scholarly journals Substrate Selection of Ascidian Larva: Wettability and Nano-Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Euichi Hirose ◽  
Noburu Sensui
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Artificial Structures ◽  
Substrate Preferences ◽  
Nano Structures ◽  
Hydrophobic Materials ◽  
Faunal Communities ◽  
Adhesive Organs ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Selection Of

Ascidians are marine sessile chordates that comprise one of the major benthic animal groups in marine ecosystems. They sometimes cause biofouling problems on artificial structures underwater, and non-indigenous, invasive ascidian species can potentially and seriously alter native faunal communities. Ascidian larvae are usually tadpole-shaped, negatively phototactic, and adhere on substrates by secreting a glue from their adhesive organs. Although larvae often prefer hydrophobic surfaces, such as a silicone rubber, for settlement, hydrophobic materials are often used to reduce occurrence of fouling organisms on artificial structures. This inconsistency may indicate that an attractive surface for larvae is not always suitable for settlement. Micro-scale structures or roughness may enhance the settlement of ascidian larvae, but settlement is significantly reduced by a nano-scale nipple array (or moth-eye structure), suggesting functional properties of similar structures found on the body surfaces of various invertebrates. The substrate preferences of larvae should be one of the important bases in considering measures against biofouling, and this review also discusses the potential uses of materials to safely reduce the impacts of invasive species.

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR IPA SMP PADA TEMA ENERGI DALAM TUBUH MENGGUNAKAN METODE 4STMD

EDUSAINS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
Gia Juniar Nur Wahidah ◽  
Sjaeful Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Concept Maps ◽  
The Body ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Selection Step ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This research aims to produce science teaching materials in junior level with Energy in The Body as the theme using Four Steps Teaching Material Development  (4STMD). The material is presented in an integrated way so that students can  think holistically and contextually. The method used in this study is Research and Development. In this R&D methods is used 4STMD. There are four steps done on the development of teaching materials, the selection step, structuring step, characterization, and didactic reduction. Selection step includes the selection of indicators in accordance with the demands of the curriculum which is then developed with the selection of concepts and values that are integrated with the concept of science. Structuring step includes make macro structures, concept maps, and multiple representations. Characterization's step includes preparation instruments, then  trial to students to identify difficult concepts. The last, didactic reduction was done by neglect and the annotations in the form of sketches.The test results readability aspect instructional materials lead to the conclusion that by determining the main idea, the legibility of teaching materials reached 67%, with moderate readability criteria. Test results of feasibility aspects based on the results of questionnaires to the 11 teachers lead to the conclusion that the overall, level of eligibility teaching materials reached 91% with the eligibility criteria well. Keywords: teaching materials; energy; 4STMD Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan bahan ajar IPA SMP pada tema Energi dalam Tubuh menggunakan metode Four Steps Teaching Material Development (4STMD). Materi disajikan secara terpadu sehingga memacu siswa untuk berpikir secara holistik dan kontekstual. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian dan pengembangan. Dalam penelitian dan pengembangan yang ini, digunakan metode Four Steps Teaching Material Development (4STMD). Terdapat empat tahap yang dilakukan pada pengembangan bahan ajar, yakni tahap seleksi, strukturisasi, karakterisasi, dan reduksi didaktik. Tahap seleksi meliputi pemilihan indikator yang sesuai dengan tuntutan kurikulum yang kemudian dikembangkan dengan pemilihan konsep dan nilai yang diintegrasikan dengan konsep IPA. Tahap strukturisasi meliputi pembuatan struktur makro, peta konsep, dan multipel representasi dari materi. Tahap karakterisasi meliputi penyusunan instrumen karakterisasi, kemudian uji coba kepada siswa untuk mengidentifikasi konsep sulit. Tahap terakhir, yaitu reduksi didaktik konsep terhadap konsep sulit. Reduksi didaktik yang dilakukan berupa pengabaian dan penggunaan penjelasan berupa sketsa. Hasil uji aspek keterbacaan bahan ajar menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa berdasarkan penentuan ide pokok, keterbacaan bahan ajar mencapai 67%, dengan kriteria keterbacaan tinggi. Hasil uji aspek kelayakan berdasarkan hasil angket terhadap 11 orang guru menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa secara keseluruhan tingkat kelayakan bahan ajar mencapai 91% dengan kriteria kelayakan baik sekali. Kata Kunci: bahan ajar; energi; 4STMD  Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/es.v8i2.2039  

scholarly journals Regulating the Regulators: Mechanisms of Substrate Selection of the O-GlcNAc Cycling Enzymes OGT and OGA

Glycobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M Stephen ◽  
Trevor M Adams ◽  
Lance Wells
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Dynamic Modification ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Outstanding Question ◽  
Glcnac Transferase ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Partner Proteins ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Thousands of nuclear and cytosolic proteins are modified with a single β-N-acetylglucosamine on serine and threonine residues in mammals, a modification termed O-GlcNAc. This modification is essential for normal development and plays important roles in virtually all intracellular processes. Additionally, O-GlcNAc is involved in many disease states, including cancer, diabetes, and X-linked intellectual disability. Given the myriad of functions of the O-GlcNAc modification, it is therefore somewhat surprising that O-GlcNAc cycling is mediated by only two enzymes: the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which adds O-GlcNAc, and the O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which removes it. A significant outstanding question in the O-GlcNAc field is how do only two enzymes mediate such an abundant and dynamic modification. In this review, we explore the current understanding of mechanisms for substrate selection for the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes. These mechanisms include direct substrate interaction with specific domains of OGT or OGA, selection of interactors via partner proteins, posttranslational modification of OGT or OGA, nutrient sensing, and localization alteration. Altogether, current research paints a picture of an exquisitely regulated and complex system by which OGT and OGA select substrates. We also make recommendations for future work, toward the goal of identifying interaction mechanisms for specific substrates that may be able to be exploited for various research and medical treatment goals.

scholarly journals The dynamic of body and brain co-evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 105971232199468
Author(s):  
Paolo Pagliuca ◽  
Stefano Nolfi
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of

We introduce a method that permits to co-evolve the body and the control properties of robots. It can be used to adapt the morphological traits of robots with a hand-designed morphological bauplan or to evolve the morphological bauplan as well. Our results indicate that robots with co-adapted body and control traits outperform robots with fixed hand-designed morphologies. Interestingly, the advantage is not due to the selection of better morphologies but rather to the mutual scaffolding process that results from the possibility to co-adapt the morphological traits to the control traits and vice versa. Our results also demonstrate that morphological variations do not necessarily have destructive effects on robots’ skills.

Influence of the cost of technological equipment of body production on indicators of efficiency of working processes

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Index ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Technological Equipment ◽  
Production Body ◽  
Body Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Efficiency Indicators ◽  
Selection Of

The possibilities for the development of bodywork in the context of the growing level of competition are analyzed in the article. The technological processes of bodywork are considered and the problem of choosing technological equipment is indicated. The statistical data about the efficiency indicators of company body divisions, operating in the body repair market in Krasnoyarsk, are presented. A composite quality index for the equipment of the bodywork department (using the example of body stocks) is proposed and calculated, and on its basis, some recommendations are given for companies which plan to enter the market of body repair services. Keywords: body production, body repair, body equipment, body production efficiency, selection of technological equipment

Available Energy: I. Gibbs Revisited; II. Gibbs Extended

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Gaggioli ◽  
David H. Richardson ◽  
Anthony J. Bowman ◽  
David M. Paulus
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Nonequilibrium Condition ◽  
Balance Equations ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Additive Property ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Dead State ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The concept of available energy, as defined by Gibbs (1873b) is revisited. He gave representations of available energy for two circumstances. The first was the available energy of a “body,” for the case when a body, alone, is in a nonequilibrium condition and therefore has energy available. In turn, he presented the available energy of “the body and medium,” for the energy which is available because a body is not in equilibrium with some arbitrarily specified medium. Gibbs’ representations were graphical. Since Gibbs, representations with formulas have been developed and are common, for the “available energy of body and medium.” Gaggioli (1998a, b) has developed formulas which are more general, to represent “the available energy of the body (alone)” and to assign an exergy to subsystems of the body as a measure of each sub-system’s contribution to the available energy. In contrast to the available energy, exergy is an additive property, so that balance equations can be written. And the formulas are independent from any “medium,” which is important both theoretically and practically — because of its relevance to proper selection of “the dead state.” These issues are discussed and extended, after reviewing Gibbs development of available energy and additional concepts which he introduced, such as “available vacuum” and “capacity for entropy.” It is argued that these “availabililty” and “capacity” concepts are all equivalent to one another. In turn, because of interconvertability, it is seen that available energy is something more fundamental than “maximum useful work.” Furthermore, it is illustrated that available energy, equilibrium and stability, and thermostatic property relations are relative, to “constraints.”

Expriments on the Selection of Algal Subsrates by Polyzoan Larvae

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-631
Author(s):  
J. S. RYLAND
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Substrate Preferences ◽  
Fucus Serratus ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
A Site ◽  
Marked Specificity ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Actual Substrate

1. Many species of Polyzoa show marked specificity with regard to the substrate on which they occur. Epiphytic forms are often found mainly on one species of alga. 2. Experiments were performed in which a number of algal species were offered to polyzoan larvae as substrates for settlement. The disposition of algae, and the dishes containing them, was such that the layout conformed to a Youden Square design. This not only achieved economy of materials, but ensured a balanced experiment, made possible a statistical analysis of the results, and eliminated any possible effects of extraneous environmental factors. 3. The larvae showed marked substrate preferences when settling. In the littoral forms Alcyonidium hirsutum, A. polyoum and Flustrellidra hispida, the selection of algae accorded closely with their observed natural distributions: in each case highest settlement took place on Fucus serratus. It seems probable that positive selection plays an important role in determining the distribution of these species on the shore. Celleporella hyalina larvae were also selective, but the preferences were less clearly related to the ecological distribution of the adult. 4. Surface texture appears more important than contour as a factor influencing the choice made by larvae between algal substrates, although the physical and/or chemical factors responsible for the observed differences in attractiveness of algae are largely unknown. However, it is evident that the nature of the surface alters with age, and that this influences favourability. The presence of mucus has an adverse effect on settlement. Once the actual substrate has been chosen, the larvae respond to surface contour and, if possible, select a groove or concavity as a site for fixation.

Experiments on Substrate Selection by Corophium Species: Films and Bacteria on Sand Particles

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-511
Author(s):  
P. S. MEADOWS
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Substrate Preferences ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. A simple method is described for determining the substrate preferences of Corophium volutator (Pallas) and Corophium arenarium Crawford. 2. If offered a choice of its own substrate with that of the other species each prefers its own. 3. Level of illumination and colour of substrate have little effect on choice. An animal's size and hence its age has little effect on its substrate preferences. 4. C. volutator prefers a substrate previously maintained under anaerobic conditions, C. arenarium vice versa. 5. Treatments which kill, inactivate, or remove micro-organisms render sands unattractive to Corophium. These include boiling, acid-cleaning, drying, and soaking in fixatives or distilled water. Attempts to make these sands attractive again failed. 6. Distilled water, and solutions of the non-electrolytes sucrose and glycerol at the same osmotic pressure as sea water, induce many bacteria to desorb from sand particles; smaller numbers are desorbed in the presence of solutions of electrolytes at the same ionic strength as sea water (NaCl, Na2SO4, KC1, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2). Of all these, only distilled water and solutions of MgCl2 and CaCl2 reduce the attractive properties of sands. Hence the loss of bacteria from the surface of sand grains, though related to the ionic strength and composition of the medium, is not necessarily associated with a substrate becoming unattractive.

scholarly journals The relationship between body weight and exterior measurements in domestic ostriches during the first four months after hatching

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Andrey Kurtenkov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

It is related leg problems to the realization of the necessity of doing a detailed analysis of the phenotype correlations between body weight and exterior measurements. As a result of the study, lower coefficients have been obtained of the correlation between the girth of the tarso metatarsus on one hand, and the body weight and the girth behind the wings, on the other hand (respectively 0.563 and 0.608), compared with the one between the body weight and the girth behind the wings (0.898). It is advisable in the selection of ostriches to take into consideration the necessity of a higher phenotypic correlation between the girth of the tarso metatarsus on the one hand, and the body weight and the girth behind the wings on the other hand, with a view to preventing leg problems.

scholarly journals Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Body Weight and Some Colour Traits in the Seventh-generation Index Selected Nigeria Heavy Local Chicken Ecotype

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.J. Ohagenyi ◽  
F.C. Iregbu ◽  
V.C. Udeh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pedigree Selection ◽  
Egg Colour ◽  
Local Chicken ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Estimation Of Genetic Parameters ◽  
Selection Of

Background: This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of body weight and some colour traits in seventh generation (G7) index selected Nigerian Heavy Local Chicken Ecotype (NHLCE) progenies at point of lay to 12 weeks. Methods: 5 sires and 12 hens were used to generate the progenies used for the experiment. Traits measured included weekly body weight, egg colour, beak colour and feather colour. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance in a Paternal half sib analysis using Animal model of SAS (2003). Four weeks body weight measurements, egg colour, beak colour and feather colour for 5 sires ranged from 1.29±0.05 1.54±0.07; 2.55±0.02 to 4.00±0.02; 2.45±0.02 to 4.83±0.02 and 1.73±0.02 to 4.58±0.04 respectively. Result: The new Duncan’s multiple range test shows that sire families are similar (p greater than 0.05) in the body weight and beak colour, but significantly differed (p greater than 0.05) in the egg colour and feather colour. The heritability estimates of mature body weight for week 3 was medium, while estimates of heritability for weekly mature body weight for weeks 1, 2 and 4, egg colour, beak colour and feather colour of NHLCE were low heritability. Low h2 of traits suggest that progeny and pedigree selection could be employed for improvement of the egg colour, beak colour and feather colour of NHLCE. The study showed positive genetic correlations between beak colour and egg colour, negative genetic correlations between beak and feather colour. This means that no decision can be taken in isolation as the selection of one trait will have consequences on other traits.

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