scholarly journals Measurements of Plasma-Free Metanephrines by Immunoassay Versus Urinary Metanephrines and Catecholamines by Liquid Chromatography with Amperometric Detection for the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3108
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Raber ◽  
Hans Kotal ◽  
Rodrig Marculescu ◽  
Christian Scheuba ◽  
Martin B. Niederle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Plasma Free Metanephrines ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Test Probability ◽  
Better Than

Studies conflict concerning the use of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for plasma free metanephrines (P-MNs) vs. other methods for pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) diagnosis. We compared commercially available EIAs for P-MNs with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for 24 h-urinary MNs (U-MNs) and -catecholamines (U-CATs). 943 (565 female, 378 male) patients (54 PPGL, 889 Non-PPGL) were studied. Simultaneous measurements of all parameters analyzed at the central lab of our university hospital was mandatory for inclusion. Sensitivity of P-MNs (94.4%) was similar to that of U-MNs (100%), and both were higher than of U-CATs (77.8%), specificity of P-MNs (100%) higher than of U-MNs (73.6%), and similar to U-CATs (99.8%). With the recently proposed downward adjusted ULN of P-MNs to correct for the reported negative bias of the EIAs sensitivity (98.1%) raised non-significantly, but specificity decreased significantly (94.8%). Areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves indicated comparable diagnostic performance of P-MNs (0.989) vs. U-MNs (0.995), both better than U-CATs (0.956). In summary, the EIAs to measure P-MNs performed similarly to U-MNs by HPLC, and both better than U-CATs by HPLC. The post-test probability of PPGL given a positive test result was best for P-MNs, and higher than for the other pairs of analytes. Downward corrections of ULN of P-MNs did not improve test performances.

scholarly journals Predictors and their prognostic value for no ROSC and mortality after a non-cardiac surgery intraoperative cardiac arrest: a retrospective cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus F. Vane ◽  
Maria J. C. Carmona ◽  
Sergio M. Pereira ◽  
Karl B. Kern ◽  
Sérgio Timerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Verbal Component ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Test Probability

Abstract Data on predictors of intraoperative cardiac arrest (ICA) outcomes are scarce in the literature. This study analysed predictors of poor outcome and their prognostic value after an ICA. Clinical and laboratory data before and 24 hours (h) after ICA were analysed as predictors for no return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and 24 h and 1-year mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curves for each predictor and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and post-test probability were calculated. A total of 167,574 anaesthetic procedures were performed, including 158 cases of ICAs. Based on the predictors for no ROSC, a threshold of 13 minutes of ICA yielded the highest area under curve (AUC) (0.867[0.80–0.93]), with a sensitivity and specificity of 78.4% [69.6–86.3%] and 89.3% [80.4–96.4%], respectively. For the 1-year mortality, the GCS without the verbal component 24 h after an ICA had the highest AUC (0.616 [0.792–0.956]), with a sensitivity of 79.3% [65.5–93.1%] and specificity of 86.1 [74.4–95.4]. ICA duration and GCS 24 h after the event had the best prognostic value for no ROSC and 1-year mortality. For 24 h mortality, no predictors had prognostic value.

scholarly journals A “Clinician’s Probability Calculator” to convert pre-test to post-test probability of COVID-19 , based on method validation from each laboratory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Brooks ◽  
Saswati Das ◽  
Tom Pliura
Keyword(s):  
Health Staff ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Percent Agreement ◽  
Public Health Staff ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Online Calculator ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Post Test Probability ◽  
Test Probability

During coronavirus pandemic testing and identifying the virus has been a unique and constant challenge for the scientific community. In this paper, we discuss a practical solution to help guide clinicians and public health staff with the interpretation of the probability that a positive, or negative, COVID-19 test result indicates an infected person, based on their clinical estimate of pre-test probability of infection. The LinkedIn survey confirmed that the pre-test probability of COVID-19 increases with patient age, known contact, and severity of symptoms, as well as prevalence of disease in the local population. PPA (Positive Percent Agreement, PPA) and NPA (Negative Percent Agreement, specificity), differ between individual methods. Results vary between laboratories and the manufacturer for the same method. The confidence intervals of results vary with the number of samples tested, often adding a large range of possibilities to the reported test result. The online calculator met the objective.The authors postulated that the clinical pre-test probability of COVID-19 increases relative to local prevalence of disease plus patient age, known contact, and severity of symptoms. We conducted a small survey on LinkedIn to confirm that hypothesis. We examined results of PPA (Positive Percent Agreement, sensitivity) and NPA (Negative Percent Agreement, specificity) from 73 individual laboratory experiments for molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2as reported to the FIND database,(1) and for selected methods in FDA EUA submissions (2,3). We calculated likelihood ratios to convert pre-test to post-test probability of disease, then further calculated the number of true and false results expected in every ten positive or negative test results, plus an estimate that one in ‘x’ test results is true. We designed an online calculator to create graphics and text to fulfill the objective. A positive or negative test result from one laboratory conveys a higher probability for the presence or absence of COVID-19 than the same result from another laboratory, depending on clinical pre-test probability of disease plus proven method PPA and NPA in each laboratory. Likelihood ratios and confidence intervals provide valuable information but are seldom used in clinical settings. We recommend that testing laboratories verify PPA and NPA, and utilize a tool such as the “Clinician’s Probability Calculator” to verify acceptable test performance and create reports to help guide clinicians and public health staff with estimation of post-test probability of COVID-19 .

scholarly journals “Clinician’s Probability Calculator” to Convert Pre-Test to Post-Test Probability of COVID-19, Based on Method Validation from Each Laboratory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Brooks ◽  
Saswati Das ◽  
Tom Pliura
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Percent Agreement ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Post Test Probability ◽  
Test Probability

Identifying the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been a unique challenge for the scientific community. In this paper, we discuss a practical solution to help guide clinicians with interpretation of the probability that a positive, or negative, COVID-19 test result indicates an infected person, based on their clinical estimate of pre-test probability of infection.The authors conducted a small survey on LinkedIn to confirm that hypothesis that that the clinical pre-test probability of COVID-19 increases relative to local prevalence of disease plus patient age, known contact, and severity of symptoms. We examined results of PPA (Positive Percent Agreement, sensitivity) and NPA (Negative Percent Agreement, specificity) from 73 individual laboratory experiments for molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2 as reported to the FIND database 1, and for selected methods in FDA EUA submissions2,3. Authors calculated likelihood ratios to convert pre-test to post-test probability of disease and designed an online calculator to create graphics and text to report results. Despite best efforts, false positive and false negative Covid-19 test results are unavoidable4,5. A positive or negative test result from one laboratory has a different probability for the presence of disease than the same result from another laboratory. Likelihood ratios and confidence intervals can convert the physician or other healthcare professional’s clinical estimate of pre-test probability to post-test probability of disease. Ranges of probabilities differ depending on proven method PPA and NPA in each laboratory. We recommend that laboratories verify PPA and NPA and utilize a the “Clinician’s Probability Calculator” to verify acceptable test performance and create reports to help guide clinicians with estimation of post-test probability of COVID-19.

PENGARUH MODEL INVESTIGASI KELOMPOK TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS KARANGAN NARASI KELAS V SD DI KECAMATAN KEJAKSAN KOTA CIREBON TAHUN PELAJARAN 2013-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Abdul Rozak ◽  
Mintarsih Danumihardja ◽  
Sariah
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Class V ◽  
Writing Research ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Testing Group ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Test Control

The background of this research is the difficulties of the students in expressing ideas in writing. Research design uses pre-test and post-test control group design, with random sampling. Subject is the class V students of elementary school in Kejaksan Cirebon, object is the ability in writing narrative essay. The number of sample is 72 students. Experiments class is class V students of SDN Kebon Baru I and class control is SDN Kebon Melati II. Instrument of this research is test and observation. Result data of the research is analyzed by using SPSS V. 17.Conclusion (1) learning  process through group investigation model is better  than conventional model based on the increase of pre-test result 63,00 to become 80,39 (2) the activity of experiment class is getting better with the acquisition 97,23 % than the class control 69,45 (3) based on testing group investigation model has p-Value number 0,000. Value 0,000 < level of significant 0,05, and t table (1,70) < t hitung (6,102) means. Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, it means there is an effect to the group investigation model to the ability of writing narrative essay of class V students.

USING PRE-TEST PROBABILITIES TO MORE EFFECTIVELY UTILIZE POINT-OF-CARE COVID-19 TESTING IN NURSING HOMES.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Test Probability

Nursing home residents are at increased risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative infectious agent of COVID-19, as a result of exposure to asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic health care workers. In an effort to reopen nursing homes safely, federal agencies have proposed guidelines for testing of staff and residents at regular intervals. To mitigate testing shortages, facilities received antigen point-of-care (POC) testing devices for COVID-19 but without clear guidance on when to select an antigen vs. molecular based test and how to act on a positive or negative test result. This special article presents an algorithm for how to approach pre-test probability in the selection of a certain test and how to use post-test probability to act on a test result in the context of risk mitigation.

A Ruler for Interpreting Diagnostic Test Results

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (01) ◽  
pp. 124-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lehmacher ◽  
M. Hellmich
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Bayes Rule ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Log Odds ◽  
Additive Equation ◽  
Diagnostic Test Result ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Test Probability

Summary Objectives: Bayes’ rule formalizes how the pre-test probability of having a condition of interest is changed by a diagnostic test result to yield the post-test probability of having the condition. To simplify this calculation a geometric solution in form of a ruler is presented. Methods: Using odds and the likelihood ratio of a test result in favor of having the condition of interest, Bayes’ rule can succinctly be expressed as ”the post-test odds equals the pre-test odds times the likelihood ratio”. Taking logarithms of both sides yields an additive equation. Results: The additive log odds equation can easily be solved geometrically. We propose a ruler made of two scales to be adjusted laterally. A different, widely used solution in form of a nomogram was published by Fagan [2]. Conclusions: Whilst use of the nomogram seems more obvious, the ruler may be easier to operate in clinical practice since no straight edge is needed for precise reading. Moreover, the ruler yields more intuitive results because it shows the change in probability due to a given test result on the same scale.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PICTURE AND PICTURE ON STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Marthin Simbolon
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Descriptive Writing ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Test Control

This study aims to determine whether the picture and picture method has a significant effect on the text description writing skills of students at SMP Al-Hidayah Medan or not. This study used quantitative method. The results of this study were obtained from the t test with a significance level of α = 0.05 and the accumulated results of two different groups, namely the experimental group (which applied picture and picture) and the control group (which did not use picture and picture). In the pre-test experimental group the average result obtained was 51.15 while the average post-test result was 83.75. In the pre-test control group the average result obtained was 53.45, while the average post-test result was 79.65. The results of the hypothesis obtained are ttest = 2.831 ≥ ttable = 1.685. This proves that the value of the experimental group is better than the control group, so it can be concluded that the use of pictures and picture methods can have a significant impact on students' descriptive writing skills.

Utility of Bone Marrow Biopsy, Bone Marrow Aspirate, Flow Cytometry, and Molecular Testing in the Clinical Staging of Lymphoma: An Institutional Experience.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 4596-4596
Author(s):  
Randall J. Dumont ◽  
Louis A.V. Fernandez ◽  
Ridas Juskevicius
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspirate ◽  
Bone Marrow Involvement ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Positive Test Result ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Post Test Probability ◽  
Test Probability

Abstract Lymphomas are a diverse group of solid tumors of lymphoid cells that are broadly subdivided into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) categories. In the Western world, lymphoma is the most common hematologic malignancy. Complete and accurate staging of the patient with lymphoma is essential in determining the extent of initial disease. Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) remains the gold standard for assessing bone marrow involvement by lymphoma. It allows morphological diagnosis as well as the use of immunohistochemistry in difficult cases. At the time of BMB, other specimens are often gathered for use in ancillary investigations that can aid in diagnosis and/or staging. These investigations include bone marrow aspirate (BMA), flow cytometry (FC), and molecular studies (M) such as PCR. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance characteristics of BMA, FC, and M relative to BMB in lymphoma staging, to determine how frequently ancillary testing is positive for bone marrow involvement with lymphoma while BMB is negative, as well as to determine the clinical significance of this situation. Retrospective analysis was performed on 294 lymphoma cases from 1997 to 2002 at a single adult tertiary care center. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), pre-test probability (PreTP), post-test probability given a positive test result (PTP+), and post-test probability given a negative test result (PTP−) were determined. Chart review was performed to determine clinical significance of the situation when BMB is negative and one or more ancillary investigations are positive. The number of cases positive for lymphoma by BMB, BMA, M, and FC was 157,113, 109, and 111, respectively. The performance characteristics are indicated in Table I. Twelve cases in which one or more ancillary investigations were positive when BMB was negative were identified. Clinical management was not altered in these cases. In staging of lymphoma, BMB remains the gold standard for the determination of bone marrow involvement. When compared to BMB, ancillary investigations have a high specificity and PPV, but only moderate sensitivity and NPV. Ancillary bone marrow investigations appear to add little information to lymphoma staging, and may not be fiscally justified. Table I. Performance Characteristics Of Ancillary Bone Marrow Investigations In The Staging Of Lymphoma Parameter Bone Marrow Aspirate Molecular FlowCytometry Abbreviations: PPV = positive predictive value; NPV = negative predictive; PreTP = pre-test probability; PTP+ = post-test probability given a positive test result; PTP− = post-test probability given a negative test result Sensitivity 71% 64% 68% Specificity 98% 93% 96% PPV 97% 92% 95% PreTP 53% 53% 53% PTP+ 97% 92% 95% PTP− 26% 31% 28%

Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Android untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Dian Puspita Eka Putri
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Multimedia Learning ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Increase Student Achievement ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Result

This study aims to review  the effectiveness of using android-based multimedia learning  to improve achievement cognitive learning outcome of students. The research method is the analysis of field studies. The focus in this research is Multimedia which can influence cognitive learning outcomes of students. data obtained in this study from the literature and direct field observations. The research subjects were high school students in Yogyakarta. The result of analysis and discussion of research indicate that there is the influence of multimedia learning to increase student achievement, which is indicated by increasing post-test result  than before  not using multimedia learning. Posttest value is greater than pretest.

The Effect of Language Games with Audio Visual Aids on Students’ Speaking Competence at Fourth Graders of Tunas Daud Elementary School

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Susnawati. K ◽  
Marhaeni A.A.I.N ◽  
Ramendra D.P
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Competence Test ◽  
Better Than

Study aimed to determine the effect of language games with audio visual aids on students' speaking competence at fourth grade students of Tunas Daud elementary school and to describe the implementation of language games with audio visual aids on students’ speaking competence. The design used in this research was a mixed method design. It was explanatory design since this research was started with quantitative design (experimental design with post test only control design) followed by qualitative design. The samples were 62 students; 31 students of the experimental group and 31 students of the control group of fourth grade Tunas Daud elementary students. The data were collected by using speaking competence test and analyzed by IBM SPSS 22 with independent t-test. The data were also collected through an observation sheet for observing the implementation of the language games with audio visual aids. The results showed there was a significant effect of the language games with audio visual aids on students' speaking competence in which the mean score of the students who were taught by using language games with audio visual aids is better than the students who were taught without language games with audio visual aids. For the implementation of the language games with audio visual aids, it can be seen that the implementation of the language games with audio visual aids were done in a very good way. The games was suitable for the students since it could give good impacts for the students. The students are active and confident to speak.

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