega ◽  
Agnieszka Meller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor Cells ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters

Background: Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are important players in neovascularization, mobilized through signalling by Angiogenic Growth Factors (AGFs) such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In vitro, inflammatory parameters impair the function and influence of EPCs on AGFs. However, this connection is not clear in vivo. To understand the mechanisms of augmented arteriogenesis and angiogenesis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients, we investigated whether circulating stem cells (CD133+), early endothelial progenitor cells (CD133+/VEGFR2+), and endothelial cells (ECs; CD34¯/CD133¯/VEGFR2+) were increasingly mobilized during AIS, and whether there were correlations between EPC levels, growth factor levels and inflammatory parameters. Methods: Data on demographics, classical vascular risk factors, neurological deficit information (assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), and treatment were collected from 43 consecutive AIS patients (group I). Risk factor control patients (group II) included 22 nonstroke subjects matched by age, gender, and traditional vascular risk factors. EPCs were measured by flow cytometry and the populations of circulating stem cells (CD133+), early EPCs (CD133+/VEGFR2+), and ECs (CD34¯/CD133¯/VEGFR2+) were analysed. Correlations between EPC levels and VEGF and FGF vascular growth factor levels as well as the influence of inflammatory parameters on EPCs and AGFs were assessed. Results: Patient ages ranged from 54 to 92 years (mean age 75.2 ± 11.3 years). The number of circulating CD34¯/CD133¯/VEGF-R2+ cells was significantly higher in AIS patients than in control patients (p < 0.05). VEGF plasma levels were also significantly higher in AIS patients compared to control patients on day 7 (p < 0.05). FGF plasma levels in patients with AIS were significantly higher than those in the control group on day 3 (p < 0.05). There were no correlations between increased VEGF and FGF levels and the number of CD133+, CD133+/VEGFR2+, or CD34¯/CD133¯/VEGFR2+ cells. Leukocyte levels, FGF plasma levels, and the number of early EPCs were negatively correlated on day 3. High sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and the number of CD133+ and CD133+/VEGFR2+ cells were negatively correlated on day 7. In addition, there was a negative correlation between fibrinogen levels and FGF plasma levels as well as the number of early EPCs (CD133+/VEGFR2+). Conclusion: AIS patients exhibited increased numbers of early EPCs (CD133+/VEGFR2+) and AGF (VEGF and FGF) levels. A negative correlation between inflammatory parameters and AGFs and EPCs indicated the unfavourable influence of inflammatory factors on EPC differentiation and survival. Moreover, these correlations represented an important mechanism linking inflammation to vascular disease.

The Spectrum of Cerebrovascular Disease and Associated Cognitive Decline

2019 ◽  
pp. 574-599
Author(s):  
Victoria J. Williams ◽  
Steven E. Arnold ◽  
David H. Salat
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
And Function

Throughout the lifespan, common variations in systemic health and illness contribute to alterations in vasculature structure and function throughout the body, significantly increasing risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). CVD is a prevalent cause of mortality in late life; it also promotes brain alterations, contributing to cognitive decline and, when severe, vascular dementia. Even prior to diseased states, individual variation in CVD risk is associated with structural and functional brain alterations. Yet, how cumulative asymptomatic alterations in vessel structure and function contribute to more subtle changes in brain tissue integrity and function that emerge in late life is unclear. Finally, vascular risk factors are associated with the clinical progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, recent theory posits that vascular degeneration may serve a contributory role in these conditions. This chapter reviews how lifespan changes in vascular health contribute to degenerative changes in neural tissue and the subsequent development of cognitive impairment and/or vascular dementia. It first discusses associations between vascular risk factors and cognition and also how declining vascular health may lead to cognitive impairment and dementia. Next, it identifies basic aspects of cerebrovascular anatomy and physiology sustaining tissue health and discusses how vulnerabilities of this system contribute to neurodegenerative changes. Finally, it reviews evidence of vascular contributions to AD and presents ideas for future research to better understand the full spectrum of cerebrovascular contributions to brain aging, cognitive decline, and dementia.

scholarly journals The impact of vascular risk factors on the thickness and volume of the choroid in AMD patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Krytkowska ◽  
Aleksandra Grabowicz ◽  
Katarzyna Mozolewska-Piotrowska ◽  
Zofia Ulańczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Safranow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Central Ring ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wet Amd

AbstractDisturbances in choroidal microcirculation may lead to the onset and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We aimed to assess changes in the choroidal volume and thickness in the macular region in AMD eyes and to investigate whether coexisting vascular risk factors alter choroidal status. We enrolled 354 AMD patients (175 dry, 179 wet AMD) and 121 healthy controls. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination and assessment of choroidal thickness and volume. A multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status revealed that wet AMD was an independent factor associated with higher average thickness of the central ring area (ATC) and average volume of the central ring area (AVC) and lower choroidal vascularity index (CVI) compared to controls (β =  + 0.18, p = 0.0007, β =  + 0.18, p = 0.0008, respectively) and to dry AMD (β =  + 0.17, p = 0.00003 for both ATC and AVC and β =  − 0.30 p < 0.0001 for CVI). ATC, AVC and average volume (AV) were lower in AMD patients with hypertension and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The duration of hypertension was inversely correlated with ATC, AVC and AV (Rs =  − 0.13, p < 0.05; Rs =  − 0.12; p < 0.05, Rs =  − 0.12; p < 0.05, respectively) while IHD duration negatively correlated with AV (Rs =  − 0.15, p < 0.05). No such associations were observed in the control group. Our findings show that the choroidal vascular system in eyes with AMD is much more susceptible to damage in the presence than in the absence of systemic vascular disease.

scholarly journals Risk Factors, and Clinical and Etiological Characteristics of Ischemic Strokes in COVID-19-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Simone Vidale
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Causal Association ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Long Time

<b><i>Background and Purpose:</i></b> Coronavirus disease 2019 (CO­VID-19) infection is an ongoing pandemic and worldwide health emergency that has caused important changes in healthcare systems. Previous studies reported an increased risk of thromboembolic events, including stroke. This systematic review aims to describe the clinical features and etiological characteristics of ischemic stroke patients with CO­VID-19 infection. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A literature search was performed in principal databases for studies and case reports containing data concerning risk factors, clinical features, and etiological characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19 and suffering from stroke. Descriptive and analytical statistics were applied. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, 14 articles were included for a total of 93 patients. Median age was 65 (IQR: 55–75) years with prevalence in males. Stroke occurred after a median of 6 days from COVID-19 infection diagnosis. Median National of Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 19. Cryptogenic (Cry) strokes were more frequent (51.8%), followed by cardioembolic etiology, and they occurred a long time after COVID-19 diagnosis compared with large-artery atherosclerosis strokes (<i>p</i><sub>trend</sub>: 0.03). The clinical severity of stroke was significantly associated with the severity grade of COVID-19 infection (<i>p</i><sub>trend</sub>: 0.03). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Ischemic strokes in COVID-19-infected patients were clinically severe, affecting younger patients mainly with Cry and cardioembolic etiologies. Further multicenter prospective registries are needed to better describe the causal association and the effect of COVID-19 infection on stroke.

scholarly journals Decolonising Terrorism Journals

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ilyas Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
University Curricula ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge ◽  
The University ◽  
Tremendous Impact

Decolonisation of knowledge over the past few years has gained much traction among scholars and students in many countries. This situation has led to calls for the decolonisation of knowledge, academia, the university, and university curricula. That said, the knowledge production side of the terrorism industry, which sits inside academia, so far has escaped calls to decolonise. This situation is somewhat surprising because the terrorism industry has had a tremendous impact on many countries, especially Muslim majority ones. The 9/11 terrorist attacks have resulted in a tremendous amount of knowledge being produced and published on terrorism and counterterrorism. However, little is known about “who is publishing on terrorism and where they are based”. To this end, this paper adopts a decolonial approach and addresses the questions of “who is publishing on terrorism and where they are based” by analysing seven terrorism journals. It argues that most of the publications and knowledge on terrorism in the seven terrorism journals are produced by scholars with Western heritage and are based at Western institutions, which is connected to the coloniality of knowledge.

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