scholarly journals High Small-Scale Variation of Leaf Traits And Their Plasticity Within And Among Genotypes of A Clonal Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vello Jaaska
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clonal Species

Abstract Genetic variation of plant traits and their phenotypic plasticity are two supplementary ways of plant adaptation to temporarily fluctuating and spatially heterogeneous environmental conditions. Genetic variability and plasticity of leaf traits have been studied extensively as important indicators of the plant survival. In the case of clonal species with a patchy local distribution of clonal individuals, it would be important to investigate leaf traits at a small spatial scale. Here, small-scale variability of leaf traits and their plasticity within and among clonally spread genotypes in small 2 x 2 m plots was examined on the example of the clonal legume Trifolium alpestre. Seven leaf traits, leaflet length, area, width, fresh and dry weights, dry matter content (LDMC), and specific leaf area (SLA), were measured for ramets of various clonal genotypes sampled from five natural populations of T. alpestre. High variation of leaf traits and their plasticity was detected among the individual ramets of genotypes in 2 x 2 m plots of within the same population, as well as differential variation among the genotypes from different populations. The extent of variation in leaf traits and plasticity was found to be specific for the particular trait, genotype and site. The observed high variation of leaf traits and their plasticity within and among the clonally spread genotypes in local sites of populations is attributed to their differential combined response on the small-scale heterogeneity in the habitat conditions and genetic factors. High variation of leaf traits and their plasticity allows plants effectively respond to spatiotemporally fluctuating environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Leaf reflectance can surrogate foliar economics better than physiological traits across macrophyte species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Villa ◽  
Rossano Bolpagni ◽  
Monica Pinardi ◽  
Viktor R. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Leaf Reflectance ◽  
Macrophyte Species ◽  
Selected Traits

AbstractMacrophytes are key players in aquatic ecosystems diversity, but knowledge on variability of their functional traits, among and within species, is still limited. Remote sensing is a high-throughput, feasible option for characterizing plant traits at different scales, provided that reliable spectroscopy models are calibrated with congruous empirical data.We sampled leaves from six floating and emergent macrophyte species common in temperate areas, covering different phenological stages, seasons, and environmental conditions, and measured leaf reflectance (400-2500 nm) and leaf traits (dealing with photophysiology, pigments and structure). We explored optimal spectral bands combinations and established non-parametric reflectance-based models for selected traits, eventually showing how airborne hyperspectral data can capture spatial-temporal macrophyte variability.Our key finding is that structural - leaf dry matter content, leaf mass per area - and biochemical - chlorophyll-a content and chlorophylls to carotenoids ratio - traits can be surrogated by leaf reflectance with relative error under 20% across macrophyte species, while performance of reflectance-based models for photophysiological traits depends on species.This finding shows the link between leaf reflectance and leaf economics (structure and biochemistry) for aquatic plants, thus supporting the use of remote sensing for enhancing the level of detail of macrophyte functional diversity analysis, to intra-site and intra-species scales.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the ensiling characteristics of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Growing Seasons

SUMMARYThe effect of three levels of N fertilizer on the ensiling characteristics of S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot have been examined during first growth in two growing seasons. The effects of sucrose supplementation, inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum and wilting were also examined in certain cuts. All silages were made in the laboratory using a small scale vacuum silage technique.The perennial ryegrass herbage was higher in water soluble carbohydrates than the cocksfoot, N fertilizers decreased soluble carbohydrates and dry-matter content in both species. Buffering capacity was not consistently different between grasses or between N levels.Herbage was cut at two stages of maturity in the first year. In the first cut (8 days before ear emergence), perennial ryegrass silages were well preserved irrespective of the amount of N applied to the grass. Cocksfoot silages were well preserved only when the lowest level of N fertilizer had been applied (50 kg/ha). Supplementation of cocksfoot with sucrose prior to ensiling markedly improved silage quality, but inoculation had no effect. In the second cut (26 days after ear emergence) the grasses were higher in drymatter content and showed a lower buffering capacity, but neither ryegrass nor cocksfoot silages were well preserved unless supplemented with sucrose prior to ensiling.In the second year of the experiment only one cut was taken (9 days after ear emergence). As in the previous year, silages made from herbage at a late stage of growth were poorly preserved. Wilting prior to ensiling resulted in well-preserved silages.It is concluded that the need for additives and wilting to ensure satisfactory preservation varies in relation to the variety of grass used and its stage of growth.

scholarly journals Leaf Traits of Trees in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests of Peninsular India

Ecologies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-284
Author(s):  
Muthulingam Udayakumar ◽  
Thangavel Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Plant Functional Trait

A plant functional trait study was conducted to know the existing relationship between important leaf traits namely, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and leaf life span (LL) in tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEFs) of Peninsular India. Widely accepted methodologies were employed to record functional traits. The relationships between SLA and LDMC, LDMC and LL, and SLA and LL were measured. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation showed a significant negative relationship between SLA and LDMC, and SLA and LL, whereas a significant positive relationship was prevailed between LDMC and LL. The mean trait values (SLA, LDMC, and LL) of evergreens varied significantly from deciduous species. SLA had a closer relationship with LDMC than LL. Similarly, LL had a closer relationship with SLA than LDMC. Species with evergreen leaf habits dominated forest sites under study. Evergreen species dominate the study area with a high evergreen-deciduous ratio of 5.34:1. The S strategy score of trees indicated a relatively higher biomass allocation to persistent tissues. TDEFs occur in low elevation, semiarid environment, but with the combination of oligotrophic habitat, high temperature and longer dry season these forests were flourishing as a unique evergreen ecosystem in the drier environment. The relationships found between leaf traits were in concurrence with earlier findings. Trees of TDEFs survive on the poor-nutrient habitat with a low SLA, high LDMC, and LL. This study adds baseline data on key leaf traits to plant functional trait database of India.

scholarly journals Quality aspects of pepino dulce fruits in distinct ripening stages, packaging forms and storage conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Botrel ◽  
Raphael Augusto de Castro e Melo
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Quality Aspects

Abstract Pepino dulce (Solanum muricatum Aiton) or Pepino has been growing to produce edible, juicy and attractive fruits. The imported fruits and national small scale of Pepino dulce production are currently stored and commercialized under the absence of postharvest handling recommendations. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the quality aspects of Pepino dulce fruits in distinct ripening stages, forms of packaging and conditions of storage. The trial was conducted in a 2x2x2 factorial scheme - 2 ripening stages (ripe and immature) x 2 forms of packaging (with and without wrapping in plastic film) x 2 conditions of storage (room: 25 °C ± 2 ºC and 57% ± 5% of relative humidity (RH); cold: under refrigeration 10 °C ± 2 °C and 85% ± 5% of RH) – in a complete randomized block design. Fruit quality attributes, such as vitamin C, chemical and phenolic content, fruit color (mesocarp), firmness, dry matter content, total titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids and pH, were evaluated. Fruits showed a centesimal composition with low calories and a significant content of potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), which can contribute to the daily supply of these elements. For commercialization purposes, the association of packaging (plastic wrapping film) and refrigerated storage (cold: 10 °C ± 2 °C and 85% ± 5% of RH) to maintain the characteristics of fruit quality after a 15 days period is more important than its individual use.

Experiments on the use of home-grown foods for milk production: I. The effect of war-time changes in the food supply on the nutrient intake and milk production of dairy cows

1944 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sufficient Food ◽  
Adequate Method

1. An experiment has been conducted with dairy cows to find the effect on milk production of feeding rations with a high dry-matter content—typical war-time rations.2. It was found that where a ration high in dry matter is fed, the cow tends to refuse food, and a statistically significant fall in milk production results. The correlation between the refusal of food, calculated in terms of starch equivalent, and the fall in milk production was 0·959.3. The factors causing this inability of the cow to consume sufficient food to meet her total nutrient requirements have been considered. It has been concluded that dry-matter consumption is not an adequate method of expressing the amount of food a cow will consume, and that the major factor influencing food consumption is the palatability of the individual foods making up the ration.My thanks are due to Dr S. J. Rowland for chemical analysis of the individual foods used in the experiments.

scholarly journals Investigation of Chemical Constituents of Eranthis longistipitata (Ranunculaceae): Coumarins and Furochromones

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Andrey S. Erst ◽  
Alexander A. Chernonosov ◽  
Natalia V. Petrova ◽  
Maxim S. Kulikovskiy ◽  
Svetlana Yu. Maltseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Individual Compound ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Structural Formulas ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

Aqueous-ethanol extracts (70%) from the leaves of Eranthis longistipitata Regel. (Ranunculaceae Juss.)—collected from natural populations of Kyrgyzstan—were studied by liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). There was no variation of the metabolic profiles among plants that were collected from different populations. More than 160 compounds were found in the leaves, of which 72 were identified to the class level and 58 to the individual-compound level. The class of flavonoids proved to be the most widely represented (19 compounds), including six aglycones [quercetin, kaempferol, aromadendrin, 6-methoxytaxifolin, phloretin, and (+)-catechin] and mono- and diglycosides (the other 13 compounds). In the analyzed samples of E. longistipitata, 14 fatty acid–related compounds were identified, but coumarins and furochromones that were found in E. longistipitata were the most interesting result; furochromones khelloside, khellin, visnagin, and cimifugin were found in E. longistipitata for the first time. Coumarins 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, scoparone, fraxetin, and luvangetin and furochromones methoxsalen, 5-O-methylvisammioside, and visamminol-3′-O-glucoside were detected for the first time in the genus Eranthis Salisb. For all the above compounds, the structural formulas are given. Furthermore, detailed information (with structural formulas) is provided on the diversity of chromones and furochromones in other representatives of Eranthis. The presence of chromones in plants of the genus Eranthis confirms its closeness to the genus Actaea L. because chromones are synthesized by normal physiological processes only in these members of the Ranunculaceae family.

Reliability of leaf functional traits after delayed measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Dinesh Thakur ◽  
Lakhbeer Singh ◽  
Amit Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Leaf Dry Matter Content ◽  
Leaf Functional Traits ◽  
Temporary Storage ◽  
Delayed Measurements ◽  
Stable Leaf

In this study, the effect of temporary storage (at 4°C) on measurement of leaf traits was tested. We collected leaf samples from 25 species, which represented different functional types in the high altitude vegetation of western Himalaya, to measure leaf area (LA), leaf rehydration, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Repeated trait measurements were performed for up to 7 days. We found that in all the species, LA increased in initial 24 h of rehydration and thereafter remained stable. Leaf rehydration was found to be sensitive to delayed measurements and changed significantly for up to 7 days. For SLA and LDMC, the effect of storage time was significant only for a few species. On the basis of our findings, we recommend that, for samples stored in dark at 4°C, LA, SLA and LDMC can reliably be estimated after a delay of up to 7 days. Further, these key leaf traits should be estimated only after 24 h of rehydration. Also, trait measurements after prolonged rehydration of leaves should be avoided. Outcomes of this study will be beneficial when a large number of samples are collected from locations far away from laboratory and temporary storage is necessitated before trait measurements.

scholarly journals The leaf economics spectrum’s morning coffee: plant size-dependent changes in leaf traits and reproductive onset in a perennial tree crop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R Martin ◽  
Marney E Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Leaf Economics Spectrum ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reproductive Onset ◽  
Leaf Economics

Abstract Background and Aims Size-dependent changes in plant traits are an important source of intraspecific trait variation. However, there are few studies that have tested if leaf trait co-variation and/or trade-offs follow a within-genotype leaf economics spectrum (LES) related to plant size and reproductive onset. To our knowledge, there are no studies on any plant species that have tested whether or not the shape of a within-genotype LES that describes how traits covary across whole plant sizes, is the same as the shape of a within-genotype LES that represents environmentally driven trait plasticity. Methods We quantified size-dependent variation in eight leaf traits in a single coffee genotype (Coffea arabica var. Caturra) in managed agroecosystems with different environmental conditions (light and fertilization treatments), and evaluated these patterns with respect to reproductive onset. We also evaluated if trait covariation along a within-genotype plant-size LES differed from a within-genotype environmental LES defined with trait data from coffee growing in different environmental conditions. Key Results Leaf economics traits related to resource acquisition – maximum photosynthetic rates (A) and mass-based leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations – declined linearly with plant size. Structural traits – leaf mass, leaf thickness, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) – and leaf area increased with plant size beyond reproductive onset, then declined in larger plants. Three primary LES traits (mass-based A, leaf N and LMA) covaried across a within-genotype plant-size LES, with plants moving towards the ‘resource-conserving’ end of the LES as they grow larger; in coffee these patterns were nearly identical to a within-genotype environmental LES. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that a plant-size LES exists within a single genotype. Our findings indicate that in managed agroecosystems where resource availability is high the role of reproductive onset in driving within-genotype trait variability, and the strength of covariation and trade-offs among LES traits, are less pronounced compared with plants in natural systems. The consistency in trait covariation in coffee along both plant-size and environmental LES axes indicates strong constraints on leaf form and function that exist within plant genotypes.

scholarly journals The sanitary quality of Tifton 85 bermuda grass and Wrangler grass hay stored under different environmental conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilda Schmoeller ◽  
Marcela Abbado Neres ◽  
Sandra Mara Ströher ◽  
Newton Tavares Escocard de Olivieria ◽  
Caroline Daiane Nath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Production Area

This study evaluated the variations in temperature and dry matter content in Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass hay stored under different environmental conditions. The fungal and mycotoxin populations in the hay production area were also evaluated. Fifty samples (30 hay bales, ten samples of organic matter [OM], and ten samples of grass [G] before baling) were used in a completely randomized design and factorial scheme with ten treatments (a combination of two classes of G: Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass) and three storage systems: a covered shed without side walls, covered with a clear tarp; an open environment covered with a double-sided tarp; and a ventilated closed shed. Four additional treatments, five replications, and one sample per experimental unit completed the study design. The environment influenced the temperature of the Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Wrangler grass bales, and the dry matter content of the bales during the evaluated period was above the recommended limit (800 g kg-1). The genus Penicillium occurred with the highest frequency in the Wrangler grass stored under a double-sided tarp (6.13 log CFU g-1). In the additional treatment, the OM deposited in the soil of the Wrangler grass production area exhibited a greater occurrence of the fungus Fusarium (4.66 log CFU g-1) and of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA; 594.2 μg kg-1). The hay stored in the shed with a clear tarp exhibited more aflatoxin (AFLA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The concentration of mycotoxins varied across the storage environments and between the stored species; however, the shed storage system used in hay production might also be a source of hay contamination via the incorporation of decomposing OM with mycotoxins in the hay.  

scholarly journals Leaf reflectance can surrogate foliar economics better than physiological traits across macrophyte species

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Villa ◽  
Rossano Bolpagni ◽  
Monica Pinardi ◽  
Viktor R. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Leaf Reflectance ◽  
Macrophyte Species

Abstract Background Macrophytes are key players in aquatic ecosystems diversity, but knowledge on variability of their functional traits, among and within species, is still limited. Remote sensing is a high-throughput, feasible option for characterizing plant traits at different scales, provided that reliable spectroscopy models are calibrated with congruous empirical data, but existing applications are biased towards terrestrial plants. We sampled leaves from six floating and emergent macrophyte species common in temperate areas, covering different phenological stages, seasons, and environmental conditions, and measured leaf reflectance (400–2500 nm) and leaf traits (dealing with photophysiology, pigments, and structure). We explored optimal spectral band combinations and established non-parametric reflectance-based models for selected traits, eventually showing how airborne hyperspectral data could capture spatial–temporal macrophyte variability. Results Our key finding is that structural—leaf dry matter content, leaf mass per area—and biochemical—chlorophyll-a content and chlorophylls to carotenoids ratio—traits can be surrogated by leaf reflectance with normalized error under 17% across macrophyte species. On the other hand, the performance of reflectance-based models for photophysiological traits substantively varies, depending on macrophyte species and target parameters. Conclusions Our main results show the link between leaf reflectance and leaf economics (structure and biochemistry) for aquatic plants, thus envisioning a crucial role for remote sensing in enhancing the level of detail of macrophyte functional diversity analysis to intra-site and intra-species scales. At the same time, we highlighted some difficulties in establishing a general link between reflectance and photosynthetic performance under high environmental heterogeneity, potentially opening further investigation directions.

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