scholarly journals Epidemiological Impact of Myocarditis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Ainoosh Golpour ◽  
Dimitri Patriki ◽  
Paul J. Hanson ◽  
Bruce McManus ◽  
Bettina Heidecker
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Epidemiological Impact

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle with a wide range of potential etiological factors and consequently varying clinical patterns across the world. In this review, we address the epidemiology of myocarditis. Myocarditis was considered a rare disease until intensified research efforts in recent decades revealed its true epidemiological importance. While it remains a challenge to determine the true prevalence of myocarditis, studies are underway to obtain better approximations of the proportions of this disease. Nowadays, the prevalence of myocarditis has been reported from 10.2 to 105.6 per 100,000 worldwide, and its annual occurrence is estimated at about 1.8 million cases. This wide range of reported cases reflects the uncertainty surrounding the true prevalence and a potential underdiagnosis of this disease. Since myocarditis continues to be a significant public health issue, particularly in young adults in whom myocarditis is among the most common causes of sudden cardiac death, improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. This manuscript aims to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of myocarditis, new diagnostic approaches and the current epidemiological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E: an underestimated emerging threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 204993611983716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn W. Webb ◽  
Harry R. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is estimated that millions of people are infected every year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. However, these estimates do not include industrialized regions and are based on studies which employ assays now known to have inferior sensitivity. As such, this is likely to represent a massive underestimate of the true global burden of disease. In the developing world, HEV causes large outbreaks and presents a significant public-health problem. Until recently HEV was thought to be uncommon in industrialized countries, and of little relevance to clinicians in these settings. We now know that this is incorrect, and that HEV is actually very common in developed regions. HEV has proved difficult to study in vitro, with reliable models only recently becoming available. Our understanding of the lifecycle of HEV is therefore incomplete. Routes of transmission vary by genotype and location: endemic regions experience large waterborne epidemics, while sporadic cases in industrialized regions are zoonotic infections likely spread via the food chain. Both acute and chronic infection has been observed, and a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations have been reported. This includes neurological, haematological and renal conditions. As the complete clinical phenotype of HEV infection is yet to be characterized, a large proportion of cases go unrecognized or misdiagnosed. In many cases HEV infection does not feature in the differential diagnosis due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease amongst clinicians. In combination, these factors have contributed to an underestimation of the threat posed by HEV. Improvements are required in terms of recognition and diagnosis of HEV infection if we are to understand the natural history of the disease, improve management and reduce the burden of disease around the world.

The Food-Environment-Health Nexus of nutrition security in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Rulli ◽  
Livia Ricciardi ◽  
Davide Danilo Chiarelli ◽  
Paolo D'Odorico
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Food System ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

<p>Feeding humanity while preserving environmental sustainability is one of the major challenges of the next few decades. Many of the global changes for planetary sustainability are due to the food system that is increasing production at the expense of the environment. However, nutrition related diseases caused by low quality diets are on the rise. The 2018 FAO report on  State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World shows that the number of malnourished people keeps increasing.  Undernourished people account for 821 million, including 151 million children under five affected by stunting, while the lives of over 50 million children in the world continue to be threatened by wasting. On the other hand, over 38 million children under five years of age are overweight, 672 million adults are obese, while diabetes, high blood pressure and anaemia are increasing.</p><p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a major problem in India, especially among women. Around 53.1% of Indian women are affected by IDA, which is indeed becoming a major public health issue.</p><p>Although India was the first country to launch the National Nutritional Anemia Prevention Program in 1970, IDA remains widespread. There are many reasons for the emergence of a wide range of IDA in India, namely, insufficient iron intake, poor iron absorption, increased iron demand during repeated pregnancy and lactation, insufficient iron reserve at birth, umbilical cord clamping time, and food supplementation.</p><p>Punjab is the Indian state facing the most severe condition regarding the prevalence of anaemia, despite this state being one of the main food producers of India. Taking Punjab as a case study we analysed to what extent it is possible to feed the Punjab population with an healthy (adequate in term of micronutrient) and sustainable diet. To this end, using data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) and projected population surveys, an estimation of iron requirement is calculated. Natural resources (i.e. land, water) used for current diet and the additional resources needed to sustainably feed the local population with a reference healthy planetary diet are evaluated.</p>

scholarly journals Ecological Genomics of Marine Picocyanobacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Scanlan ◽  
M. Ostrowski ◽  
S. Mazard ◽  
A. Dufresne ◽  
L. Garczarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
Marine Microbes ◽  
Ecological Genomics ◽  
Latitudinal Belt ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Photosynthetic Organism

SUMMARY Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus numerically dominate the picophytoplankton of the world ocean, making a key contribution to global primary production. Prochlorococcus was isolated around 20 years ago and is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. The genus comprises specific ecotypes which are phylogenetically distinct and differ markedly in their photophysiology, allowing growth over a broad range of light and nutrient conditions within the 45°N to 40°S latitudinal belt that they occupy. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are closely related, together forming a discrete picophytoplankton clade, but are distinguishable by their possession of dissimilar light-harvesting apparatuses and differences in cell size and elemental composition. Synechococcus strains have a ubiquitous oceanic distribution compared to that of Prochlorococcus strains and are characterized by phylogenetically discrete lineages with a wide range of pigmentation. In this review, we put our current knowledge of marine picocyanobacterial genomics into an environmental context and present previously unpublished genomic information arising from extensive genomic comparisons in order to provide insights into the adaptations of these marine microbes to their environment and how they are reflected at the genomic level.

scholarly journals Malformations of Cortical Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo D’Addario ◽  
Mariangela Cialdella ◽  
Pasquale Capuano
Keyword(s):  
Obstet Gynecol ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cortical Development ◽  
Malformations Of Cortical Development ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Delay ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Abnormal Cell Proliferation

ABSTRACT Cerebral cortical malformations are common causes of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy and include a wide range of antenatal neurogenesis disorders. Abnormal cell proliferation leads to microcephaly or megalencephaly, incomplete neuronal migration results in heterotopia and lissencephaly, neuronal overmigration manifests as cobblestone malformations, and anomalous postmigrational cortical organization is responsible for polymicrogyria (PMG) and schizencephaly. Although corticogenesis occurs early, these rare pathologies are associated with late onset during pregnancy, which does not allow their early prenatal recognition. This review aims to give an update of current knowledge of these insidious cerebral cortical disorders. How to cite this article Capuano P, Cialdella M, D’Addario V. Malformations of Cortical Development. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):308-313.

scholarly journals Updated review on venomous snakebites, therapeutic uses and future prospects of Indian traditional medicine

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesarajan Joseph ◽  
Sathishkumar Durairaj ◽  
Oviya Gowthaman ◽  
Vinoth Kumar Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Tropical Condition ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health

Herbal medicines can make therapeutic drugs and are an essential part of the worldwide healthcare system. Plants have always been an essential part of many indigenous peoples' life. Snakebite is a typical tropical condition that goes unnoticed. Snakebite is still a significant public health issue in many parts of the world, particularly in India, where the disease is particularly prevalent. Morbidity and mortality rates among rural and indigenous populations in the country are among the highest in the world. The problem is made worse by people delaying or refusing to seek medical care because they believe in traditional healers. People worldwide use plants to treat poisonous snakebites as folk medicine. Five hundred twenty-three plant species belonging to the 122 families are recognized as a source of drugs/compounds recognized as a possible cure for snakebite. However, this assessment is limited to a small number of essential plants used in snakebite poisoning in India. The most important groups from which various plants are employed include Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fab Lamiaceae and Moraceae. In this investigation, phytocompounds with anti-venom action were discovered in 29 plants belonging to 22 families used as a traditional medicine to treat poisonous snakebites.

Health Impact of Fuel Poverty

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
V. Condemi ◽  
M. Gestro ◽  
U. Solimene
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Radon Exposure ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Housing Design ◽  
Excess Morbidity ◽  
Significant Public Health

This chapter reviews current knowledge about the health effects of several environmental conditions on home fuel poverty, including physiological and epidemiological aspects of cold and heat related illness, and epidemiological studies on excess morbidity and mortality. the inadequate home concept has been addressed with further contributions that have on mental health, asthma (dampness and mould), noise, CO poisoning and lung cancer for radon exposure. Measures for reducing cold and heat related mortality and morbidity related to poor energy housing include appropriate urban planning and housing design. this contributes confirm that poor housing quality is a significant public health issue. However, to realize a large health potential associated with adequate, safe and healthy homes, joint action on health and nonhealth sectors is required. the development of specific guidelines for general and healthcare practitioners to better manage information on patients living in bad situations of fuel poverty is desirable.

scholarly journals Sterols Biosynthesis in Algae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes ◽  
Roger Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Acid Pathway

Sterols are secondary metabolites, they are considered bioactive, due to their recognized activity as antioxidants, anticarcinogenic, cardiovascular protectors, and antiviral capacity. These triterpenoids can be found in a wide range of concentrations in different algae strains, being the variations related to external factors. In the world, there are millions of algae, some strains have the ability to produce high-value phytosterols, like stigmasterol, and sitosterol, however, others could lead to cholesterol production. For this reason, understand the principal factors involved in sterols biosynthesis, allows us to appoint the algae strain for industrial application and escalating these specific compounds production. Some algae are capable to produce sterols from mevalonic acid pathway, other strains present the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) as the main pathway, each one is responsible for the production of plans of intermediary compounds. In this sense, this chapter summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways responsible for different sterols formation, as well as, describe main sterols that could be isolated from algae metabolism.

scholarly journals Lipid Bodies: Inflammatory Organelles Implicated in Host-Trypanosoma cruziInterplay during Innate Immune Responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloisa D'Avila ◽  
Daniel A. M. Toledo ◽  
Rossana C. N. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Lipid Bodies ◽  
Monocyte Differentiation ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Strong Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Macrophages ◽  
Acute Chagas Disease

The flagellated protozoaTrypanosoma cruziis the causal agent of Chagas' disease, a significant public health issue and still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Acute Chagas' disease elicits a strong inflammatory response. In order to control the parasite multiplication, cells of the monocytic lineage are highly mobilized. Monocyte differentiation leads to the formation of phagocytosing macrophages, which are strongly activated and direct host defense. A distinguishing feature of Chagas' disease-triggered macrophages is the presence of increased numbers of distinct cytoplasmic organelles termed lipid bodies or lipid droplets. These organelles are actively formed in response to the parasite and are sites for synthesis and storage of inflammatory mediators. This review covers current knowledge on lipid bodies elicited by the acute Chagas' disease within inflammatory macrophages and discusses the role of these organelles in inflammation. The increased knowledge of lipid bodies in pathogenic mechanisms of infections may not only contribute to the understanding of pathogen-host interactions but may also identify new targets for intervention.

Identifying changes in trends in the age standardized incidence of melanoma in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Hille
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Piecewise Linear Regression ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Males And Females

ObjectiveTo identify changes in the linear trend of the age-standardized incidence of melanoma in Australia for all persons, males, and females. MethodsA two-piece piecewise linear regression was fitted to the data. The piecewise breakpoint varied through an iterative process to determine the model that best fits the data.ResultsStatistically significant changes in the trendof the age-standardized incidence of melanoma in Australia were found for all persons, males, and females. The optimal breakpoint for all persons and males was at 1998. For females, the optimal breakpoint was at 2005. The trend after these breakpoints was flatter than prior to the breakpoints, but still positive.ConclusionMelanoma is a significant public health issue in Australia. Overall incidence continues to increase. However, the rate at which the incidence is increasing appears to be decreasing.

Assessing Acute St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Prognostic Significance Of The Hyponatramia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3251-3260
Author(s):  
Makrand B Mane
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care Facility ◽  
Significant Public Health

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) has become a significant public health issue in developed and developing nations, following extensive diagnostic and management research over recent decades. The study intended to research the prognostic values of inexplicable Hyponatremia in patients with severe STelevation of myocardial infarction, in 100 consecutive patients admitted to Tertiary care hospital. In the analysis, identified patients on admission were diagnosed with or produced Hyponatremia within 72 hours—a lower ejection fraction than those with usual amounts of sodium. The research aimed to evaluate the prognosis significance of Hyponatremia for the estimation of early death in acute ST-elevated myocardial infarction. One hundred straight patients admitted in the Coronary Centre Tertiary Care Facility with severe STelevated myocardial infarction were studied. The data of the study on various risk factors in association with the development of Hyponatremia like as age, sex, use of tobacco, diabetes, hypertension, ejection fraction etc. were analyzed. Thus, the researchers reported that in patients diagnosed with severe ST section escalation, Hyponatremia showed the initial emergence of hyponatremia myocardial infarctions. This condition correlates with the severity of LV dysfunction (in term of LVEF) and can be considered as an individual early death indicator as well as a prediction exacerbates with hyponatremia frequency.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document