scholarly journals Establishment of Intestinal Organoid from Rousettus leschenaultii and the Susceptibility to Bat-Associated Viruses, SARS-CoV-2 and Pteropine Orthoreovirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10763
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elbadawy ◽  
Yuki Kato ◽  
Nagisa Saito ◽  
Kimika Hayashi ◽  
Amira Abugomaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Epithelial Structure

Various pathogens, such as Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, are threatening human health worldwide. The natural hosts of these pathogens are thought to be bats. The rousette bat, a megabat, is thought to be a natural reservoir of filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses. Additionally, the rousette bat showed a transient infection in the experimental inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, we established and characterized intestinal organoids from Leschenault’s rousette, Rousettus leschenaultii. The established organoids successfully recapitulated the characteristics of intestinal epithelial structure and morphology, and the appropriate supplements necessary for long-term stable culture were identified. The organoid showed susceptibility to Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) but not to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental inoculation. This is the first report of the establishment of an expandable organoid culture system of the rousette bat intestinal organoid and its sensitivity to bat-associated viruses, PRV and SARS-CoV-2. This organoid is a useful tool for the elucidation of tolerance mechanisms of the emerging rousette bat-associated viruses such as Ebola and Marburg virus.

scholarly journals Ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20142124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raina K. Plowright ◽  
Peggy Eby ◽  
Peter J. Hudson ◽  
Ina L. Smith ◽  
David Westcott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Viruses that originate in bats may be the most notorious emerging zoonoses that spill over from wildlife into domestic animals and humans. Understanding how these infections filter through ecological systems to cause disease in humans is of profound importance to public health. Transmission of viruses from bats to humans requires a hierarchy of enabling conditions that connect the distribution of reservoir hosts, viral infection within these hosts, and exposure and susceptibility of recipient hosts. For many emerging bat viruses, spillover also requires viral shedding from bats, and survival of the virus in the environment. Focusing on Hendra virus, but also addressing Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and coronaviruses, we delineate this cross-species spillover dynamic from the within-host processes that drive virus excretion to land-use changes that increase interaction among species. We describe how land-use changes may affect co-occurrence and contact between bats and recipient hosts. Two hypotheses may explain temporal and spatial pulses of virus shedding in bat populations: episodic shedding from persistently infected bats or transient epidemics that occur as virus is transmitted among bat populations. Management of livestock also may affect the probability of exposure and disease. Interventions to decrease the probability of virus spillover can be implemented at multiple levels from targeting the reservoir host to managing recipient host exposure and susceptibility.

scholarly journals Bat-associated diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Glenn A Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses

Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Increasingly, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin and are derived from wildlife. Bats have been identified as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses belonging to a range of different virus families including SARSCoronavirus, Rabies virus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Marburg virus and Ebola virus.

scholarly journals Brief review on remdesivir

2021 ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Venkata Niharika Daka ◽  
Lakshmi Sravanthi Bandi ◽  
Sushma Alla ◽  
Venkata Spandana Cheedella ◽  
Sadasiva Rao Galaba
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Epithelial

Remdesivir is an investigational broad-spectrum small-molecule antiviral drug that has confirmed interest in the direction of RNA viruses in numerous families, which encompass Coronaviridae (alongside aspect SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and lines of bat coronaviruses able to infecting human respiratory epithelial cells), Paramyxoviridae (alongside aspect Nipah virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Hendra virus), and Filoviridae (alongside aspect Ebola virus). Originally superior to cope with Ebola virus infection , remdesivir is a prodrug of the determine adenosine analog, each of which can be metabolized into an energetic nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) via the host. The determine nucleoside, GS-441524, has displayed antiviral interest within the direction of SARS-CoV, Marburg virus , and pussycat infectious peritonitis virus, amongst others. A fashion of research have tested the effects of these pills on coronaviruses (CoVs) each in vitro and in vivo the use of mouse and non-human primate animal models.

Bat and virus ecology in a dynamic world

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
David A Wilkinson ◽  
David TS Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Anthropogenic Changes ◽  
Virus Ecology ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Australian Bat Lyssavirus

The emergence of infectious diseases caused by bat-associated viruses has had a devastating and wide-reaching effect on human populations. These viruses include lyssaviruses such as rabies virus, the filoviruses, Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and the paramyxoviruses, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV)1. As a result bats have been the focus of substantial research (Fig. 1) and certain cellular and physiological traits of bats are hypothesised to lead to ‘special’ bat-virus associations2,3 (but see Han et al.4). The anthropogenic changes in the world we live will influence human health5, including through their impact on bat ecology and the viruses within bat populations. Australian people and livestock have been infected by novel bat viruses, such as HeV, Menangle viruses (MenV) and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), and are at the forefront of both epidemiological and virological research efforts into cross-species transmission events (spillover): here we put some of those efforts and the potential impacts of anthropogenic changes on bat-virus ecology under the microscope.

scholarly journals Offering patients more: how the West Africa Ebola outbreak can shape innovation in therapeutic research for emerging and epidemic infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1721) ◽  
pp. 20160294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Rojek ◽  
Peter W. Horby
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
The West

Although, after an epidemic of over 28 000 cases, there are still no licensed treatments for Ebola virus disease (EVD), significant progress was made during the West Africa outbreak. The pace of pre-clinical development was exceptional and a number of therapeutic clinical trials were conducted in the face of considerable challenges. Given the on-going risk of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in an era of unprecedented population density, international travel and human impact on the environment it is pertinent to focus on improving the research and development landscape for treatments of emerging and epidemic-prone infections. This is especially the case since there are no licensed therapeutics for some of the diseases considered by the World Health Organization as most likely to cause severe outbreaks—including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Marburg virus, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever and Nipah virus. EVD, therefore, provides a timely exemplar to discuss the barriers, enablers and incentives needed to find effective treatments in advance of health emergencies caused by emerging infectious diseases. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.

Ebola and Other Filoviruses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Bebell
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Pediatric Vaccination

Congenital and pediatric Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD) are severe, even lethal infections. Historically, children have been underrepresented in filovirus disease outbreaks, and evidence-based treatment strategies are lacking. Existing data suggest that case fatalities are highest among children under four years of age, which is partially explained by higher virus concentrations in young children. Prevention and aggressive resuscitation, nutrition, and supportive care are the mainstays of management until filovirus-specific therapies can be developed. Differences in pediatric immune and inflammatory responses may necessitate unique approaches to pediatric vaccination and treatment. There are minimal safety or immunogenicity data in children, a crucial knowledge gap that must be addressed in future trials. Studying pediatric survivors of the 2014–2016 West Africa EVD outbreak will provide much-needed data on long-term outcomes and residual effects of filovirus disease while we await effective filovirus-specific vaccines and therapies.

scholarly journals Crystal Structure and Carbohydrate Analysis of Nipah Virus Attachment Glycoprotein: a Template for Antiviral and Vaccine Design

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (23) ◽  
pp. 11628-11636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Bowden ◽  
Max Crispin ◽  
David J. Harvey ◽  
A. Radu Aricescu ◽  
Jonathan M. Grimes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Molecular Surface ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Host Interaction

ABSTRACT Two members of the paramyxovirus family, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), are recent additions to a growing number of agents of emergent diseases which use bats as a natural host. Identification of ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as cellular receptors for these viruses has enabled the development of immunotherapeutic reagents which prevent virus attachment and subsequent fusion. Here we present the structural analysis of the protein and carbohydrate components of the unbound viral attachment glycoprotein of NiV glycoprotein (NiV-G) at a 2.2-Å resolution. Comparison with its ephrin-B2-bound form reveals that conformational changes within the envelope glycoprotein are required to achieve viral attachment. Structural differences are particularly pronounced in the 579-590 loop, a major component of the ephrin binding surface. In addition, the 236-245 loop is rather disordered in the unbound structure. We extend our structural characterization of NiV-G with mass spectrometric analysis of the carbohydrate moieties. We demonstrate that NiV-G is largely devoid of the oligomannose-type glycans that in viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Ebola virus influence viral tropism and the host immune response. Nevertheless, we find putative ligands for the endothelial cell lectin, LSECtin. Finally, by mapping structural conservation and glycosylation site positions from other members of the paramyxovirus family, we suggest the molecular surface involved in oligomerization. These results suggest possible pathways of virus-host interaction and strategies for the optimization of recombinant vaccines.

scholarly journals REVIEW: REMDESIVIR AS A CANDIDATE FOR COVID-19 TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Iffah Anasia ◽  
Zulharmita Zulharmita ◽  
Ridho Asra
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
The Us ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Direct Acting

Remdesivir is the first drug that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease. From several therapeutic options, Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral drug that has previously been tested against the Ebola virus, known to be effective and safe enough to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Corona virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that attacks the respiratory system in humans, this virus can cause mild disorders of the respiratory system, severe lung infections, and even death. Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that has previously shown antiviral activity against filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses), coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS CoV-2), paramyxoviruses (type III influenza virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, measles, and mumps virus) and Pnemoviriidae (respiratory syncytial virus).

scholarly journals Metagenomic Snapshots of Viral Components in Guinean Bats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Roberto J. Hermida Lorenzo ◽  
Dániel Cadar ◽  
Fara Raymond Koundouno ◽  
Javier Juste ◽  
Alexandra Bialonski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
West African ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Viral Components ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

To prevent the emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases and reduce their epidemic potential, we need to understand their origins in nature. Bats in the order Chiroptera are widely distributed worldwide and are natural reservoirs of prominent zoonotic viruses, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus, and possibly SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we applied unbiased metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to decipher the virosphere of frugivorous and insectivorous bat species captured in Guéckédou, Guinea, the epicenter of the West African Ebola virus disease epidemic in 2013–2016. Our study provides a snapshot of the viral diversity present in these bat species, with several novel viruses reported for the first time in bats, as well as some bat viruses closely related to known human or animal pathogens. In addition, analysis of Mops condylurus genomic DNA samples revealed the presence of an Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP)-derived pseudogene inserted in its genome. These findings provide insight into the evolutionary traits of several virus families in bats and add evidence that nonretroviral integrated RNA viruses (NIRVs) derived from filoviruses may be common in bat genomes.

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