scholarly journals Degenerated Virulence and Irregular Development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Induced by Successive Subculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Tao-Ho Chang ◽  
Ying-Hong Lin ◽  
Yu-Ling Wan ◽  
Kan-Shu Chen ◽  
Jenn-Wen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Chlamydospore Formation ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Successive Subculture

Successive cultivation of fungi on artificial media has been reported to cause the sectorization, which leads to degeneration of developmental phenotype, and virulence. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, forms degenerated sectors after successive cultivation. In the present research, we demonstrated that subculture with aged mycelia increased the incidence of degenerations. To further investigate the differences between the Fon wild type (sporodochial type, ST) and variants (MT: mycelial type and PT: pionnotal type), developmental phenotypes and pathogenicity to watermelon were examined. Results in variants (PT2, PT3, PT11, and MT6) were different from ST with mycelia growth, conidia production and chlamydospore formation. Virulence of degenerated variants on susceptible watermelon Grand Baby (GB) cultivar was determined after inoculation with Fon variants and Fon ST. In root dipping methods, Fon variants showed no significant differences in disease progress compared with ST. Fon variants showed a significant decrease in disease progression compared with ST through infested soil inoculation. The contrasting results of two inoculation methods suggest that the degenerative changes due to repeated successive cultivation may lead to the loss of pathogen virulence-related factors of the early stage of Fon infection process. Therefore, cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs; cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase) activities of different variants were analyzed. All Fon degenerated variants demonstrated significant decreases of CWDEs activities compared with ST. Additionally, transcript levels of 9 virulence-related genes (fmk1, fgb1, pacC, xlnR, pl1, rho1, gas1, wc1, and fow1) were assessed in normal state. The degenerated variants demonstrated a significantly low level of tested virulence-related gene transcripts except for fmk1, xlnR, and fow1. In summary, the degeneration of Fon is triggered with successive subculture through aged mycelia. The degeneration showed significant impacts on virulence to watermelon, which was correlated with the reduction of CWDEs activities and declining expression of a set of virulence-related genes.

scholarly journals Degenerated virulence and irregular development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum induced by successive subculture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao-Ho Chang ◽  
Ying-Hong Lin ◽  
Yu-Ling Wan ◽  
Kan-Shu Chen ◽  
Jenn-Wen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Chlamydospore Formation ◽  
Successive Subculture

AbstractSuccessive cultivation of fungus has been reported to cause the sectorization, which leads to degeneration of developmental phenotype, and virulence. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, demonstrated that successive cultivation formed the degenerated sectors. In the present research, we demonstrated that subculture with aged mycelium increased the incidence of degenerations. To further investigate the differences between the Fon wild type (sporodochial type, ST) and variants (MT: mycelium type and PT: pionnotal type), developmental phenotypes and pathogenicity to watermelon were examined. Results have shown that degeneration variants (PT2, PT3, PT11 and MT6) were different from ST with mycelium growth, conidia production and chlamydospore formation. Virulence of degenerated variants on susceptible watermelon Grand Baby (GB) cultivar was determined after inoculated with Fon variants and Fon ST. In root dipping methods, all Fon variants showed slightly increased disease severity than ST. Conversely, all Fon variants showed a significant decrease in disease progression compared with ST through infested soil inoculation. The contrary results of two inoculation methods suggest that the changes of successive cultural degeneration may lead to the loss of pathogen virulence-related factors of the early stage of Fon infection process. Therefore, Cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs; cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase) activities of different variants were analysed. All Fon degenerated variants demonstrated significantly decreased of CWDEs activities compared with ST. Additionally, transcripts level of 9 virulence-related genes (fmk1, fgb1, pacC, xlnR, pl1, rho1, gas1, wc1 and fow1) were assessed in normal state. The degenerated variants demonstrated a significantly low level of tested virulence-related genes transcripts except for fmk1, xlnR and fow1. In summary, the degeneration of Fon is triggered with successive subculture through aged mycelium. The degeneration showed significant impacts on virulence to watermelon, which caused by the reduction of CWDEs activities and declining expression of a set of virulence-related genes.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of the Barley-Fusarium graminearum Interaction

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanand Boddu ◽  
Seungho Cho ◽  
Warren M. Kruger ◽  
Gary J. Muehlbauer
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Gene Transcripts

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is caused by Fusarium graminearum. FHB causes yield losses and reduction in grain quality primarily due to the accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). To develop an understanding of the barley-F. graminearum interaction, we examined the relationship among the infection process, DON concentration, and host transcript accumulation for 22,439 genes in spikes from the susceptible cv. Morex from 0 to 144 h after F. graminearum and water control inoculation. We detected 467 differentially accumulating barley gene transcripts in the F. graminearum-treated plants compared with the water control-treated plants. Functional annotation of the transcripts revealed a variety of infection-induced host genes encoding defense response proteins, oxidative burst-associated enzymes, and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes. Of particular interest was the induction of transcripts encoding potential trichothecene catabolic enzymes and transporters, and the induction of the tryptophan biosynthetic and catabolic pathway enzymes. Our results define three stages of F. graminearum infection. An early stage, between 0 and 48 h after inoculation (hai), exhibited limited fungal development, low DON accumulation, and little change in the transcript accumulation status. An intermediate stage, between 48 and 96 hai, showed increased fungal development and active infection, higher DON accumulation, and increased transcript accumulation. A majority of the host gene transcripts were detected by 72 hai, suggesting that this is an important timepoint for the barley-F. graminearum interaction. A late stage also identified between 96 and 144 hai, exhibiting development of hyphal mats, high DON accumulation, and a reduction in the number of transcripts observed. Our study provides a baseline and hypothesis-generating dataset in barley during F. graminearum infection and in other grasses during pathogen infection.

Effects of fungal parasites on cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) from naturally infested soil—a scanning electron microscopy study

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Lopez-Llorca ◽  
G. H. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Fungal Parasites ◽  
Scanning Electron

The effects of fungal endoparasites, attacking the eggs of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae, and details of the infection process were studied by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Some female nematodes, even young ones containing no eggs, were colonized by fungi. Spores and hyphae similar to those of Nematophthora gynophila were found in infected specimens. Fungi colonized both roots and nematodes. In early stages of infection, fungi developed within the female nematode between the organs, presumably using the female's body as a food source. In some immature females, the fungi appeared to have destroyed the uterus. In old females, appressoria of Verticillium spp., including V. chlamydosporium, penetrated the eggs they contained and progressively destroyed their contents until the egg shell was filled with hyphae and spores. Only rarely were second-stage juveniles within eggs infected by these fungi. Fungal infection of eggs, which arrests their development at an early stage, therefore occurs predominantly in females rather than in newly formed cysts. Key words: Heterodero avenae, fungal parasites, naturally infested soil, scanning electron microscopy.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis of Claviceps paspali: insights into the secretome of the main species causing ergot disease in Paspalum spp

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Oberti ◽  
G. Spangenberg ◽  
N. Cogan ◽  
R. Reyno ◽  
M. Feijoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenicity Factors ◽  
Claviceps Paspali

Abstract Background The phytopatogen Claviceps paspali is the causal agent of Ergot disease in Paspalum spp., which includes highly productive forage grasses such as P. dilatatum. This disease impacts dairy and beef production by affecting seed quality and producing mycotoxins that can affect performance in feeding animals. The molecular basis of pathogenicity of C. paspali remains unknown, which makes it more difficult to find solutions for this problem. Secreted proteins are related to fungi virulence and can manipulate plant immunity acting on different subcellular localizations. Therefore, identifying and characterizing secreted proteins in phytopathogenic fungi will provide a better understanding of how they overcome host defense and cause disease. The aim of this work is to analyze the whole genome sequences of three C. paspali isolates to obtain a comparative genome characterization based on possible secreted proteins and pathogenicity factors present in their genome. In planta RNA-seq analysis at an early stage of the interaction of C. paspali with P. dilatatum stigmas was also conducted in order to determine possible secreted proteins expressed in the infection process. Results C. paspali isolates had compact genomes and secretome which accounted for 4.6–4.9% of the predicted proteomes. More than 50% of the predicted secretome had no homology to known proteins. RNA-Seq revealed that three protein-coding genes predicted as secreted have mayor expression changes during 1 dpi vs 4 dpi. Also, three of the first 10 highly expressed genes in both time points were predicted as effector-like. CAZyme-like proteins were found in the predicted secretome and the most abundant family could be associated to pectine degradation. Based on this, pectine could be a main component affected by the cell wall degrading enzymes of C. paspali. Conclusions Based on predictions from DNA sequence and RNA-seq, unique probable secreted proteins and probable pathogenicity factors were identified in C. paspali isolates. This information opens new avenues in the study of the biology of this fungus and how it modulates the interaction with its host. Knowledge of the diversity of the secretome and putative pathogenicity genes should facilitate future research in disease management of Claviceps spp.

scholarly journals Female Breast Cancer in Suriname: Pathways to Treatment—A Patient’s Perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 49-49
Author(s):  
Euridice R. Irving ◽  
Dennis R. A. Mans ◽  
Els Th. M. Dams ◽  
Maureen Y. Lichtveld
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Entire Interval ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Stage Disease

PURPOSE Delays across the entire cancer care continuum are not uncommon. This cross-sectional study explored the health care trajectories of Surinamese women with breast cancer and identified predictors of timely diagnosis and treatment initiation. METHODS One hundred women age 30 years or older who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer in 2017 to 2018 were recruited from all 4 hospitals in Paramaribo. Data on their demographics, lifestyle, reproductive and medical history, health status, and family history of breast cancer and other malignancies were collected using a validated semistructured questionnaire. Using Anderson’s Model of Pathways to Treatment, we defined a patient interval (from detection to first consultation), diagnostic interval (from consultation to histopathologic diagnosis), and treatment interval (from diagnosis to first treatment). Log-transformed data were analyzed using linear regression, and variables with P ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant predictors of intervals. RESULTS All participants had health insurance and access to health care. Eighty-five percent of patients presented with early-stage disease. Ninety percent of patients had self-detected their disease, with 70% finding a lump. Average age was 55.6 years (± 11.8 years). Median durations of patient, diagnostic, and treatment intervals were 13 days (interquartile, range, 4-63 days), 40 days (IQR, 21-57 days), and 18 days (IQR, 8-38 days), respectively. Median duration of the entire interval was 95 days (IQR, 59-272 days). Patient-related factors associated with the intervals were religion (β = −530; P = .003), being employed (β = 149.4; P = .007), and age 50 years and older (β = −195.8; P = .037). Disease-related factors were lump as first symptom (β = −175.6; P = .038) and late-stage disease at diagnosis (β = 213.5; P = .004). CONCLUSION Given the limited-resource setting, delays in Suriname’s health care can be minimized by programs aimed at increasing breast cancer awareness and education; however, delays may have been underestimated as a result of the over-representation of early-stage disease and recall bias regarding the first symptom detected.

Quality of life in breast cancer sufferers

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Essmat Shouman ◽  
Nahla Fawzy Abou El Ezz ◽  
Nivine Gado ◽  
Amal Mahmoud Ibrahim Goda
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure health-related quality of life (QOL) among patients with early stage cancer breast under curative treatment at department of oncology and nuclear medicine at Ain Shams University Hospitals. Identify factors affecting QOL among these patients. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional study measured QOL among early stage female breast cancer (BC) patients and determined the main factors affecting their QOL. Three interviewer administered questionnaires were used. Findings – The physical domain mostly affected in BC patients and the functional domain least. Socio-demographic factors that significantly affected BC patients QOL scores were patient age, education, having children and family income. Specific patient characteristics include caregiver presence – a factor that affected different QOL scores. Age at diagnosis, affection in the side of the predominant hand, post-operative chemotherapy and difficulty in obtaining the medication were the disease-related factors that affected QOL scores. Originality/value – The final model predicting QOL for early stage female BC patients included age, education and difficulty in obtaining the medication as determinants for total QOL score. Carer presence was the specific patient characteristic that affected different QOL scores.

Attention to diet, exercise, and weight in the oncology clinic: Results of a national patient survey.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10549-10549
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Ligibel ◽  
Lori J. Pierce ◽  
Catherine M. Bender ◽  
Tracy E Crane ◽  
Christina Marie Dieli-Conwright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
To Receive

10549 Background: Obesity and related factors are increasingly associated with increased risk of developing and dying from cancer. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) conducted a survey of cancer patients to assess their experience in receiving recommendations and referrals related to weight, diet and exercise as a part of their cancer care. Methods: An online survey was distributed to potential participants between March and June 2020 via ASCO channels and patient advocacy organizations, with an estimated reach of over 25,000 individuals. Eligibility criteria included being 18 years, living in the US, and having been diagnosed with cancer. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with recommendation and referral patterns. Results: In total, 2419 individuals responded to the survey. Most respondents were female (75.5%), 61.8% had an early-stage malignancy, 38.2% had advanced disease, and 49.0% were currently receiving treatment. Breast cancer was the most common cancer type (36.0%). Average BMI was 25.8 kg/m2. The majority of respondents consumed £2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day (50.9%) and exercised £2 times per week (50.4%). Exercise was addressed at most or some oncology visits in 57.5% of respondents, diet in 50.7%, and weight in 28.4%. Referrals were less common: 14.9% of respondents were referred to an exercise program, 25.6% to a dietitian and 4.5% to a weight management program. In multiple regression analyses, racial and ethnicity minority respondents were more likely to receive advice about diet (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.56-2.38) and weight (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.23-2.17) compared to non-Hispanic whites, individuals diagnosed with cancer in the past 5 yrs (vs > 5 yrs) were more likely to receive advice about exercise (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.23-1.79), and breast cancer patients were more likely to receive advice about exercise (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.11-1.68) and weight (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.03-2.07) than other cancer patients. Overall, 74% of survey respondents had changed their diet or exercise after cancer diagnosis. Respondents reporting that their oncologist spoke to them about increasing exercise or eating healthier foods were more likely to report a change in behavior than those whose oncologists did not (exercise: 79.6% vs 69.0%, P < 0.001; diet 81.1% vs 71.4%, P < 0.001). Respondents whose oncologist had spoken to them about exercise were more likely to exercise > 2 times per week compared to respondents whose oncologists did not address exercise (53.5% vs 44.1%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: In a national survey of oncology patients, slightly more than half of respondents reported attention to diet and exercise during oncology visits. Provider recommendations for diet and exercise were associated with positive changes in these behaviors. Additional attention to diet and exercise as part of oncology visits is needed to help support healthy lifestyle change in cancer patients.

The Voice of Experience: Diet and Weight Change in Women with Breast Cancer Associate with Psychosocial and Treatment-Related Challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Vance ◽  
Sharon Campbell ◽  
Linda Mccargar ◽  
Marina Mourtzakis ◽  
Rhona Hanning
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Food Cravings ◽  
Psychosocial Challenges ◽  
The Voice

Purpose: This study investigated relationships between psychosocial and treatment-related factors, diet, and weight change in women treated with chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Methods: Comprehensive qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women who were within 12 months of completing chemotherapy treatment. Results: Changes in food intake and eating patterns were universal over the course of chemotherapy, with broad variability in treatment effects and associated dietary responses linked to weight change. Increased appetite, food cravings, and intake of energy-dense comfort foods were more common among women who gained weight during treatment (n = 11). Changes in taste, nausea, and emotional distress were central in promoting these dietary responses. Women who lost weight during treatment (n = 6) tended to report more severe and persistent side effects of treatment leading to poor appetite and lower food intake, and they were more likely to live alone. Conclusions: While the etiology of weight change in this population is complex, this study suggests that changes in food intake related to treatment and psychosocial challenges may play an important role for some women. These findings may help to identify women who are most at risk of weight change during treatment and may inform the development of tailored dietary interventions.

Establishment of Predictive Model for Related Factors of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Ju ◽  
Jin Zheng ◽  
li Ying Pan ◽  
lin Lin Gao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Related Factors

Abstract Background:The percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a primary method of stone treatment, but the infection is a very common postoperative complication. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a stage of the infection process and a very important early clinical manifestation of sepsis, so identifying the risk factors associated with SIRS after PCNL plays an important role in ensuring patients’ safety and preventing sepsis. Methods:Between September 2016 and September 2017,there were total 352 patients who were diagnosed as renal stone and were treated with PCNL, andincluded in this study at last.Patients were divided into two groups according to whether SIRS occurred or not.The univariate analysis was performed on the related risk factors such as patients' age, gender, number of stone, diabetes et al. Then logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis and established a prediction model.Results:There are 352renal stone patients were treated with PCNL, and 106 patients (30.1%) suffered SIRS after operation.It was found that the operative time, preoperative fever and diabetes could be deemed as risk factors, and the Then logistic regression results indicated that diabetes (OR=2.049, 95%CI 1.008～4.166) and operative time (OR=1.011, 95%CI 1.003～1.019) entered the regression equation.Conclusion: Diabetes and operative time are independent risk factors for SIRS after PCNL, so the probability of SIRS after PCNL can be determined in accordance with these two indicators.

scholarly journals The Intravitreal Injection of Lanosterol Nanoparticles Rescues Lens Structure Collapse at an Early Stage in Shumiya Cataract Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriaki Nagai ◽  
Yuya Fukuoka ◽  
Kanta Sato ◽  
Hiroko Otake ◽  
Atsushi Taga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intravitreal Injection ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Repeated Injection ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Structural Collapse ◽  
Calpain Activity ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Bead Mill ◽  
Structure Collapse

We designed an intravitreal injection formulation containing lanosterol nanoparticles (LAN-NPs) via the bead mill method and evaluated the therapeutic effect of LAN-NPs on lens structure collapse and opacification using two rat cataract models (SCR-N, rats with slight lens structure collapse; SCR-C, rats with the combination of a remarkable lens structure collapse and opacification). The particle size of lanosterol in the LAN-NPs was around 50–400 nm. A single injection of LAN-NPs (0.5%) supplied lanosterol into the lens for 48 h, and no irritation or muddiness was observed following repeated injections of LAN-NPs for 6 weeks (once every 2 days). Moreover, LAN-NPs repaired the slight collapse of the lens structure in SCR-N. Although the remarkable changes in the lens structure of SCR-C were not repaired by LAN-NP, the onset of opacification was delayed. In addition, the increase of cataract-related factors (Ca2+ contents, nitric oxide levels, lipid peroxidation and calpain activity levels) in the lenses of SCR-C was attenuated by the repeated injection of LAN-NPs. It is possible that a deficiency of lanosterol promotes the production of oxidative stress. In conclusion, it is difficult to improve serious structural collapse with posterior movement of the lens nucleus with a supplement of lanosterol via LAN-NPs. However, the intravitreal injection of LAN-NPs was found to repair the space and structural collapse in the early stages in the lenses.

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