scholarly journals Acid pH Strategy Adaptation through NRG1 in Ustilago maydis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
José Alejandro Sánchez-Arreguin ◽  
José Ruiz-Herrera ◽  
F. de Jesus Mares-Rodriguez ◽  
Claudia Geraldine León-Ramírez ◽  
Lino Sánchez-Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Glucose Repression ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Strategy Adaptation ◽  
Acid Ph

The role of the Ustilago maydis putative homolog of the transcriptional repressor ScNRG1, previously described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, was analyzed by means of its mutation. In S. cerevisiae this gene regulates a set of stress-responsive genes, and in C. neoformans it is involved in pathogenesis. It was observed that the U. maydisNRG1 gene regulates several aspects of the cell response to acid pH, such as the production of mannosyl-erythritol lipids, inhibition of the expression of the siderophore cluster genes, filamentous growth, virulence and oxidative stress. A comparison of the gene expression pattern of the wild type strain versus the nrg1 mutant strain of the fungus, through RNA Seq analyses, showed that this transcriptional factor alters the expression of 368 genes when growing at acid pH (205 up-regulated, 163 down-regulated). The most relevant genes affected by NRG1 were those previously reported as the key ones for particular cellular stress responses, such as HOG1 for osmotic stress and RIM101 for alkaline pH. Four of the seven genes included WCO1 codifying PAS domain ( These has been shown as the key structural motif involved in protein-protein interactions of the circadian clock, and it is also a common motif found in signaling proteins, where it functions as a signaling sensor) domains sensors of blue light, two of the three previously reported to encode opsins, one vacuolar and non-pH-responsive, and another one whose role in the acid pH response was already known. It appears that all these light-reactive cell components are possibly involved in membrane potential equilibrium and as virulence sensors. Among previously described specific functions of this transcriptional regulator, it was found to be involved in glucose repression, metabolic adaptation to adverse conditions, cellular transport, cell rescue, defense and interaction with an acidic pH environment.

scholarly journals Hexokinase and glucokinases are essential for fitness and virulence in the pathogenic yeastCandida albicans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Laurian ◽  
Karine Dementhon ◽  
Bastien Doumèche ◽  
Alexandre Soulard ◽  
Thierry Noel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Glucose Repression ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hexose Phosphorylation

AbstractMetabolic flexibility promotes infection and commensal colonization by the opportunistic pathogenCandida albicans.Yeast cell survival depends upon assimilation of fermentable and non-fermentable locally available carbon sources. Physiologically relevant sugars like glucose and fructose are present at low level in host niches. However, because glucose is the preferred substrate for energy and biosynthesis of structural components, its efficient metabolization is fundamental for the metabolic adaptation of the pathogen. We explored and characterized theC. albicanshexose kinase system composed of one hexokinase (CaHxk2) and two glucokinases (CaGlk1 and CaGlk4). Using a set of mutant strains, we found that hexose phosphorylation is mostly assured by CaHxk2, which sustains growth on hexoses. Our data on hexokinase and glucokinase expression point out an absence of cross regulation mechanisms at the transcription level and different regulatory pathways. In the presence of glucose, CaHxk2 migrates in the nucleus and contributes to the glucose repression signaling pathway. In addition, CaHxk2 participates to oxidative, osmotic and cell wall stress responses, while glucokinases are overexpressed under hypoxia. Hexose phosphorylation is a key step necessary for filamentation, that is affected in the hexokinase mutant. Virulence of this mutant is clearly impacted in theGalleria mellonellaand macrophage models. Filamentation, glucose phosphorylation and stress response defects of the hexokinase mutant prevent host killing byC. albicans.By contributing to metabolic flexibility, stress answer response and morphogenesis, hexose kinase enzymes play an essential role in the virulence ofC. albicans.Author summaryThe pathogenic yeastC. albicansis both a powerful commensal and pathogen of humans that can infect wide range of organs and body sites. To grow in its host and establish an infection, the pathogen must assimilate carbon from these heterogenous environments.C. albicansregulates central carbon metabolism in a niche-specific manner, activating alternatively gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle and the glycolytic metabolism. For yeast and other microorganisms, glucose is the preferred carbon and energy source and its accurate detection and metabolism is essential. However, the glycolytic hexose kinase system has not been investigated yet inC. albicans.In this report, we showed that hexokinase and glucokinases contribute to the fitness and virulence ofC. albicans.We revealed the main metabolic role of the hexokinase CaHxk2 which impacts on growth, glucose signalling, morphological transition and virulence. However, glucokinases contribute to the anoxic response and their implication in regulation processes is suggested.

scholarly journals Roles of the 14-3-3 gene family in cotton flowering

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Sang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Bin Ma ◽  
Xianzhong Huang ◽  
Lu Zhuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Genome Wide

Abstract Background In plants, 14-3-3 proteins, also called GENERAL REGULATORY FACTORs (GRFs), encoded by a large multigene family, are involved in protein–protein interactions and play crucial roles in various physiological processes. No genome-wide analysis of the GRF gene family has been performed in cotton, and their functions in flowering are largely unknown. Results In this study, 17, 17, 31, and 17 GRF genes were identified in Gossypium herbaceum, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum, and G. raimondii, respectively, by genome-wide analyses and were designated as GheGRFs, GaGRFs, GhGRFs, and GrGRFs, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that these proteins were divided into ε and non-ε groups. Gene structural, motif composition, synteny, and duplicated gene analyses of the identified GRF genes provided insights into the evolution of this family in cotton. GhGRF genes exhibited diverse expression patterns in different tissues. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that the GhGRFs interacted with the cotton FLOWERING LOCUS T homologue GhFT in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while they interacted with the basic leucine zipper transcription factor GhFD only in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing in G. hirsutum and transgenic studies in Arabidopsis demonstrated that GhGRF3/6/9/15 repressed flowering and that GhGRF14 promoted flowering. Conclusions Here, 82 GRF genes were identified in cotton, and their gene and protein features, classification, evolution, and expression patterns were comprehensively and systematically investigated. The GhGRF3/6/9/15 interacted with GhFT and GhFD to form florigen activation complexs that inhibited flowering. However, GhGRF14 interacted with GhFT and GhFD to form florigen activation complex that promoted flowering. The results provide a foundation for further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of flowering.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of Poplar SQUAMOSA-Promoter-Binding Protein (SBP) Family under Salt Stress

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Qing Guo ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Wenjing Yao ◽  
Zihan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Genome Wide Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein

SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBP) is a kind of plant-specific transcription factor, which plays a crucial role in stress responses and plant growth and development by activating and inhibiting the transcription of multiple target genes. In this study, a total of 30 SBP genes were identified from Populus trichocarpa genome and randomly distributed on 16 chromosomes in poplar. According to phylogenetic analysis, the PtSBPs can be divided into six categories, and 14 out of the genes belong to VI. Furthermore, the SBP genes in VI were proved to have a targeting relationship with miR156. The homeopathic element analysis showed that the promoters of poplar SBP genes mainly contain the elements involved in growth and development, abiotic stress and hormone response. In addition, there existed 10 gene segment duplication events in the SBP gene duplication analysis. Furthermore, there were four poplar and Arabidopsis orthologous gene pairs among the poplar SBP members. What is more, poplar SBP gene family has diverse gene expression pattern under salt stress. As many as nine SBP members were responding to high salt stress and six members possibly participated in growth development and abiotic stress. Yeast two-hybrid experiments indicated that PtSBPs can form heterodimers to interact in the transcriptional regulatory networks. The genome-wide analysis of poplar SBP family will contribute to function characterization of SBP genes in woody plants.

scholarly journals Defects in Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Influence Virulence in the Maize Pathogen Ustilago maydis

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1055-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Kretschmer ◽  
Jana Klose ◽  
James W. Kronstad
Keyword(s):  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

ABSTRACTAn understanding of metabolic adaptation during the colonization of plants by phytopathogenic fungi is critical for developing strategies to protect crops. Lipids are abundant in plant tissues, and fungal phytopathogens in the phylum basidiomycota possess both peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation pathways to utilize this potential carbon source. Previously, we demonstrated a role for the peroxisomal β-oxidation enzyme Mfe2 in the filamentous growth, virulence, and sporulation of the maize pathogenUstilago maydis. However,mfe2mutants still caused disease symptoms, thus prompting a more detailed investigation of β-oxidation. We now demonstrate that a defect in thehad1gene encoding hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase for mitochondrial β-oxidation also influences virulence, although its paralog,had2, makes only a minor contribution. Additionally, we identified a gene encoding a polypeptide with similarity to the C terminus of Mfe2 and designated it Mfe2b; this gene makes a contribution to virulence only in the background of anmfe2Δ mutant. We also show that short-chain fatty acids induce cell death inU. maydisand that a block in β-oxidation leads to toxicity, likely because of the accumulation of toxic intermediates. Overall, this study reveals that β-oxidation has a complex influence on the formation of disease symptoms byU. maydisthat includes potential metabolic contributions to proliferationin plantaand an effect on virulence-related morphogenesis.

scholarly journals NIK promotes metabolic adaptation of glioblastoma cells to bioenergetic stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Kamradt ◽  
Ji-Ung Jung ◽  
Kathryn M. Pflug ◽  
Dong W. Lee ◽  
Victor Fanniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Tumor Microenvironments ◽  
Iκb Kinase ◽  
Critical Measure

AbstractCancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), undergo coordinated reprogramming of metabolic pathways that control glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to promote tumor growth in diverse tumor microenvironments. Adaptation to limited nutrient availability in the microenvironment is associated with remodeling of mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetic capacity. We recently demonstrated that NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) regulates mitochondrial morphology to promote GBM cell invasion. Here, we show that NIK is recruited to the outer membrane of dividing mitochondria with the master fission regulator, Dynamin-related protein1 (DRP1). Moreover, glucose deprivation-mediated metabolic shift to OXPHOS increases fission and mitochondrial localization of both NIK and DRP1. NIK deficiency results in decreased mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity (SRC), a critical measure of mitochondrial fitness. Although IκB kinase α and β (IKKα/β) and NIK are required for OXPHOS in high glucose media, only NIK is required to increase SRC under glucose deprivation. Consistent with an IKK-independent role for NIK in regulating metabolism, we show that NIK phosphorylates DRP1-S616 in vitro and in vivo. Notably, a constitutively active DRP1-S616E mutant rescues oxidative metabolism, invasiveness, and tumorigenic potential in NIK−/− cells without inducing IKK. Thus, we establish that NIK is critical for bioenergetic stress responses to promote GBM cell pathogenesis independently of IKK. Our data suggest that targeting NIK may be used to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities and improve therapeutic strategies for GBM.

GRR1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for glucose repression and encodes a protein with leucine-rich repeats

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 5101-5112
Author(s):  
J S Flick ◽  
M Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Glucose Repression ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose leads to repression of transcription of many genes required for alternative carbohydrate metabolism. The GRR1 gene appears to be of central importance to the glucose repression mechanism, because mutations in GRR1 result in a pleiotropic loss of glucose repression (R. Bailey and A. Woodword, Mol. Gen. Genet. 193:507-512, 1984). We have isolated the GRR1 gene and determined that null mutants are viable and display a number of growth defects in addition to the loss of glucose repression. Surprisingly, grr1 mutations convert SUC2, normally a glucose-repressed gene, into a glucose-induced gene. GRR1 encodes a protein of 1,151 amino acids that is expressed constitutively at low levels in yeast cells. GRR1 protein contains 12 tandem repeats of a sequence similar to leucine-rich motifs found in other proteins that may mediate protein-protein interactions. Indeed, cell fractionation studies are consistent with this view, suggesting that GRR1 protein is tightly associated with a particulate protein fraction in yeast extracts. The combined genetic and molecular data are consistent with the idea that GRR1 protein is a primary response element in the glucose repression pathway and is required for the generation or interpretation of the signal that induces glucose repression.

scholarly journals Distinct carbohydrate and lipid-based molecular patterns within lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cepacia contribute to defense-associated differential gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntakadzeni E Madala ◽  
Antonio Molinaro ◽  
Ian A Dubery
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Signal Perception ◽  
Initial Perception ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Lipopolysaccharides are structural components within the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria. The LPSs as microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules can trigger defense-related responses involved in MAMP-triggered immunity and basal resistance in plants, presumably from an initial perception event. LPS from Burkholderia cepacia as well as two fragments, the glycolipid, lipid A and the polysaccharide (OPS-core) chain, were used to treat Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to evaluate the eliciting activities of the individual LPS sub-domains by means of Annealing Control Primer-based Differential Display transcript profiling. Genes found to be up-regulated encode for proteins involved in signal perception and transduction, transcriptional regulation and defense – and stress responses. Furthermore, genes encoding proteins involved in chaperoning, secretion, protein–protein interactions and protein degradation were differentially expressed. It is concluded that intact LPS, as well as the two sub-components, induced the expression of a broad range of genes associated with perception and defense as well as metabolic reprogramming of cellular activities in support of immunity and basal resistance. Whilst the lipid A and OPS moieties were able to up-regulate sub-sets of defense-associated genes over the same spectrum of categories as intact LPS, the up-regulation observed with intact LPS was the more comprehensive, suggesting that the lipid A and glycan molecular patterns of the molecule act as partial agonists, but that the intact LPS structure is required for full agonist activity.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomics and Physiological Analyses Reveal Important Maize Filling-Kernel Drought-Responsive Genes and Metabolic Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Tinashe Zenda ◽  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Guo Liu ◽  
Hongyu Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Comparative Proteomics ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Despite recent scientific headway in deciphering maize (Zea mays L.) drought stress responses, the overall picture of key proteins and genes, pathways, and protein–protein interactions regulating maize filling-kernel drought tolerance is still fragmented. Yet, maize filling-kernel drought stress remains devastating and its study is critical for tolerance breeding. Here, through a comprehensive comparative proteomics analysis of filling-kernel proteomes of two contrasting (drought-tolerant YE8112 and drought-sensitive MO17) inbred lines, we report diverse but key molecular actors mediating drought tolerance in maize. Using isobaric tags for relative quantification approach, a total of 5175 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified from four experimental comparisons. By way of Venn diagram analysis, four critical sets of drought-responsive proteins were mined out and further analyzed by bioinformatics techniques. The YE8112-exclusive DAPs chiefly participated in pathways related to “protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum” and “tryptophan metabolism”, whereas MO17-exclusive DAPs were involved in “starch and sucrose metabolism” and “oxidative phosphorylation” pathways. Most notably, we report that YE8112 kernels were comparatively drought tolerant to MO17 kernels attributable to their redox post translational modifications and epigenetic regulation mechanisms, elevated expression of heat shock proteins, enriched energy metabolism and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, and up-regulated expression of seed storage proteins. Further, comparative physiological analysis and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction results substantiated the proteomics findings. Our study presents an elaborate understanding of drought-responsive proteins and metabolic pathways mediating maize filling-kernel drought tolerance, and provides important candidate genes for subsequent functional validation.

DCL and Associated Proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana - An Interaction Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Paushali Roy ◽  
Abhijit Datta
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Interaction Study ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Protein Expression Level ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Associated Proteins

During RNA interference in plants, Dicer-like/DCL proteins process longer double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors into small RNA molecules. In Arabidopsis thaliana there are four DCLs (DCL1, DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4) that interact with various associated proteins to carry out this processing. The lack of complete structural-functional information and characterization of DCLs and their associated proteins leads to this study where we have generated the structures by modelling, analysed the structures and studied the interactions of Arabidopsisthaliana DCLs with their associated proteins with the homology-derived models to screen the interacting residues. Structural analyses indicate existence of significant conserved domains that may play imperative roles during protein-protein interactions. The interaction study shows some key domain-domain (including multi-domains and inter-residue interactions) interfaces and specific residue biases (like arginine and leucine) that may help in augmenting the protein expression level during stress responses. Results point towards plausible stable associations to carry out RNA processing in a synchronised pattern by elucidating the structural properties and protein-protein interactions of DCLs that may hold significance for RNAi researchers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document