Nonlinear Inversion of Ultrasonic Guided Waves for in Vivo Evaluation of Cortical Bone Properties

Ultrasonic guided waves (UGW), which propagate throughout the whole thickness of cortical bone, are attractive in the early diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, it is challenging due to the impact of soft tissue and the inherent difficulties related to the multiparametric inversion of cortical bone quality factors, such as cortical thickness and bulk wave velocities. Therefore, an UGW based multiple-parameter inversion algorithm is developed to predict strength-related factors in this research. In simulation, a free plate (cortical bone) and a bilayer plate (soft tissue and cortical bone) are used to validate the proposed method. The inverted cortical thickness (CTh), longitudinal velocity (V L ) and transverse velocity (V T ) are in accordance with the true value. Then four bovine cortical bone plates are used in the in vitro experiments. Compared with the reference values, the relative errors for cortical thicknesses are 3.96%, 0.83%, 2.87% and 4.25% respectively. In the in vivo measurements, ultrasonic guided waves are collected from ten volunteers’ tibia. The theoretical dispersion curves depicted by the estimated parameters (V T , V L , CTh) match well with the extracted experimental ones. In comparison to the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the results show that the estimated transverse velocity and cortical thickness are highly sensitive to the osteoporosis. Therefore, these two parameters (CTh and V T ) of long bones have potential to diagnose bone status in clinical applications.

Experimental study of the flow structure in cross flows

This study investigates the development of flow and mixing processes in the stationary and impulsive transverse jets with a small degree and frequency of blowing pulsation. Velocity field measurements were carried out using the TR PIV technique. The fields of statistical moments are obtained. It is shown that when a cross flow is injected, the main flow is turbulized, while the rise of the pulsating jet depends on the outflow mode. It is shown that with an increase in the frequency of pulsations of the transverse jet, it is more strongly “pressed” against the lower wall, maximum values of the intensity of pulsations of the transverse velocity component exceed by more than 1.5 times the values of pulsations of the transverse component.

Morphology of Gamma-Ray Halos around Middle-aged Pulsars: Influence of the Pulsar Proper Motion

Recently, gamma-ray halos of a few degree extension have been detected around two middle-aged pulsars, namely, Geminga and PSR B0656+14, by the High Altitude Water Cherenkov observatory (HAWC). The gamma-ray radiation arises from relativistic electrons that escape the pulsar wind nebula and diffuse in the surrounding medium. The diffusion coefficient is found to be significantly lower than the average value in the Galactic disk. If so, given a typical transverse velocity of 300–500 km s−1 for a pulsar, its displacement could be important in shaping the morphology of its gamma-ray halos. Motivated by this, we study the morphology of pulsar halos considering the proper motion of pulsar. We define three evolutionary phases of the pulsar halo to categorize its morphological features. The morphology of pulsar halos below 10 TeV is double peaked or single peaked with an extended tail, which depends on the electron injection history. Above 10 TeV, the morphology of pulsar halos is nearly spherical, due to the short cooling timescale (<50 kyr) for tens of teraelectronvolt electrons. We also quantitatively evaluate the separation between the pulsar and the center of the gamma-ray halo, as well as the influence of different assumptions on the pulsar characteristics and the injected electrons. Our results suggest that the separation between the center of the gamma-ray halo above 10 TeV and the associated pulsar is usually too small to be observable by HAWC or the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory. Hence, our results provide a useful approach to constrain the origin of extended sources at very high energies.

Transport equations for the normalized nth-order moments of velocity derivatives in grid turbulence

Transport equations for the normalized moments of the longitudinal velocity derivative ${F_{n + 1}}$ (here, $n$ is $1, 2, 3\ldots$ ) are derived from the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations for shearless grid turbulence. The effect of the (large-scale) streamwise advection of ${F_{n + 1}}$ by the mean velocity on the normalized moments of the velocity derivatives can be expressed as $C_1 {F_{n + 1}}/Re_\lambda$ , where $C_1$ is a constant and $Re_\lambda$ is the Taylor microscale Reynolds number. Transport equations for the normalized odd moments of the transverse velocity derivatives ${F_{y,n + 1}}$ (here, $n$ is 2, 4, 6), which should be zero if local isotropy is satisfied, are also derived and discussed in sheared and shearless grid turbulence. The effect of the (large-scale) streamwise advection term on the normalized moments of the velocity derivatives can also be expressed in the form $C_2 {F_{y,n + 1}}/Re_\lambda$ , where $C_2$ is a constant. Finally, the contribution of the mean shear in the transport equation for ${F_{n + 1}}$ can be modelled as $15 B/Re_\lambda$ , where $B$ ( $=S^*{S_{s,n + 1}}$ ) is the product of the non-dimensional shear parameter $S^*$ and the normalized mixed longitudinal-transverse velocity derivatives ${{S_{s,n + 1}}}$ ; if local isotropy is satisfied, $S_{s,n + 1}$ should be zero. These results indicate that if ${F_{n + 1}}$ , ${F_{y,n + 1}}$ and $B$ do not increase as rapidly as $Re_\lambda$ , then the effect of the large-scale structures on small-scale turbulence will disappear when $Re_\lambda$ becomes sufficiently large.

Efficient THz Generation by Nonlinear Interaction of Gaussian Laser Beam With the Anharmonic and Rippled CNTs Aligned Vertically in the Array

We purpose a theoretical analysis for the generation of efficient terahertz (THz) radiation by using the nonlinear interaction of Gaussian laser beam with vertically aligned anharmonic, and rippled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) array. This array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) is embedded on the base of the dielectric surface. The VA-CNTs have been magnetized by applying a static magnetic field mutually perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the Gaussian beam and length of CNTs. The Gaussian laser beam passing through the CNTs exerts a nonlinear ponderomotive force on the electrons of CNTs and provides them resonant nonlinear transverse velocity. This produces the nonlinear current which is further responsible for the generation of THz radiation. The anharmonicity plays a vital role in the efficient generation of THz radiation. The anharmonicity arises due to the nonlinear variation of restoration force on the various electrons of CNTs. This anharmonicity in the electrons of CNTs helps in broadening the resonance peak. We have observed that externally applied static magnetic field 110 kg to 330 kg) also paves the way for the enhancement of the normalized THz amplitude.

Flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder with an attached flexible filament

Experimental studies are conducted on a rotationally oscillating cylinder with an attached flexible filament at a Reynolds number of 150. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effect of cylinder forcing parameters and filament stiffness on the resultant wake structure. The diagnostics are flow visualization using the laser-induced fluorescence technique, frequency measurement using a hot film, and characterization of the velocity and vorticity field using planar particle image velocimetry. The streamwise force and power are estimated through control volume analysis, using a modified formulation, which considers the streamwise and transverse velocity fluctuations in the wake. These terms become important in a flow field where asymmetric wakes are observed. An attached filament significantly modifies the flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder from a Bénard–Kármán vortex street to a reverse Bénard–Kármán vortex street, albeit over a certain range of Strouhal number, $St_{A} \sim 0.25\text {--}0.5$ , encountered in nature in flapping flight/fish locomotion and in the flow past pitching airfoils. The transition from a Kármán vortex street to a reverse Kármán vortex street precedes the drag-to-thrust transition. The mechanism of unsteady thrust generation is discussed. Maximum thrust is generated at the instants when vortices are shed in the wake from the filament tip. At $St_{A} > 0.4$ , a deflected wake associated with the shedding of an asymmetric vortex street is observed. Filament flexibility delays the formation of an asymmetric wake. Wake symmetry is governed by the time instant at which a vortex pair is shed in the wake from the filament tip.

A novel mathematical modeling with solution for movement of fluid through ciliary caused metachronal waves in a channel

In the present research, a novel mathematical model for the motion of cilia using non-linear rheological fluid in a symmetric channel is developed. The strength of analytical perturbation technique is employed for the solution of proposed physical process using mectachoronal rhythm based on Cilia induced flow for pseudo plastic nano fluid model by considering the low Reynolds number and long wave length approximation phenomena. The role of ciliary motion for the fluid transport in various animals is explained. Analytical expressions are gathered for stream function, concentration, temperature profiles, axial velocity, and pressure gradient. Whereas, transverse velocity, pressure rise per wave length, and frictional force on the wall of the tubule are investigated with aid of numerical computations and their outcomes are demonstrated graphically. A comprehensive analysis for comparison of Perturb and numerical solution is done. This analysis validates the analytical solution.

Flow velocity behavior programming on open channel bends

Flow velocity on open channel bends generally experiences additional velocity which is called secondary velocity. This paper aims to analyse and calculate the velocity that occurs in an open channel bend in general. The calculation that the writer uses is the calculation with fortran programming, in a case study of a river that bends, where the variables that must be present are given. The results of calculations and measurements of Secondary Speeds that occur at channel bends in this Open Channel will be very useful for river channel improvement or flood prevention in river channels, especially on existing bends. The conclusion is that at the bend of an open channel or river, there will be an increase in flow velocity in the transverse direction. This additional velocity is caused by the additional secondary velocity, namely the transverse velocity.

Simulation and Experimental Study on Hydraulic Sandblasting Cutting in Uncontrolled Blowout Well

In this paper, the pre-mixed type high pressure hydraulic sandblasting before portable nozzle structure optimized design calculation of cutting equipment, hydraulic sandblasting cutting using high-speed sand fluid jet to finish cutting operation, to improve the work efficiency of the device, this paper adopts the method of computational fluid dynamics, using the business software, numerical simulation of different nozzle type, nozzle length and Angle of the cone Angle of nozzle, the internal flow field of comparative analysis and calculation results, and to test the performance of the different nozzle, it is concluded that the cone shape nozzle structure is better, and working parameters of the type sprayer experiment, with the help of mathematical software to deal with the experimental data, the theoretical formulae of cutting depth, cutting target distance, transverse velocity and jet pressure were obtained, which provided a basis for the development of nozzle with high cutting efficiency and proved the accuracy and reliability of simulation results.

Inter-individual variability in a repetitive lifting task

Trunk kinematics directly impact the biomechanical loading of the tissues of the low back. Quantifying the variability in trunk kinematics may provide deeper insights into biomechanical loading and low back injury risk. Inter-lifter variability in trunk kinematics was assessed as twenty participants performed a repetitive lifting task at three levels of the NIOSH Lifting Index. Trunk kinematics were captured and Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance was used to test the hypothesis that variance in kinematic parameters increased as a function of level of lifting index. Results showed considerable levels of variability in all kinematics parameters, and for sagittal range of motion, mean sagittal velocity, transverse range of motion, and mean transverse velocity the variance was significantly affected (p<0.05) by level of lifting index. The results of this study demonstrate that variability (both inter- and intra-lifter) should be considered as one considers the relative risk of a lifting task.