Investigation of Chemical Constituents of Eranthis longistipitata (Ranunculaceae): Coumarins and Furochromones

Aqueous-ethanol extracts (70%) from the leaves of Eranthis longistipitata Regel. (Ranunculaceae Juss.)—collected from natural populations of Kyrgyzstan—were studied by liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). There was no variation of the metabolic profiles among plants that were collected from different populations. More than 160 compounds were found in the leaves, of which 72 were identified to the class level and 58 to the individual-compound level. The class of flavonoids proved to be the most widely represented (19 compounds), including six aglycones [quercetin, kaempferol, aromadendrin, 6-methoxytaxifolin, phloretin, and (+)-catechin] and mono- and diglycosides (the other 13 compounds). In the analyzed samples of E. longistipitata, 14 fatty acid–related compounds were identified, but coumarins and furochromones that were found in E. longistipitata were the most interesting result; furochromones khelloside, khellin, visnagin, and cimifugin were found in E. longistipitata for the first time. Coumarins 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, scoparone, fraxetin, and luvangetin and furochromones methoxsalen, 5-O-methylvisammioside, and visamminol-3′-O-glucoside were detected for the first time in the genus Eranthis Salisb. For all the above compounds, the structural formulas are given. Furthermore, detailed information (with structural formulas) is provided on the diversity of chromones and furochromones in other representatives of Eranthis. The presence of chromones in plants of the genus Eranthis confirms its closeness to the genus Actaea L. because chromones are synthesized by normal physiological processes only in these members of the Ranunculaceae family.

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Comparative Study of the Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of the Extracts from Fruits, Leaves and Root Barks of Lycium barbarum

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24081585 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 1585 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xiao Xiao ◽

Wei Ren ◽

Nan Zhang ◽

Tao Bing ◽

Xiangjun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Screening Method ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Root Bark ◽

Lycium Barbarum ◽

Functional Components ◽

First Time

The fruits, leaves and root barks of L. barbarum plant are widely used as functional foods and as ingredients in traditional Chinese prescriptions and patent medicines. They are considered to have different pharmacological activities and health benefits because of their diverse constituents. Here, the chemical constituents of the extracts from fruits, leaves and root barks of L. barbarum were compared by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HR-MS). A total of 131 compounds were identified and seven of them were quantified. Among them, 98, 28 and 35 constituents were detected in fruits, leaves and root barks respectively. Dicaffeoylspermidine/spermine derivatives were the most detected compounds (74/131); among them, dicaffeoylspermine isomers and propionyl-dicaffeoylspermidine were found in root barks in very large amounts (e.g., kukoamine B = 10.90 mg/g dry powder); dicaffeoyl-spermidine isomers were detected in fruits/leaves in a high amount, and many of their glycosylated derivatives were mainly detected in fruits. In addition, six saponins from L. barbarum fruits were reported for the first time, and 5,6-dihydrosolasonine was reported for the first time in plants. The activity assays showed that the root bark extract possessed the strongest antioxidative activity and cytotoxicity, which was presumed due to the large amount of dicaffeoylspermine/spermidines in root barks. Fourteen potential bioactive components from fruits were identified by a target cell-based screening method. These results will help to understand the different biological activities of these three parts of L. barbarum plant and will benefit the discovery of new functional components.

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High Small-Scale Variation of Leaf Traits And Their Plasticity Within And Among Genotypes of A Clonal Species

10.21203/rs.3.rs-692807/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vello Jaaska

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Leaf Traits ◽

Matter Content ◽

Small Scale ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Different Populations ◽

The Individual ◽

Clonal Species

Abstract Genetic variation of plant traits and their phenotypic plasticity are two supplementary ways of plant adaptation to temporarily fluctuating and spatially heterogeneous environmental conditions. Genetic variability and plasticity of leaf traits have been studied extensively as important indicators of the plant survival. In the case of clonal species with a patchy local distribution of clonal individuals, it would be important to investigate leaf traits at a small spatial scale. Here, small-scale variability of leaf traits and their plasticity within and among clonally spread genotypes in small 2 x 2 m plots was examined on the example of the clonal legume Trifolium alpestre. Seven leaf traits, leaflet length, area, width, fresh and dry weights, dry matter content (LDMC), and specific leaf area (SLA), were measured for ramets of various clonal genotypes sampled from five natural populations of T. alpestre. High variation of leaf traits and their plasticity was detected among the individual ramets of genotypes in 2 x 2 m plots of within the same population, as well as differential variation among the genotypes from different populations. The extent of variation in leaf traits and plasticity was found to be specific for the particular trait, genotype and site. The observed high variation of leaf traits and their plasticity within and among the clonally spread genotypes in local sites of populations is attributed to their differential combined response on the small-scale heterogeneity in the habitat conditions and genetic factors. High variation of leaf traits and their plasticity allows plants effectively respond to spatiotemporally fluctuating environmental conditions.

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Victorian Pain

10.23943/princeton/9780691174464.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel Ablow

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Victorian Literature ◽

Social Life ◽

Charles Darwin ◽

Harriet Martineau ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

The Individual ◽

Natural Philosophers ◽

First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

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Dwindling status of Epimedium Elatum (Morren & Decne) and its geographical distribution in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Current Botany ◽

10.25081/cb.2018.v9.20180106 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 47-52

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

Kashmir Himalayas ◽

Near Future ◽

First Time ◽

Tissue Culture Techniques

Epimedium elatum (Morren & Decne) of family Berberidaceace is a rare perennial medicinal plant, endemic to high altitude forests of Northwestern Himalayas in India. Ethnobotanically, it has been used as an ingredient for treatment of bone-joint disorders, impotence and kidney disorders in Kashmir Himalayas. Phytochemically, it is rich in Epimedin ABC and Icariin; all of these have been demonstrated to possess remarkable biological activities like PDE-5 inhibition (treatment of erectile dysfunction), anticancer, antiosteoporosis antioxidant and antiviral properties. The present investigation reports its traditional usage, comprehensive distribution and conservation status from twenty ecogeographical regions in Kashmir Himalayas, India. The species was reported from Gurez valley for the first time. Numerous threats like excessive grazing, deforestration, habitat fragmentation, tourism encroachment, landslides and excessive exploitation have decreased its natural populations in most of the surveyed habitats. Consequently, its existence may become threatened in near future if timely conservation steps are not taken immediately by concerned stakeholders involved in medicinal plant research. Moreover, use of plant tissue culture techniques is recommended for development of its in vitro propagation protocols. Therefore, introduction of this medicinal plant in botanical gardens, protected sites and development of monitoring programmes are needed for its immediate conservation in Northwestern Himalayas, India.

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Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Cissus Aralioides.

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570178617999200609130127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Balogun Olaoye Solomon ◽

Ajayi Olukayode Solomon ◽

Owolabi Temitayo Abidemi ◽

Oladimeji Abdulkarbir Oladele ◽

Liu Zhiqiang

Keyword(s):

Plant Extract ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Chromatographic Purification ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

First Time

: Cissus aralioides is a medicinal plant used in sub-Saharan Africa for treatment of infectious diseases; however the chemical constituents of the plant have not been investigated. Thus, in this study, attempt was made at identifying predominant phytochemical constituents of the plant through chromatographic purification and silylation of the plant extract, and subsequent characterization using spectroscopic and GC-MS techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) for the antibacterial activities of the plant extract, chromatographic fractions and isolated compounds were also examined. Chromatographic purification of the ethyl acetate fraction from the whole plant afforded three compounds: β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2) and friedelin (3). The phytosterols (1 and 2) were obtained together as a mixture. The GC-MS analysis of silylated extract indicated alcohols, fatty acids and sugars as predominant classes, with composition of 24.62, 36.90 and 26.52% respectively. Results of MICs indicated that friedelin and other chromatographic fractions had values (0.0626-1.0 mg/mL) comparable with the standard antibiotics used. Characterization of natural products from C. aralioides is being reported for the first time in this study.

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Isolation and HPLC Determination of the Chemical Components of Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411014666180730113804 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 21-33

Author(s):

Ying Wei ◽

Yongqiao Liu ◽

Yifan Hele ◽

Weiwei Sun ◽

Yang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

High Speed ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Gradient Elution ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Major Chemical ◽

Main Components ◽

First Time

Background: Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten is an important type of medicinal plant found in several Chinese provinces. It has been widely used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses. However, there is not enough detailed information about the chemical constituents of this plant or methods for their content determination. Objective: The focus of this work is the isolation and characterization of the major chemical constituents of Gentianella acuta, and developing an analytical method for their determination. Methods: The components of Gentianella acuta were isolated using (1) ethanol extraction and adsorption on macroporous resin. (2) and ethyl acetate extraction and high speed countercurrent chromatography. A HPLC-DAD method was developed using a C18 column and water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Based on compound polarities, both isocratic and gradient elution methods were developed. Results: A total of 29 compounds were isolated from this plant, of which 17 compounds were isolated from this genus for the first time. The main components in this plant were found to be xanthones. The HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for their determination, and found to show good sensitivity and reliability. Conclusion: The results of this work add to the limited body of work available on this important medicinal plant. The findings will be useful for further investigation and development of Gentianella acuta for its valuable medicinal properties.

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A University Education

10.1093/oso/9780198767268.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David Willetts

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Modern Society ◽

University Education ◽

Modern World ◽

Controversial Issues ◽

The Us ◽

The Individual ◽

The University ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Universities have a crucial role in the modern world. In England, entrance to universities is by nation-wide competition which means English universities have an exceptional influence on schools--a striking theme of the book. This important book first investigates the university as an institution and then tracks the individual on their journey to and through university. In A University Education, David Willetts presents a compelling case for the ongoing importance of the university, both as one of the great institutions of modern society and as a transformational experience for the individual. The book also makes illuminating comparisons with higher education in other countries, especially the US and Germany. Drawing on his experience as UK Minister for Universities and Science from 2010 to 2014, the author offers a powerful account of the value of higher education and the case for more expansion. He covers controversial issues in which he was involved from access for disadvantaged students to the introduction of L9,000 fees. The final section addresses some of the big questions for the future, such as the the relationship between universities and business, especially in promoting innovation.. He argues that the two great contemporary trends of globalisation and technological innovation will both change the university significantly. This is an authoritative account of English universities setting them for the first time in their new legal and regulatory framework.

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The Republic

The Oxford Handbook of Plato ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190639730.013.11 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 205-229

Author(s):

Dominic Scott

Keyword(s):

Political Theory ◽

Left Behind ◽

Ideal State ◽

The Republic ◽

Individual Justice ◽

The Individual ◽

Political Right ◽

First Time ◽

The Ideal

This chapter presents a reading of Plato’s Republic. The Republic is among Plato’s most complex works. From its title, the first-time reader will expect a dialogue about political theory, yet the work starts from the perspective of the individual, coming to focus on the question of how, if at all, justice contributes to an agent’s happiness. Only after this question has been fully set out does the work evolve into an investigation of politics—of the ideal state and of the institutions that sustain it, especially those having to do with education. But the interest in individual justice and happiness is never left behind. Rather, the work weaves in and out of the two perspectives, individual and political, right through to its conclusion. All this may leave one wondering about the unity of the work. The chapter shows that, despite the enormous range of topics discussed, the Republic fits together as a coherent whole.

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Biosynthetic strategies for tetramic acid formation

Natural Product Reports ◽

10.1039/d0np00099j ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xuhua Mo ◽

Tobias A. M. Gulder

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Acid Formation ◽

Biosynthetic Gene ◽

Tetramic Acid ◽

Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽

The Individual ◽

First Time ◽

Acid Unit

Over 30 biosynthetic gene clusters for natural tetramate have been identified. This highlight reviews the biosynthetic strategies for formation of tetramic acid unit for the first time, discussing the individual molecular mechanism in detail.

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Analysis of Pembrolizumab in Human Plasma by LC-MS/HRMS. Method Validation and Comparison with Elisa

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9060621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 621

Author(s):

Aurélien Millet ◽

Nihel Khoudour ◽

Jérôme Guitton ◽

Dorothée Lebert ◽

François Goldwasser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Human Plasma ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Internal Standard ◽

Therapeutic Drug ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Immunoglobulin G4 ◽

Positive Mode ◽

Surrogate Peptide ◽

First Time

Pembrolizumab is a humanized immunoglobulin G4-kappa anti-PD1 antibody used in the treatment of different solid tumors or haematological malignancies. A liquid chromatography coupled with a high resolution mass spectrometry (orbitrap technology) method was fully developed, optimized, and validated for quantitative analysis of pembrolizumab in human plasma. A mass spectrometry assay was used for the first time a full-length stable isotope-labelled pembrolizumab-like (Arginine 13C6-15N4 and Lysine 13C6-15N2) as an internal standard; the sample preparation was based on albumin depletion and trypsin digestion and, finally, one surrogate peptide was quantified in positive mode. The assay showed good linearity over the range of 1–100 μg/mL, a limit of quantification at 1 μg/mL, excellent accuracy from 4.4% to 5.1%, and also a between-day precision below 20% at the limit of quantification. In parallel, an in-house ELISA was developed with a linearity range from 2.5 to 50 µg/mL. Then, results were obtained from 70 plasma samples of cancer patients that were treated with pembrolizumab and quantified with both methods were compared using the Passing-Bablok regression analysis and Bland-Altman plotting. The LC-MS/HRMS method is easy to implement in the laboratory for use in the context of PK/PD studies, clinical trials, or therapeutic drug monitoring.

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