scholarly journals Sterile Insect Technique: Successful Suppression of an Aedes aegypti Field Population in Cuba

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
René Gato ◽  
Zulema Menéndez ◽  
Enrique Prieto ◽  
Rafael Argilés ◽  
Misladys Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Field Population ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Treatment Area

Dengue virus infections are a serious public health problem worldwide. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue in Cuba. As there is no vaccine or specific treatment, the control efforts are directed to the reduction of mosquito populations. The indiscriminate use of insecticides can lead to adverse effects on ecosystems, including human health. The sterile insect technique is a species-specific and environment-friendly method of insect population control based on the release of large numbers of sterile insects, ideally males only. The success of this technique for the sustainable management of agricultural pests has encouraged its evaluation for the population suppression of mosquito vector species. Here, we describe an open field trial to evaluate the effect of the release of irradiated male Ae. aegypti on a wild population. The pilot trial was carried out in a suburb of Havana and compared the mosquito population density before and after the intervention, in both untreated control and release areas. The wild population was monitored by an ovitrap network, recording frequency and density of eggs as well as their hatch rate. A significant amount of sterility was induced in the field population of the release area, as compared with the untreated control area. The ovitrap index and the mean number of eggs/trap declined dramatically after 12 and 5 weeks of releases, respectively. For the last 3 weeks, no eggs were collected in the treatment area, clearly indicating a significant suppression of the wild target population. We conclude that the sterile males released competed successfully and induced enough sterility to suppress the local Ae. aegypti population.

scholarly journals Sterile Insect Technique: Successful Suppression of Aedes Aegypti Field Population in Cuba

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Gato ◽  
Zulema Menéndez ◽  
Enrique Prieto ◽  
Rafael Argilés ◽  
Misladys Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Field Population ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Species Specific

Dengue virus infections are a serious public health problem worldwide. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue in Cuba. Since there is no vaccine or specific treatment, the control efforts are directed to reduce mosquito populations. The indiscriminate use of pesticides can lead to increase insecticide resistance as well as adverse effects on human health. The sterile insect technique is a species-specific and environmental friendly method of insect control based on the release of large numbers of sterile males. The success of this technique in sustainable control of agricultural pests has encouraged its evaluation for mosquito control. Here, we describe an open field trial to evaluate the effect of the release of irradiated males on a wild population of Aedes aegypti. The case-control study was performed in a suburb of Havana, and compared the mosquito population before and after the intervention, in both control and treated areas. The wild population was monitored by an ovitrap network, recording frequency and density of eggs as well as their hatch rate. A significant induced sterility was observed in the field population, compared to the control. The ovitrap index and the mean eggs/ trap declined dramatically after an expected lag period of twelve and five weeks, respectively. For the last three weeks, no egg was collected in the treated area, evidencing a significant suppression of the wild population. We conclude that the sterile males released competed successfully, and induced enough sterility to suppress the local Aedes aegypti population.

A Simple PCR Assay for Discrimination of Dengue Vectors from Nsukka LGA, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Amos Watentena ◽  
Ikem Chris Okoye ◽  
Ikechukwu Eugene Onah ◽  
Onwude Cosmas Ogbonnaya ◽  
Emmanuel Ogudu
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Arboviral Diseases ◽  
Dengue Vectors

Mosquitoes of Aedes species are vectors of several arboviral diseases which continue to be a major public health problem in Nigeria. This study among other things, morphologically identified Aedes mosquitoes collected from Nsukka LGA and used an allele specific PCR amplification for discrimination of dengue vectors. Larval sampling, BG-sentinel traps and modified human landing catches were used for mosquito sampling in two selected autonomous communities of Nsukka LGA (Nsukka and Obimo). A total of 124 Aedes mosquitoes consisting of five (5) different species were collected from April to June, 2019 in a cross-sectional study that covered 126 households, under 76 distinct geographical coordinates. Larvae was mainly collected from plastic containers 73% (n=224), metallic containers 14% (n=43), earthen pots 9% (n=29) and used car tyres 3% (n=9), reared to adult stage 69.35% (n=86), and all mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Five (5) Aedes mosquito species were captured; Aedes aegypti 83(66.94%), Aedes albopictus 33(26.61%), Aedes simpsoni (4.48%), Aedes luteocephalus (≤1%) and Aedes vittatus (≤1%). Nsukka autonomous community had higher species diversity than Obimo. Allele specific amplification confirmed dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species on a 2% agarose gel. Since the most recent re-emergence of arboviral diseases is closely associated with Aedes species, findings of this study, therefore, give further evidence about the presence of potential arboviral vectors in Nigeria and describe the role of a simple PCR in discriminating some. Further entomological studies should integrate PCR assays in mosquito vector surveillance.

scholarly journals Gambaran indeks Maya pada rumah penderita demam berdarah dengue di Kelurahan Kombos Barat Kecamatan Singkil tahun 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Sigarlaki ◽  
Victor D. Pijoh ◽  
Josef S.B. Tuda
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Short Time

Abstract: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a viral disease that can cause death within a very short time (a few days). The main vector of DHF is Aedes aegypti mosquito, whereas the potential vector is Aedes albopictus. In the context of prevention of DHF, environmental data associated with bionomics mosquito vector of DHF, the Maya Index, are needed. DHF is still a public health problem. And for the case that there is in the city of Manado in 2013, in this case in the district of Singkil, acquired as many as 43 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever. This study aimed to describe the Maya Index at the houses of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in the village of West Kombos, Singkil districts. Maya Index is based on hygiene risk index (HRI) and breeding risk index (BRI). This was a descriptive study. Samples were houses of patients with DHF in 2015 from January to December. The results showed that there were four patients during the year 2015. Observation of the four houses and calculation of the data indicated that two houses were in low category of Maya Index, one house in medium category of Maya Index, and one house in high category of Maya Index. Keywords: dengue hemorrhagic fever, Maya index Abstrak: Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit virus yang berbahaya karena dapat menyebabkan kematian dalam waktu yang sangat singkat (beberapa hari). Vektor utama DBD ialah nyamuk Aedes aegypti, sedangkan vektor potensialnya ialah Aedes albopictus. Dalam konteks penanggulangan DBD, juga diperlukan data lingkungan terkait dengan segi bionomik nyamuk vektor DBD, yaitu Indeks Maya. DBD masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di kota Manado. Pada tahun 2013, di Kecamatan Singkil didapatkan sebanyak 43 kasus DBD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran Indeks Maya pada rumah penderita DBD di Kelurahan Kombos Barat Kecamatan Singkil. Indeks Maya didasarkan pada hygiene risk index (HRI) dan breeding risk index (BRI). Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif. Sampel penelitian ialah rumah dari penderita DBD tahun 2015 sejak bulan Januari-Desember. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan empat penderita sepanjang tahun 2015 dan setelah dilakukan observasi ke rumah penderita dan perhitungan data didapatkan dua rumah masuk pada kategori Indeks Maya rendah, satu rumah masuk pada kategori Indeks Maya sedang, dan satu rumah masuk kategori Indeks Maya tinggi.Kata kunci: demam berdarah dengue, indeks Maya

scholarly journals Voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) mutations associated with pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - baseline information for a Wolbachia release program

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy M Endersby-Harshman ◽  
AboElgasim Ali ◽  
Basim Alhumrani ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Alkuriji ◽  
Mohammed B. Al- Fageeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
The Impact

Background: Dengue suppression often relies on control of the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, through applications of insecticides of which the pyrethroid group has played a dominant role. Insecticide resistance is prevalent in Ae. aegypti around the world and the resulting reduction of insecticide efficacy is likely to exacerbate the impact of dengue. Dengue has been a public health problem in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Jeddah, since its discovery there in the 1990s and insecticide use for vector control is widespread throughout the city. An alternative approach to insecticide use, based on blocking dengue transmission in mosquitoes by the endosymbiont Wolbachia, is being trialled in Jeddah following the success of this approach in Australia and Malaysia. Knowledge of insecticide resistance status of mosquito populations in Jeddah is a prerequisite for establishing a Wolbachia-based dengue control program as releases of Wolbachia mosquitoes succeed when resistance status of the release population is similar to that of the wild population. Methods: WHO resistance bioassays of mosquitoes with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT were used in conjunction with TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays to characterise mutation profiles of Ae. aegypti from Jeddah. Results: Screening of the voltage sensitive sodium channel (Vssc), the pyrethroid target-site, revealed mutations at codons 989, 1016 and 1534 in Ae. aegypti from two districts of Jeddah. The triple mutant homozygote (1016G/1534C/989P) was confirmed from Al Safa and Al Rawabi. Bioassays with pyrethroids (Type I and II) and DDT showed that mosquitoes were resistant to each of these compounds based on WHO definitions. An association between Vssc mutations and resistance was established for the Type II pyrethroid, deltamethrin, with one genotype (989P/1016G/1534F) conferring a survival advantage over two others (989S/1016V/1534C and the triple heterozygote). An indication of synergism of Type I pyrethroid activity with piperonyl butoxide suggests that detoxification by cytochrome P450s accounts for some of the pyrethroid resistance response in Ae. aegypti populations from Jeddah. Conclusions: The results provide a baseline for monitoring and management of resistance as well as knowledge of Vssc genotype frequencies required in Wolbachia release populations to ensure homogeneity with the target field population.

scholarly journals Wing Geometry Analysis of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae), a Dengue Vi-rus Vector, from Multiple Geographical Locations of Samut Songkhram, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanawat Chaiphongpachara ◽  
Nattapon Juijayen ◽  
Kitthisak Khlaeo Chansukh
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Wing Geometry ◽  
Living Organisms

Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a mosquito-borne disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in tropical and temperate countries. Studying wing morphometric of Aedes aegypti as a mosquito vector of DHF can help to better understand biological process of the mosquito adaptation to the environment. We aimed to study the geometric morphometric of Ae. aegypti from multiple geographical areas. Methods: Samples were collected from Samut Songkhram Province in Thailand, including coastal, residential and cultivated areas, by Ovitrap once per month during Oct to Nov 2016. Results: According to size variation analysis of Ae. aegypti, the female mosquito in a cultivated area was significant­ly different from those in the coastal and residential areas (P< 0.05). Whereas male Ae. aegypti in a cultivated area were significantly different from those in a residential area (P< 0.05). The shape variation of both female and male Ae. aegypti from all areas was statistically different (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Normally, living organisms, including mosquitoes, are adapted to their environment. The studied geo­graphical locations affect Ae. aegypti morphology.

scholarly journals Voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) mutations associated with pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from two districts of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: baseline information for a Wolbachia release program

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Endersby-Harshman ◽  
AboElgasim Ali ◽  
Basim Alhumrani ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Alkuriji ◽  
Mohammed B. Al-Fageeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population History ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Dengue suppression often relies on control of the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, through applications of insecticides of which the pyrethroid group has played a dominant role. Insecticide resistance is prevalent in Ae. aegypti around the world, and the resulting reduction of insecticide efficacy is likely to exacerbate the impact of dengue. Dengue has been a public health problem in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Jeddah, since its discovery there in the 1990s, and insecticide use for vector control is widespread throughout the city. An alternative approach to insecticide use, based on blocking dengue transmission in mosquitoes by the endosymbiont Wolbachia, is being trialed in Jeddah following the success of this approach in Australia and Malaysia. Knowledge of insecticide resistance status of mosquito populations in Jeddah is a prerequisite for establishing a Wolbachia-based dengue control program as releases of Wolbachia mosquitoes succeed when resistance status of the release population is similar to that of the wild population. Methods WHO resistance bioassays of mosquitoes with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT were used in conjunction with TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays to characterize mutation profiles of Ae. aegypti. Results Screening of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc), the pyrethroid target site, revealed mutations at codons 989, 1016 and 1534 in Ae. aegypti from two districts of Jeddah. The triple mutant homozygote (1016G/1534C/989P) was confirmed from Al Safa and Al Rawabi. Bioassays with pyrethroids (Type I and II) and DDT showed that mosquitoes were resistant to each of these compounds based on WHO definitions. An association between Vssc mutations and resistance was established for the Type II pyrethroid, deltamethrin, with one genotype (989P/1016G/1534F) conferring a survival advantage over two others (989S/1016V/1534C and the triple heterozygote). An indication of synergism of Type I pyrethroid activity with piperonyl butoxide suggests that detoxification by cytochrome P450s accounts for some of the pyrethroid resistance response in Ae. aegypti populations from Jeddah. Conclusions The results provide a baseline for monitoring and management of resistance as well as knowledge of Vssc genotype frequencies required in Wolbachia release populations to ensure homogeneity with the target field population. Vssc mutation haplotypes observed show some similarity with those from Ae. aegypti in southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific, but the presence of the triple mutant haplotype in three genotypes indicates that the species in this region may have a unique population history. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals O Aedes Aegypti e a Dengue: Aspectos Gerais e Panorama da Dengue no Brasil e no Mundo

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Luciana Dias Lemes de Vargas ◽  
Darlene Miranda de Freitas ◽  
Bruna Rosa dos Santos ◽  
Mari Rose de Oliveira Silva ◽  
Marcelo Dias de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Hot And Humid Climates ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
General Aspects

A dengue, transmitida através da picada do mosquito Aedes Aegypti, é considerada uma doença endêmica e com disseminação mundial, podendo evoluir, de forma branda a grave, e até mesmo letal. Os países, com clima tropical, quente e úmido, como o Brasil, possuem condições favoráveis e facilitadoras para a reprodução do seu vetor e aumento da cadeia de transmissibilidade e contaminação, tornando um sério problema de saúde pública. Diante deste cenário, o propósito deste estudo foi sintetizar as informações disponíveis sobre o Aedes aegypti e a dengue, abrangendo aspectos gerais da doença e o panorama da dengue no Brasil e no Mundo, a fim de compilar material educativo. Os estudos relacionados ao tema foram encontrados mediante busca na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed e Embase. Também foram consultados documentos do Ministério da Saúde e Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre o manejo da dengue.  A dengue é um grave problema de saúde pública, com diversas condições facilitadoras de transmissão, quatro diferentes sorotipos, que propicia reinfecção, sem tratamento específico e nem vacina disponível. Dessa forma, o meio mais eficaz de evitar sua propagação é pela prevenção. Para isso, as pessoas em todo Mundo devem ter o conhecimento e informações necessárias sobre prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento, a fim de  evitar sua transmissão, disseminação e letalidade.     Palavras-chave: Dengue. Aedes aegypti. Aspectos Gerais. Saúde Pública.   Abstract Dengue, transmitted through the bite of  Aedes Aegypti mosquito, is considered an endemic disease with worldwide spread, and can evolve from mild to severe and even lethal. Countries with tropical, hot and humid climates, such as Brazil, have favorable and facilitating conditions for the reproduction of their vector and an increase in the transmissibility and contamination chain, making it a serious public health problem. Given this scenario, the purpose of this study was to synthesize the available information on Aedes aegypti and dengue, covering general aspects of the disease and the  dengue panorama in Brazil and in the world in order to compile educational material. The studies related to the theme were found by searching the Virtual Health Library, PubMed and Embase. Documents from the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization on dengue management were also consulted. Dengue is a serious public health problem, with several conditions that facilitate transmission, four different serotypes that provide reinfection, with no specific treatment and no vaccine available. Thus, the most effective way to prevent its spread is through prevention. Thus, people all over the world must have the necessary knowledge and information on prevention, diagnosis and treatment, in order to avoid its transmission, dissemination and lethality.   Keywords: Dengue. Aedes aegypti. General Aspects. Public Health.

Difusi dan Pola Spasial Sebaran Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) Di Kota Bandar Lampung

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Nurul Qamila ◽  
Agel Vidian Krama
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Descriptive Method

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a contagious disease caused by the dengue virus and is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Aa.aegypti). The population is still a public health problem that increases the number of sufferers and also widespread, with population and education. This study aims to reveal the spatial pattern and distribution of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with the spatial pattern and the spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can result in different locations of these allegations. From the map that can be used for the prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DBD) in Bandar Lampung City. This study aims to reveal the spatial pattern and distribution of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with the descriptive method and spatial pattern of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can result in different locations of these allegations. From the map that can be used for the prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DBD) in Bandar Lampung City. Keywords: DHF, Spatial Analysis

scholarly journals High throughput estimates of Wolbachia, Zika and chikungunya infection in Aedes aegypti by near-infrared spectroscopy to improve arbovirus surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilha M. B. Santos ◽  
Mathijs Mutsaers ◽  
Gabriela A. Garcia ◽  
Mariana R. David ◽  
Márcio G. Pavan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Arbovirus Surveillance

AbstractDeployment of Wolbachia to mitigate dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) transmission is ongoing in 12 countries. One way to assess the efficacy of Wolbachia releases is to determine invasion rates within the wild population of Aedes aegypti following their release. Herein we evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in estimating the time post death, ZIKV-, CHIKV-, and Wolbachia-infection in trapped dead female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes over a period of 7 days. Regardless of the infection type, time post-death of mosquitoes was accurately predicted into four categories (fresh, 1 day old, 2–4 days old and 5–7 days old). Overall accuracies of 93.2, 97 and 90.3% were observed when NIRS was used to detect ZIKV, CHIKV and Wolbachia in dead Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes indicating NIRS could be potentially applied as a rapid and cost-effective arbovirus surveillance tool. However, field data is required to demonstrate the full capacity of NIRS for detecting these infections under field conditions.

scholarly journals Blue Tansy Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Repellent Activity Against Aedes aegypti and Attractant Activity for Ceratitis capitata

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2199019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Stappen ◽  
Juergen Wanner ◽  
Nurhayat Tabanca ◽  
Ulrich R. Bernier ◽  
Paul E. Kendra
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Tea Tree ◽  
Potential Applications

Blue tansy essential oil (BTEO) ( Tanacetum annuum L.) was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID using two different capillary column stationary phases. Sabinene (14.0%), camphor (13.6%), myrcene (8.0%), β-pinene (7.7%), and chamazulene (6.9%) were the main components using an SE52 column (non-polar). On a polar CW20M phase column, sabinene (15.1%), camphor (14.4%), α-phellandrene (7.9%), β-pinene (7.7%), and myrcene (6.9%) were the most abundant compounds. To assess the oil for potential applications in integrated pest management strategies, behavioral bioassays were conducted to test for repellency against yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, and for attractant activity for Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Results showed that BTEO was not effective in repelling Ae. aegypti (minimum effective dosage [MED]: 0.625 ± 0.109 mg/cm2 compared with the standard insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide). In assays with male C. capitata, BTEO displayed mild attraction compared with two positive controls (essential oils from tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia and African ginger bush Tetradenia riparia). Additional studies are needed to identify the specific attractant chemicals in BTEO and to determine if they confer a synergistic effect when combined with other known attractants for C. capitata. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first investigation of BTEO for repellency against the mosquito vector Ae. aegypti and for attractancy to C. capitata, a major agricultural pest worldwide.

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