scholarly journals Assessment of the Influence of Added Resistance on Ship Pollutant Emissions and Freight Throughput Using High-Fidelity Numerical Tools

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
José Enrique Gutiérrez-Romero ◽  
Jerónimo Esteve-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Added Resistance ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
Numerical Tools ◽  
Load Conditions

The reduction of ship pollutants is a key issue in the international agenda. Emissions estimation is usually based on standard calculations that consider the different scenarios of ships. This work presents research on the influence of added resistance on ship emissions and freight throughput. First, a methodology to assess the added resistance influence is shown. The procedure is applied to a roll on-roll off ship under two load conditions. Analyses are computed to value wind- and wave-added resistances for different seasons. An investigation on ship pollutant emissions for a whole route is performed. Moreover, the influence of added resistance on the ship freight throughput is analyzed. Finally, some relevant information is concluded. For instance, a difference of up to 53% in pollutant emission estimation is observed if added resistance is considered. Additionally, the navigation in added resistance conditions could lead to a freight loss of 18% per operational year.

scholarly journals Estimation of Air Pollutant Emissions in Eastern Indonesia from Non-Oil and Gas Sources (Case Study in Sulawesi and Papua)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Dessy Gusnita ◽  
Dita Fatria
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
Papua Barat

<p>Estimation of air pollutant emissions from non-oil and gas sources in eastern Indonesia, namely Sulawesi and Papua provinces during the period 2014 – 2016 was conducted. This paper intended to estimate the emission of three air pollutants namely NOx, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>. The aim was to find out the amount of pollutant and greenhouse gas (<em>GHG</em>) emissions in the Sulawesi and Papua regions. The method used was the emission estimation method based on statistical data of Gross Regional Domestic Income (GRDP) in the Papua and Sulawesi regions. The results from estimation of pollutant emissions was then carried out for pollutant emissions mapping. The pollutant emission estimation showed the emission of air pollutants in Sulawesi region was higher than Papua. The mapping of emissions in Sulawesi were consisted of four provinces, namely north, central, south and southeast Sulawesi. The Papua region were consisted of Papua and west Papua provinces. The highest emission in Sulawesi region was south Sulawesi. The CO<sub>2</sub> emission in Sulawesi was increase about 23% with the detail value; 84.4 tons in 2014; 94.3 tons in 2015; and 103.7 tons in 2016. The emission of NOx during 2014 until 2016 are 0.53, 0.58 and 0.64 tons, there was an increasing in the emission of NOx around 21%. In addition, SO<sub>2</sub> emission of south Sulawesi are 0.42 tons in 2014, 0.47 tons in 2015 and 0.51 tons in 2016, increased about 21 % during the year 2014 - 2016. In the Papua region, the emission in Papua was higher than Papua Barat province. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Papua during 2014 -2016 were 112, 124.8 and 144.99 tons, it means the CO<sub>2</sub> was increased 29%. The emission of NOx during 2014-2016 were 0.70, 0.77 and 0.89 tons, increased around 27%. In addition, SO<sub>2</sub> emission was increase 26% with the detail value; 0.56 tons in 2014; 0.61 tons in 2015 and 0.71 tons in 2016.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em></em></strong><strong><em><br /></em></strong><em></em></p>

scholarly journals INVENTARISASI EMISI SUMBER BERGERAK DI JALAN (ON ROAD) KOTA DENPASAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Prita Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
Pollutant Gases

The growth of population in Denpasar City followed by increasing of transportation facilities that potentially cause pollution by vehicle emissions and cause serious environmental problems and which has adverse effect to the human health. The research aimed to estimate the number and distribution of emission gases on air pollutants, such as: PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and HC. The calculation of estimated based on road mobile sources (On Road) in Denpasar City, includes all known sources such as the highway, small roads, terminals, and parking lots. The calculation of emissions is calculated by using the approach of emission estimation method. The total load of emissions by moving source on the street in Denpasar for each pollutant gases are: value of NOx is 3765.89 tons/year , value of SO2 is 212.34 tons/year, value of HC is 20049.87 tons/year, value of PM10 is 444.16 tons/year, value of CO2 is 984,280.21 tons/ year, and value of CO is 55432.04 tons/year. Overall, the total load of pollutant emissions gases of Denpasar City is greater than the total load of pollutant emissions gases in Palembang city. Spatially, the distribution of pollutant gas emissions are not spread evenly. The pollutants emissions of NOx, CO2, and HC for each gases have the highest values are about 115 – 239 tons/year, 26.944 – 4.735 tons/year, and 471 – 954 tons/year distributed at West Denpasar District and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest pollutans emission of SO2 is about 15,5-44 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District. The highest pollutans emission of PM10 is about 11,5-21 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest CO pollutant emission is about 1277-1912 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, Niti Mandala Renon area, and Udayana University area.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact and External Costs Associated with Hub-and-Spoke Network in Air Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Mengyuan Sun ◽  
Yong Tian ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Can Xu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
City Network

Under the background of economic globalization, the air transport industry developed rapidly. It turns out that the city-to-city network has not been able to adapt well to the development of the society, and the hub-and-spoke network came into being. The hub-and-spoke network demonstrates the advantages of reducing the operating costs of airlines to keep a competitive advantage, and by maintaining the interests of airlines in the rapidly developing context. However, during the operation of aircrafts, they consume fuel and spew a great deal of harmful pollutants into the air, which has an adverse impact on the living environment. This paper explores the impact and external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport from an environmental perspective. With some mathematical models, we construct a hub-and-spoke network and take a quantitative study on the environmental impact of air transport. For calculating pollutant emissions, meteorological conditions were considered to revise the pollutant emission factors of the Engine Emissions Data Base (EEDB) published by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The environmental external costs measurement model is employed to calculate the externality of toxic gas and greenhouse gas (GHG). In order to make the study more convincing, two alternative networks are computed: hub-and-spoke network and city-to-city network. It is found that the hub-and-spoke network is associated with poorer environmental impact and environmental external costs because of the different network characteristics and the scale of the fleets. Therefore, under the general trend of green aviation, the environmental impact and environmental external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport provides a certain reference for airlines’ strategic decision-making.

scholarly journals Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in Central and Eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wu ◽  
Shaofei Kong ◽  
Fangqi Wu ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Shurui Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Straw Burning ◽  
Grassland Fire

Abstract. Open biomass burning (OBB) has significant impacts on air pollution, climate change and potential human health. OBB has raised wide attention but with few focus on the annual variation of pollutant emission. Central and Eastern China (CEC) is one of the most polluted regions in China. This study aims to provide a state-of the-art estimation of the pollutant emissions from OBB in CEC from 2003 to 2015, by adopting the satellite observation dataset (the burned area product (MCD64Al) and the active fire product (MCD14 ML)), local biomass data (updated biomass loading data and high-resolution vegetation data) and local emission factors. Monthly emissions of pollutants were estimated and allocated into a 1 × 1 km spatial grid for four types of OBB including grassland, shrubland, forest and cropland. From 2003 to 2015, the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland fire burning had a minor annual variation whereas the emissions from crop straw burning steadily increased. The cumulative emissions of OC, EC, CH4, NOX, NMVOC, SO2, NH3, CO, CO2 and PM2.5 were 3.64 × 103, 2.87 × 102, 3.05 × 103, 1.82 × 103, 6.4 × 103, 2.12 × 102, 4.67 × 103, 4.59 × 104, 9.39 × 105 and 4.13 × 102 Gg in these years, respectively. For cropland, corn straw burning was the largest contributor for all pollutant emissions, by 84 %–96 %. Among the forest, shrubland, grassland fire burning, forest fire burning emissions contributed the most and emissions from grassland fire was negligible due to few grass coverage in this region. High pollutant emissions were populated in the connection area of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, with emission intensity higher than 100 ton per pixel, which was related to the frequent agricultural activities in these regions. The monthly emission peak of pollutants occurred in summer and autumn harvest periods including May, June, September and October, at which period ~ 50 % of pollutants were emitted for OBB. This study highlights the importance in controlling the crops straw burning emission. From December to March of the next year, the crop residue burning emissions decreased, while the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland exhibited their highest values, leading to another small peak emissions of pollutants. Obvious regional differences in seasonal variations of OBB were observed due to different local biomass types and environmental conditions. Rural population, agricultural output, local burning habits, anthropological activities and management policies are all influence factors for OBB emissions. The successful adoption of double satellite dataset for long term estimation of pollutants from OBB with a high spatial resolution can support the assessing of OBB on regional air-quality, especially for harvest periods or dry seasons. It is also useful to evaluate the effects of annual OBB management policies in different regions.

Co-Combustion of Coal With Rice Husk and Bamboo in Power Generation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Y. H. Chao ◽  
Philip C. W. Kwong ◽  
J. H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Excess Air ◽  
Unit Energy

In many Asian countries Coal is frequently used a major fuel in power plants. Burning coal creates quite a lot of environmental problems when compared to other cleaner fuels such as natural gas. Experimental study of co-combustion of coal and biomass was conducted in a laboratory scale combustion facility to evaluate the combustion and pollutant emission performance under different operation parameters. Rice husk and bamboo were used as the biomass fuels in this study. This paper reported the influence of the biomass blending ratio in the fuel mixture and the excess air ratio on the combustion behavior. It was noted that the combustion temperature and the energy output from the co-firing process were reduced compared to coal combustion alone owing to the fact that biomass has lower heating value compared to coal. However, the high volatile matter (VM) content of biomass improved the combustion time scale so that the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced substantially. In addition, the fuel nitrogen and sulfur content in biomass were lower than that of coal and hence suppressed the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) during the cocombustion process. The increase of excess air ratio also affected most of the pollutant emissions. The pollutant emission per unit energy output at different excess air ratios and biomass blending ratios were studied in detail in this paper. Attention should be paid to the high potential of slagging and fouling in the boiler when co-firing coal with biomass.

scholarly journals Protótipo de Alta Fidelidade de Assistente Virtual para Instituições de Ensino no Estado do Amazonas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Cardoso Teixeira ◽  
Yuri Farias dos Santos ◽  
Edimar Rodrigues Junior ◽  
Paulo Victor Marajó ◽  
Priscila Silva Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institution ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Academic Activities ◽  
Types Of Information

In educational institutions, the use of virtual assistants has beenencouraged due to the possibility of disseminating relevant information,assisting in communication between actors and providingsupport in organizing academic activities. Despite the existence ofseveral virtual assistants, these systems do not present real-timeinformation or data at a personalized level of detail. In addition,the systems that provide this information are not free of charge,making it difficult for institutions with low resources to adopt them.Considering the importance of assisting students and teachers duringacademic activities through the provision of information, thiswork presents a proposal for a virtual assistant application forFederal Institute of Amazonas Campus Manaus Distrito Industrial(IFAM/CMDI). Brainstorming and benchmarking techniques wereapplied to survey the functionalities to be presented by the systemand a high-fidelity prototype of the system was developed. As aresult, it was possible to present the various dialogues that theassistant will provide and the types of information that will bepresented to the various actors within the educational institution.

scholarly journals Carbon and air pollutant emissions from China's cement industry 1990–2015: trends, evolution of technologies and drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Dan Tong ◽  
Yixuan Zheng ◽  
Jing Cheng ◽  
Xinying Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Control Technologies

Abstract. China is the largest cement producer and consumer in the world. Cement manufacturing is highly energy-intensive, and is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutant emissions, which threatens climate mitigation and air quality improvement. In this study, we investigated the decadal changes of carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions for the period of 1990–2015, based on intensive unit-based information on activity rates, production capacity, operation status, and control technologies, which improved the accuracy of the cement emissions in China. We found that, from 1990 to 2015, accompanied by a 10.9-fold increase in cement production, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions from China's cement industry increased by 626 %, 59 %, and 658 %, whereas CO, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions decreased by 9 %, 66 %, and 63 %, respectively. In the 1990s, driven by the rapid growth of cement production, CO2 and air pollutant emissions increased constantly. Then, the production technology innovation of replacing traditional shaft kilns with the new precalciner kilns in the 2000s markedly reduced SO2, CO and PM emissions from the cement industry. Since 2010, the growing trend of emissions has been further curbed by a combination of measures, including promoting large-scale precalciner production lines and phasing out small ones, upgrading emission standards, installing low-NOx burners (LNB) and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) to reduce NOx emissions, as well as adopting more advanced particulate matter control technologies. Our study highlighted the effectiveness of advanced technologies on air pollutant emission control, however, CO2 emissions from China's cement industry kept growing throughout the period, posing challenges to future carbon emission mitigation in China.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Toxic and Harmful Air Pollutants Discharged by a Petrochemical Company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604
Author(s):  
Tao Zhu ◽  
Furong Li ◽  
Wenfeng Niu ◽  
Zijun Gao ◽  
Yiwei Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Petrochemical Company ◽  
The Impact

Monitoring of toxic and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in a petrochemical company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China to assess the impact of HAPs on the health risks of workers in the petrochemical company. The samples were tested by solid-phase adsorption thermal desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HJ734-2014), and the pollutant emission list was obtained. According to the pollutant emission inventory, it can be seen that benzene, toluene and xylene are the main components of toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the petrochemical enterprise. The method of combining actual monitoring and CALPUFF model prediction was used to evaluate the impact of the toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the enterprise on the health of workers. The risk characterization results show that when benzene is the maximum concentration value predicted by the model, it will pose a carcinogenic risk to the factory workers. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended not to allow residents to live within the predicted concentration range of the model. The results of this study can enable China’s oil refining industry to better understand the characteristics of pollutant emissions from petrochemical companies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Moreover, the results of this study can be used as a policy basis for improving the health of workers in petrochemical enterprises, and are of great significance to the protection of public health.

scholarly journals A New Combustion Method in a Burner with Three Separate Jets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Mergheni ◽  
Mohamed Mahdi Belhajbrahim ◽  
Toufik Boushaki ◽  
Jean-Charles Sautet
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transverse Velocity ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Fuel Jet ◽  
Dissipation Model ◽  
Methane Flame ◽  
Numerical Tools ◽  
Reynolds Average

Oxy-flames from burners with separated jets present attractive perspectives because the separation of reactants generates a better thermal efficiency and reduction of pollutant emissions. The principal idea is to confine the fuel jet by oxygen jets to favor the mixing in order to improve the flame stability. This chapter concerns the effect of equivalence ratio on characteristics of a non-premixed oxy-methane flame from a burner with separated jets. The burner of 25 kW power is composed with three aligned jets, one central methane jet surrounded by two oxygen jets. The numerical simulation is carried out using Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) technique with k-ε as a turbulence closure model. The eddy dissipation model is applied to take into account the turbulence-reaction interactions. The study is performed with different global equivalence ratios (0.7, 0.8 and 1). The validation of the numerical tools is done by comparison with experimental data of the stoichiometric regime (Ф = 1). The two lean regimes of Ф = 0.7 and 0.8 are investigated only by calculations. The velocity fields with different equivalence ratio are presented. It yields to increase of longitudinal and transverse velocity, promotes the fluctuation in interaction zone between fuel and oxygen also a better mixing quality and a decrease of the size of the recirculation zone.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of a Regional Water–Energy–Food System Considering Environmental Constraints: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6834
Author(s):  
Junfei Chen ◽  
Tonghui Ding ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Huimin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Food System ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Multi Objective Programming

Water, energy, and food, as the basic material resources of human production and life, play a prominent role in social and economic development. As the imbalance between the supply and demand of water, energy, and food increases, a highly sensitive and fragile relationship gradually forms among water, energy, and food. In this paper, Inner Mongolia in China is selected as a research area. Firstly, synergy theory is applied to establish the framework of a water–energy–food system. Then, a multi-objective programming model is constructed, where the objective functions are defined to minimize the integrated deviation degree and pollutant emissions of the water–energy–food system. Meanwhile, maximization of the water benefit, energy production, and food production is also considered. In addition, the model takes economy, environment, water, energy, and food as constraints. Finally, a genetic algorithm is designed for accurately assessing the most promising results. The results show that the cooperation degree of the water–energy–food system in Inner Mongolia is getting better and better, and the pollutant emission from the water–energy–food system is decreasing. In 2020, the proportion of agricultural water consumption fell by 1%, while that of industrial water consumption rose by 0.48%. The production of coal, natural gas, and power are all showing an increasing trend. Among them, the increase of natural gas production is as high as 38,947,730 tons of standard coal. However, the proportions of coal, natural gas, and power change inconsistently, where the proportions of coal and natural gas increase while that of power decreases. Corn production accounts for more than 80% of the total, which is in the eldest brother position in the food industry structure. Besides, there are differences between the planned values and optimal values of decision variables. Finally, suggestions are put forward to improve the sustainable development of water–energy–food in Inner Mongolia.

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