Comparative Genomics Used to Predict Virulence Factors and Metabolic Genes among Monilinia Species

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is among the most important diseases in stone fruits, and some pome fruits (mainly apples). This disease is responsible for significant yield losses, particularly in stone fruits, when weather conditions favorable for disease development appear. To achieve future sustainable strategies to control brown rot on fruit, one potential approach will be to characterize genomic variation among Monilinia spp. to define, among others, the capacity to infect fruit in this genus. In the present work, we performed genomic and phylogenomic comparisons of five Monilinia species and inferred differences in numbers of secreted proteins, including CAZy proteins and other proteins important for virulence. Duplications specific to Monilinia were sparse and, overall, more genes have been lost than gained. Among Monilinia spp., low variability in the CAZome was observed. Interestingly, we identified several secondary metabolism clusters based on similarity to known clusters, and among them was a cluster with homology to pyriculol that could be responsible for the synthesis of chloromonilicin. Furthermore, we compared sequences of all strains available from NCBI of these species to assess their MAT loci and heterokaryon compatibility systems. Our comparative analyses provide the basis for future studies into understanding how these genomic differences underlie common or differential abilities to interact with the host plant.

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Brown rot of stone fruits on the Murrumbidgee irrigation areas. III. Influence of weather conditions during the harvest period on disease incidence in canning peaches

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9721035 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PF Kable

Keyword(s):

Disease Incidence ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Stone Fruits ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Surface Wetness ◽

Weather Patterns

Brown rot caused severe losses on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas in nine of 36 seasons. Slight to moderate losses were more frequent. The influence of weather on incidence of brown rot losses was examined. Losses did not occur unless there was rain when fruits were ripe. Losses never resulted from long damp periods occurring prior to the commencement of harvest. Rain causing surface wetness on ripe fruit of duration in excess of 10 hr was necessary before losses occurred. Severity of losses increased with duration of wetness, losses being most likely and most severe when the duration of surface wetness approached or exceeded 20 hr. The probability of losses increased with increasing number of long rain-induced damp periods during the harvest period. Dews appeared to have little influence on brown rot incidence. Temperatures during damp periods were generally in a range suitable for infection. The most common weather patterns associated with long rain-induced damp periods are described. Losses from fruit rot increase for some 3-5 days after the damp period causing infection, then gradually decline. Springtime brown rot infection was not a prerequisite for fruit rot.

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Climatic and Environmental Trends Observed During Epidemic and Non-epidemic Years of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome in Iowa

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2013-0529-01-rs ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 18 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Leonor F. S. Leandro ◽

Alison E. Robertson ◽

Daren S. Mueller ◽

Xiao-Bing Yang

Keyword(s):

Sudden Death ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Sudden Death Syndrome ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Average Rainfall ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Reduce Risk

Soybean yield losses due to sudden death syndrome (SDS) have varied from year to year in Iowa since the disease was first reported in 1993. An SDS epidemic in 2010 resulted in significant yield losses and raised numerous concerns by farmers and agronomists regarding the potential for future outbreaks. Since infection and SDS development is highly dependent on temperature and soil moisture, our hypothesis was that SDS epidemics occur in years with above-average rainfall and below-average temperatures. To test this hypothesis, environmental conditions in southeast and central Iowa were compared among epidemic and non-epidemic years. Mean total precipitation and number of days with precipitation during each month of the growing season (April through August) tended to be greater in epidemic years (10.4 to 26.3 inches, 10 to 15 days) than non-epidemic years (8.9 to 15.4 inches, 9 to 12 days). Soil temperatures in April through July averaged less in epidemic years (9.0 to 24.7°C) than non-epidemic years (10.4 to 26.6°C). The widespread 2010 SDS epidemic in Iowa likely resulted from the concurrence of several weather conditions that were particularly favorable for disease. To reduce risk of yield losses in future years, soybean farmers should use an integrated disease management for SDS, focusing on using resistant varieties, avoiding soil compaction, and avoiding planting in cool wet soils. Accepted for publication 31 January 2013. Published 29 May 2013.

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Modeling of Yield Losses Caused by Potato Late Blight on Eight Cultivars with Different Levels of Resistance to Phytophthora infestans

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-11-0752 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (7) ◽

pp. 935-942 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Toky Rakotonindraina ◽

Jean-Éric Chauvin ◽

Roland Pellé ◽

Robert Faivre ◽

Catherine Chatot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Late Blight ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Potato Late Blight ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Predictive Quality ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cultivar Susceptibility

The Shtienberg model for predicting yield loss caused by Phytophthora infestans in potato was developed and parameterized in the 1990s in North America. The predictive quality of this model was evaluated in France for a wide range of epidemics under different soil and weather conditions and on cultivars different than those used to estimate its parameters. A field experiment was carried out in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 in Brittany, western France to assess late blight severity and yield losses. The dynamics of late blight were monitored on eight cultivars with varying types and levels of resistance. The model correctly predicted relative yield losses (efficiency = 0.80, root mean square error of prediction = 13.25%, and bias = –0.36%) as a function of weather and the observed disease dynamics for a wide range of late blight epidemics. In addition to the evaluation of the predictive quality of the model, this article provides a dataset that describes the development of various late blight epidemics on potato as a function of weather conditions, fungicide regimes, and cultivar susceptibility. Following this evaluation, the Shtienberg model can be used with confidence in research and development programs to better manage potato late blight in France.

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Inheritance of Antibiosis Resistance to the Dectes Stem Borer, Dectes texanus, in Soybean PI165673

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040738 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 738

Author(s):

Lina M. Aguirre-Rojas ◽

Lawrent L. Buschman ◽

Brian McCornack ◽

William T. Schapaugh ◽

Erin D. Scully ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Larval Stage ◽

Stem Borer ◽

Plant Introduction ◽

Lower Number ◽

Soybean Plant ◽

Yield Losses ◽

First Instar ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Antibiosis Resistance

Dectes texanus larvae girdles the stems of soybean and cultivated sunflowers causing significant yield losses in North America. The soybean Plant Introduction (PI) 165673 exhibits antibiosis resistance to the larval stage. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the inheritance of D. texanus resistance in PI165673; (2) evaluate PI165673 antibiosis resistance before 21 d post infestation; (3) evaluate girdling damage in PI16563 at the end of the season. K07-1544/PI165673 F2 and F2:3 populations were tested for resistance to D. texanus in 2011 and 2012, and PI165673 antibiosis resistance and girdling damage were evaluated in 2014. Segregation for resistance to D. texanus and heritability estimates in the F2 and F2:3 populations indicated that resistance was controlled by two genes with dominant and recessive epistasis. Antibiosis evaluations indicated: (1) PI165673 contained lower number of larvae and eggs relative to the number of oviposition punctures at 15 d post infestation; (2) the proportion of first-instar larvae was higher in PI165673 at 15 d post infestation; (3) larvae reach the sixth-instar stage in PI165673. None of the PI165673 plants were girdled at the end of the season. Identification of additional sources of D. texanus resistance is required to impair larval development in the stem.

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Fungicide efficacy on tar spot and yield of corn in the Midwestern United States

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-10-21-0125-rs ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Darcy E. P. Telenko ◽

Martin I. Chilvers ◽

Adam Byrne ◽

Jill Check ◽

Camila Rocco Da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Field Trials ◽

Corn Belt ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Single Application ◽

Midwestern United States ◽

Tar Spot ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Foliar Fungicide

Tar spot of corn caused by Phyllachora maydis has recently led to significant yield losses in the eastern corn belt of the Midwestern United States. Foliar fungicides containing quinone outside inhibitors(QoI), demethylation inhibitors(DMI), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors(SDHI) are commonly used to manage foliar diseases in corn. To mitigate the losses from tar spot thirteen foliar fungicides containing single or multiple modes of action (MOA/FRAC groups) were applied at their recommended rates in a single application at the standard tassel/silk growth stage timing to evaluate their efficacy against tar spot in a total of eight field trials in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin during 2019 and 2020. The single MOA fungicides included either a QoI or DMI. The dual MOA fungicides included a DMI with either a QoI or SDHI, and fungicides containing three MOAs included a QoI, DMI, and SDHI. Tar spot severity estimated as the percentage of leaf area covered by P. maydis stroma of the non-treated control at dent growth stage ranged from 1.6 to 23.3% on the ear leaf. Averaged across eight field trials all foliar fungicide treatments reduced tar spot severity, but only prothioconazole+trifloxystrobin, mefentrifluconazole+pyraclostrobin+fluxapyroxad, and mefentrifluconazole+pyraclostrobin significantly increased yield over the non-treated control. When comparing fungicide treatments by the number of MOAs foliar fungicide products that had two or three MOAs decreased tar spot severity over not treating and products with one MOA. The fungicide group that contained all three MOAs significantly increased yield over not treating with a fungicide or using a single MOA.

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Response of Sensitive and Resistant Snap Bean Genotypes to Nighttime Ozone Concentration

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04808-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 145 (6) ◽

pp. 331-339

Author(s):

Kirsten L. Lloyd ◽

Donald D. Davis ◽

Richard P. Marini ◽

Dennis R. Decoteau

Keyword(s):

Leaf Age ◽

Acute Injury ◽

Yield Response ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Foliar Injury ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Stirred Tank Reactors ◽

First Results ◽

Significant Yield ◽

The Impact

Effects of nighttime (2000 to 0700 hr) O3 on the pod mass of sensitive (S156) and resistant (R123) snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were assessed using continuous stirred tank reactors located within a greenhouse. Two concentration-response relationship trials were designed to evaluate yield response to nighttime O3 exposure (10 to 265 ppb) in combination with daytime exposure at background levels (44 and 62 ppb). Three replicated trials tested the impact of nighttime O3 treatment at means of 145, 144, and 145 ppb on yields. In addition, stomatal conductance (gS) measurements documented diurnal variations and assessed the effects of genotype and leaf age. During the concentration-response experiments, pod mass had a significant linear relationship with the nighttime O3 concentration across genotypes. Yield losses of 15% and 50% occurred at nighttime exposure levels of ≈45 and 145 ppb, respectively, for S156, whereas R123 yields decreased by 15% at ≈150 ppb. At low nighttime O3 levels of ≈100 ppb, R123 yields initially increased up to 116% of the treatment that received no added nighttime O3, suggesting a potential hormesis effect for R123, but not for S156. Results from replicated trials revealed significant yield losses in both genotypes following combined day and night exposure, whereas night-only exposure caused significant decreases only for S156. The gS rates ranged from less than 100 mmol·m−2·s−1 in the evening to midday levels more than 1000 mmol·m−2·s−1. At sunrise and sunset, S156 had significantly higher gS rates than R123, suggesting a greater potential O3 flux into leaves. Across genotypes, younger rapidly growing leaves had higher gS rates than mature fully expanded leaves when evaluated at four different times during the day. Although these were long-term trials, gS measurements and observations of foliar injury development suggest that acute injury, occurring at approximately the time of sunrise, also may have contributed to yield losses. To our knowledge, these are the first results to confirm that the relative O3 sensitivity of the S156/R123 genotypes is valid for nighttime exposure.

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Individuals at risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis harbor differential intestinal bacteriophage communities with distinct metabolic potential

10.1101/2021.02.03.429590 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mihnea R. Mangalea ◽

David Paez-Espino ◽

Kristopher Kieft ◽

Anushila Chatterjee ◽

Jennifer A. Seifert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

At Risk ◽

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Disease Development ◽

Metabolic Potential ◽

Metabolic Genes ◽

Auxiliary Metabolic Genes ◽

Citrullinated Protein ◽

Insight Into

SUMMARYRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized in seropositive individuals by the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) antibodies. RA is linked to the intestinal microbiota, yet the association of microbes with CCP serology and their contribution to RA is unclear. We describe intestinal phage communities of individuals at risk for developing RA, with or without anti-CCP antibodies, whose first degree relatives have been diagnosed with RA. We show that at-risk individuals harbor intestinal phage compositions that diverge based on CCP serology, are dominated by Lachnospiraceae phages, and originate from disparate ecosystems. These phages encode unique repertoires of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) which associate with anti-CCP status, suggesting that these phages directly influence the metabolic and immunomodulatory capability of the microbiota. This work sets the stage for the use of phages as preclinical biomarkers and provides insight into a possible microbial-based causation of RA disease development.

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A BRIEF REVIEW FOR IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION OF POTATO VIRUSES

World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology ◽

10.33865/wjb.001.01.0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Madiha Urooj ◽

Uzma Arif ◽

Anisa Intikhab

Keyword(s):

Potato Crop ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Review Article ◽

Pivotal Role ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Food Crop ◽

Potato Viruses ◽

Significant Yield

Potato is ranked fourth among the food crop and fifth for human consumption. It provides more yield and calories production as compare to cereals. Fungal, viral, viroid, bacteria, nematode, phytoplasmas and abiotic factors play a pivotal role for yield reduction of potato crop. Viruses known to infect potato in Pakistan include PVA, PVM, PVS, PVX, PVY, PLRV and PMTV. Increasing incidence of PVX and PVY in main potato growing areas of Pakistan is getting an alarming position and PLRV has caused significant yield losses. Present review article demonstrate different techniques for diagnostics of major potato viruses.

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Use of polimerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2002.029 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 311-317

Author(s):

Ewa Solarska ◽

Magdalena Grudzińska

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Production System ◽

Production Systems ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Ecological System ◽

Disease Development ◽

Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽

Chain Reaction

<i>Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</i> was detected by PCR in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems in 2000 and 2001. In all tested systems only pathotype R of pathogen was detected. Detection of fungus depended on production system and weather conditions. Pathogen was not detected in both tested cultivars only in ecological system but only in season with less favourable conditions for disease development

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Weed Mapping in Vineyards Using RGB-D Perception

Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.3390/engproc2021009030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Dimitrios Kateris ◽

Damianos Kalaitzidis ◽

Vasileios Moysiadis ◽

Aristotelis C. Tagarakis ◽

Dionysis Bochtis

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Weed Mapping ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Different Levels

Weed management is one of the major challenges in viticulture, as long as weeds can cause significant yield losses and severe competition to the cultivations. In this direction, the development of an automated procedure for weed monitoring will provide useful data for understanding their management practices. In this work, a new image-based technique was developed in order to provide maps based on weeds’ height at the inter-row path of the vineyards. The developed algorithms were tested in many datasets from vineyards with different levels of weed development. The results show that the proposed technique gives promising results in various field conditions.

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