scholarly journals Facilitating Workers’ Task Proficiency with Subtle Decay of Contextual AR-Based Assistance Derived from Unconscious Memory Structures

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Alexander Neumann ◽  
Benjamin Strenge ◽  
Lars Schalkwijk ◽  
Kai Essig ◽  
Thomas Schack
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Automated Processes ◽  
System Errors ◽  
Unconscious Memory

Contemporary assistance systems support a broad variety of tasks. When they provide information or instruction, the way they do it has an implicit and often not directly graspable impact on the user. System design often forces static roles onto the user, which can have negative side effects when system errors occur or unique and previously unknown situations need to be tackled. We propose an adjustable augmented reality-based assistance infrastructure that adapts to the user’s individual cognitive task proficiency and dynamically reduces its active intervention in a subtle, not consciously noticeable way over time to spare attentional resources and facilitate independent task execution. We also introduce multi-modal mechanisms to provide context-sensitive assistance and argue why system architectures that provide explainability of concealed automated processes can improve user trust and acceptance.

Agiles Modellieren von Servicetätigkeiten/Holistic System Solution for IoT Systems – Agile Modeling of Service Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (07-08) ◽  
pp. 536-538
Author(s):  
Eckart Uhlmann ◽  
Manuel Bösing ◽  
Julian Polte ◽  
Lucas Kirsch ◽  
Ian Altmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Context Information ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
System Solution ◽  
Service Activities ◽  
Assistance Systems

Kontextsensitive Assistenzsysteme bieten ein großes Potenzial zur Optimierung von Arbeitsabläufen. Durch die Einbindung Digitaler Zwillinge können unmittelbar Kontextinformationen zur Verfügung gestellt werden, wobei die Modellierung der Arbeitsabläufe derzeit wenig standardisiert ist. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Lösung zeigt eine interaktive Software-Applikation für kontextsensitive Assistenzsysteme in Kombination mit Prozesspatterns für die Modellierung von Servicefällen.   Context-sensitive assistance systems offer a huge potential for the optimization of work processes. Through the integration of digital twins, context information can be provided instantly, whereby a modeling of work processes is hardly standardized. The following article presents a solution of an interactive software application for context-sensitive assistance systems combined with process patterns for a modeling of service activities.

scholarly journals Allocation of Attentional Resources toward a Secondary Cognitive Task Leads to Compromised Ankle Proprioceptive Performance in Healthy Young Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Yasuda ◽  
Yuki Sato ◽  
Naoyuki Iimura ◽  
Hiroyasu Iwata
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Task Condition ◽  
Dual Task Condition ◽  
Attentional Resources

The objective of the present study was to determine whether increased attentional demands influence the assessment of ankle joint proprioceptive ability in young adults. We used a dual-task condition, in which participants performed an ankle ipsilateral position-matching task with and without a secondary serial auditory subtraction task during target angle encoding. Two experiments were performed with two different cohorts: one in which the auditory subtraction task was easy (experiment 1a) and one in which it was difficult (experiment 1b). The results showed that, compared with the single-task condition, participants had higher absolute error under dual-task conditions in experiment 1b. The reduction in position-matching accuracy with an attentionally demanding cognitive task suggests that allocation of attentional resources toward a difficult second task can lead to compromised ankle proprioceptive performance. Therefore, these findings indicate that the difficulty level of the cognitive task might be the possible critical factor that decreased accuracy of position-matching task. We conclude that increased attentional demand with difficult cognitive task does influence the assessment of ankle joint proprioceptive ability in young adults when measured using an ankle ipsilateral position-matching task.

Ageing Effects on Dual-Tasking Performance that Involved Turning-While-Walking

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Wing nga ◽  
◽  
Chan Eva YW ◽  
Schoeb Veronika ◽  
Tsang William WN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Walking Test ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Physical Task ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Young Old

Turning-while-walking requires attention. This task can demand more attention when performed with a concurrent cognitive task, particularly in older adults. This study therefore aimed at examining the effects of ageing on dual-tasking performance that involves turning-while-walking in youngold adults (age 65-74). Eleven young-old adults and ten young adults were recruited. Single auditory Stroop test, single turning-while-walking test, and dual-tasking that combined the two single tests were assessed. Results showed that young-old adults compromised accuracy in cognitive task when dualtasking, while their physical task performance was not significantly affected by an additional cognitive task. The results suggested that the young-old adults could have employed a ‘posture first’ strategy to maintain balance when there were insufficient attentional resources for them to perform the two tasks simultaneously. When compared to the young subjects, the young-old adults performed similarly during the physical task. However, they reacted significantly slower than their younger counterparts in the cognitive task when dual-tasking. The results raise concerns regarding the dual-tasking ability of communitydwelling young-old adults, even if they appear to be physically fit. Future studies incorporating different cognitive tasks are warranted. Correlation between dualtasking ability, physical function, cognitive function, and activity level are also worth investigating.

scholarly journals Human-Centered Development and Evaluation of an AR-Assistance System to Support Maintenance and Service Operations at LNG Ship Valves

2021 ◽  
pp. 279-302
Author(s):  
Hendrik Stern ◽  
◽  
Rieke Leder ◽  
Michael Lütjen
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Service Operations ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Assistance System ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
High Degree

The use of LNG propulsion in ships has significant environmental benefits but also creates challenges in handling the LNG. Due to the safety regulations, the maintenance of the LNG ship systems is essential and requires a high degree of reliability and accuracy. Here, digital assistance systems, e.g., based on Augment-ed Reality (AR) technology, can support the maintenance and service purposes of LNG ship systems by displaying additional information directly on the objects to be serviced. Thus, this paper deals with the development and evaluation of a digital assistance system using AR technology. The developed assistance system based on an Android smartphone enables users to access maintenance instruc-tions and manuals, simplifies spare parts' ordering, and supports the work pro-cess step by step through context-sensitive virtualizations. Its evaluation was conducted as a combined quantitative and qualitative user study. Overall, the assistance system offers promising potentials for reducing workload and improv-ing processes.

A Training Approach for Context-Sensitive Skills: An Example with Typeface Selection

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (17) ◽  
pp. 1274-1278
Author(s):  
Barbara Keough ◽  
Valerie L. Shalin ◽  
Paul McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Student Knowledge ◽  
Public Display ◽  
Problem Context ◽  
Tutoring Systems ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Training Approach ◽  
On Line ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Training Exercises

Cognitive task analysis and Computer Science have revolutionized training technology with intelligent tutoring systems (Wenger, 1987). However, some key assumptions determine the success of such systems: 1) Student knowledge is rule-based, so that performance may be evaluated according to the presence or absence of rules and 2) The computer and the student have access to the same information about the problem context. In the instructional task domain we are addressing–-typeface selection–-neither assumption is appropriate. Each selection emerges as an interaction with the parameters and contingencies of the particular problem (Suchman, 1987). Furthermore, an important property of typeface is its evocative or emotional power–-a property that cannot be represented adequately in a computer. Our objective is to develop a satisfactory compromise using computer-aided instruction, specifically for the domain of typeface selection. Following Clancey (1983) and Winograd & Flores (1986), we recognize that some of the knowledge we seek to train will simply not “be in” the computer. However, it may be reflected in the design and organization of training exercises, which set up a sensitivity to the important dimensions of the problem. We take advantage of the computer medium to demonstrate typeface and layout transformations of preprogrammed text examples, as well as text examples entered on-line by the student. In addition, a hypertext style menuing system allows the student to access any part of the system from any point. In this paper we provide a description of the system we have built for training in the domain of typeface selection, and discuss the relevance of this system for two applications concerns in human factors: 1) The design of messages for public display and 2) The training of context sensitive skill.

The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1505
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Compression ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Minimal Word ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Negative Side Effects

PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

Neuropsychology in the Real World

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Peper ◽  
Simone N. Loeffler
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Real Life Data ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

Current ambulatory technologies are highly relevant for neuropsychological assessment and treatment as they provide a gateway to real life data. Ambulatory assessment of cognitive complaints, skills and emotional states in natural contexts provides information that has a greater ecological validity than traditional assessment approaches. This issue presents an overview of current technological and methodological innovations, opportunities, problems and limitations of these methods designed for the context-sensitive measurement of cognitive, emotional and behavioral function. The usefulness of selected ambulatory approaches is demonstrated and their relevance for an ecologically valid neuropsychology is highlighted.

The Effects of a Caffeine Placebo and Experimenter Expectation on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Walach ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Yvonne-Michelle Bihr ◽  
Susanne Wiesch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Being There ◽  
To Receive

We studied the effect of experimenter expectations and different instructions in a balanced placebo design. 157 subjects were randomized into a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two experimenters were led to expect placebos either to produce physiological effects or not (pro- vs. antiplacebo). All subjects except a control group received a caffeine placebo. They were either made to expect coffee, no coffee, or were in a double-blind condition. Dependent measures were blood pressure, heart rate, well-being, and a cognitive task. There was one main effect on the instruction factor (p = 0.03) with the group “told no caffeine” reporting significantly better well-being. There was one main effect on the experimenter factor with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” having higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008). There was one interaction with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” to receive coffee doing worse in the cognitive task than the rest. Subjects instructed by experimenter “antiplacebo” were significantly less likely to believe the experimental instruction, and that mostly if they had been instructed to receive coffee. Contrary to the literature we could not show an effect of instruction, but there was an effect of experimenters. It is likely, however, that these experimenter effects were not due to experimental manipulations, but to the difference in personalities.

A New Technique to Measure the Level of Interest Using Heartbeat-Evoked Brain Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Kohei Fuseda ◽  
Jun’ichi Katayama
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Overt Response ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Probe Technique ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Abstract. Interest is a positive emotion related to attention. The event-related brain potential (ERP) probe technique is a useful method to evaluate the level of interest in dynamic stimuli. However, even in the irrelevant probe technique, the probe is presented as a physical stimulus and steals the observer’s attentional resources, although no overt response is required. Therefore, the probe might become a problematic distractor, preventing deep immersion of participants. Heartbeat-evoked brain potential (HEP) is a brain activity, time-locked to a cardiac event. No probe is required to obtain HEP data. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the HEP can be used to evaluate the level of interest. Twenty-four participants (12 males and 12 females) watched attractive and unattractive individuals of the opposite sex in interesting and uninteresting videos (7 min each), respectively. We performed two techniques each for both the interesting and the uninteresting videos: the ERP probe and the HEP techniques. In the former, somatosensory stimuli were presented as task-irrelevant probes while participants watched videos: frequent (80%) and infrequent (20%) stimuli were presented at each wrist in random order. In the latter, participants watched videos without the probe. The P2 amplitude in response to the somatosensory probe was smaller and the positive wave amplitudes of HEP were larger while watching the videos of attractive individuals than while watching the videos of unattractive ones. These results indicate that the HEP technique is a useful method to evaluate the level of interest without an external probe stimulus.

Psychometric Properties of the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind Wandering Scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marcusson-Clavertz ◽  
Oscar N. E. Kjell
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychological Variables

Abstract. Thinking about task-unrelated matters (mind wandering) is related to cognition and well-being. However, the relations between mind wandering and other psychological variables may depend on whether the former commence spontaneously or deliberately. The current two studies investigated the psychometric properties of the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind Wandering Scales (SDMWS; Carriere, Seli, & Smilek, 2013 ). Study 1 evaluated the stability of the scales over 2 weeks ( N = 284 at Time 1), whereas Study 2 ( N = 323) evaluated their relations to Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, Openness, Social desirability, and experience-sampling reports of intentional and unintentional mind wandering during an online cognitive task. The results indicated that the SDMWS were better fitted with a two-factor than a one-factor solution, although the fit was improved with the exclusion of one item. The scales exhibited strong measurement invariance across gender and time, and moderately high test-retest reliability. Spontaneous mind wandering predicted Generalized anxiety disorder and experience-sampling reports of unintentional mind wandering, whereas Deliberate mind wandering predicted Openness and experience-sampling reports of intentional mind wandering. Furthermore, Spontaneous mind wandering showed a negative association with social desirability of weak-to-medium strength. In sum, the scales generally showed favorable psychometric properties.

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