Not Only a Formulation: The Effects of Pickering Emulsion on the Entomopathogenic Action of Metarhizium brunneum

Growing global population and environmental concerns necessitate the transition from chemical to eco-friendly pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are rising candidates for this task due to their ease of growing, broad host range and unique disease process, allowing EPF to infect hosts directly through its cuticle. However, EPF’s requirement for high humidity negates their integration into conventional agriculture. To mitigate this problem, we formulated Metarhizium brunneum conidia in an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. Conidia in aqueous and emulsion formulations were sprayed on Ricinus communis leaves, and Spodoptera littoralis larvae were introduced under low or high humidity. The following were examined: conidial dispersion on leaf, larval mortality, conidial acquisition by larvae, effects on larval growth and feeding, and dynamic of disease progression. Emulsion was found to disperse conidia more efficiently and caused two-fold more adhesion of conidia to host cuticle. Mortality from conidia in emulsion was significantly higher than other treatments reaching 86.5% under high humidity. Emulsion was also found to significantly reduce larval growth and feeding, while conferring faster fungal growth in-host. Results suggest that a Pickering emulsion is able to improve physical interactions between the conidia and their surroundings, while weakening the host through a plethora of mechanisms, increasing the chance of an acute infection.

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Conjugated linoleic acid as a novel insecticide targeting the agricultural pest Leptinotarsa decemlineata

10.1101/715011 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Justin Clements ◽

Russell L. Groves ◽

JoAnn Cava ◽

Caroline Barry ◽

Scott Chapman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Colorado Potato Beetle ◽

Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Larval Growth ◽

The United States ◽

Feeding Preference ◽

Agricultural Pest ◽

Potato Beetle

AbstractThe Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is a major agricultural pest of solanaceous crops in the United States. Historically, a multitude of insecticides have been used to control problematic populations. Due to increasing resistance to insecticides, novel compounds and methodologies are warranted for the control of beetle populations. Mixed-isomer conjugated linoleic acid has been studied in-depth for its beneficial properties to mammalian systems. At the same time, studies have demonstrated that conjugated linoleic acid can manipulate fatty acid composition in non-mammalian systems, resulting in embryo mortality. Consequently, experiments were conducted to assess the effects of foliar-applied conjugated linoleic acid on larval growth, embryogenesis, and feeding preference in Colorado potato beetle. Both maternal and deterrent effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid were assessed. Conjugated linoleic acid demonstrated desirable insecticidal properties, including increased larval mortality, slowed larval development, antifeedant effects, and decreased egg viability after maternal ingestion.

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Hand Infections

10.2310/ps.10080 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Scott D Lifchez ◽

Colton McNichols

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Disease Process ◽

Hand Surgery ◽

Inpatient Setting ◽

Timely Manner ◽

Functional Deficit ◽

Hand Infection ◽

Patient Will ◽

Flexor Tenosynovitis

Hand infections are a common concern in the emergency, outpatient, and inpatient setting. It is important to accurately diagnose and treat these infections to minimize the risk of spread or functional deficit that could be permanent if not addressed in a timely manner. In this chapter, we aim to cover the epidemiology and etiology of hand infections along with how they tend to present in the clinical setting. This chapter is written so that each encounter can be analyzed in a logical, step-wise fashion from formulating a differential diagnosis to treatment. Upon evaluation, it is important to perform a thorough clinical examination in addition to knowing which imaging modalities can help elucidate the pathology when the initial presentation is unclear. These and other diagnostic studies are covered so that the differential diagnosis can be narrowed down. Each of the possible scenarios is clarified further to help confirm the most likely diagnosis. Finally, we touch on each treatment (whether surgical or medical) recommended for the suspected disease process. Overall, it is important to discern whether the patient will need a small procedure, surgery, or medication alone so that the appropriate management is performed and optimal healing is possible. This review contains 25 Figures, 10 Tables and 26 references Key Words: acute infection, chronic infection, paronychia, felon, flexor tenosynovitis, septic joint, hand infection, hand surgery

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Characteristics of survivors: growth and nutritional condition of early stages of the hake species Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis in the southern Benguela ecosystem

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fss020 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 553-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Britta Grote ◽

Werner Ekau ◽

Erling K. Stenevik ◽

Catriona Clemmesen ◽

Hans M. Verheye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Selection Pressure ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Nutritional Condition ◽

Complex Relationship ◽

Early Stages ◽

Benguela Upwelling ◽

Selection For ◽

High Selection

Abstract Grote, B., Ekau, W., Stenevik, E. K., Clemmesen, C., Verheye, H. M., Lipinski, M. R., and Hagen, W. 2012. Characteristics of survivors: growth and nutritional condition of early stages of the hake species Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis in the southern Benguela ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 553–562. Larval mortality in marine fish is strongly linked to characteristic traits such as growth and condition, but the variability in these traits is poorly understood. We tried to identify the variability in growth in relation to conditions leading to greater survival chances for early stages of Cape hake, Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis, in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem. During two cruises in 2007 and one cruise in 2008, hake larvae and juveniles were caught. Otolith microstructures revealed a larval age ranging from 2 to 29 days post-hatching (dph), whereas juvenile age was 67–152 dph. RNA:DNA ratios, used to evaluate nutritional condition, were above the relevant threshold level for growth. No strong coupling between growth and condition was detected, indicating a complex relationship between these factors in the southern Benguela ecosystem. Merluccius paradoxus juveniles caught in 2007 (the surviving larvae of 2006) had significantly higher larval growth rates than larvae hatched in 2007 and 2008, possibly indicating selection for fast growth in 2006. High selection pressure on growth could be linked to predation avoidance, including cannibalism.

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larval growth and mortality of japanese spanish mackerel (scomberomorus niphonius) in the central seto inland sea, japan

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315405012403 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (5) ◽

pp. 1255-1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

jun shoji ◽

tsutomu maehara ◽

m. tanaka

Keyword(s):

Fish Larvae ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Survival Strategies ◽

Seto Inland Sea ◽

Larval Feeding ◽

Spanish Mackerel ◽

Daily Increments ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Scomberomorus Niphonius

growth and mortality rates of larval japanese spanish mackerel (scomberomorus niphonius) were estimated by using otolith daily increments in 1997 and 1998 in the sea of hiuchi, central seto inland sea. there was no day–night difference in the abundance and size-distribution of s. niphonius larvae in the 3–10 mm size-classes, indicating the larvae were efficiently collected by the larva-net used for sampling (1.3 m mouth diameter, 0.5 mm mesh). mean absolute growth rate (0.748 mm d−1 in 1997, 0.821 mm d−1 in 1998), weight specific growth coefficient (g: 0.402 in 1997, 0.444 in 1998) and mortality coefficient (m: 0.784 in 1997 and 0.625 in 1998) were among the highest reported for marine fish larvae. scomberomorus niphonius seems to have evolved survival strategies characterized by fast growth with strong piscivory that can reduce duration of the larval period with the high mortality. in 1997, spatial distribution of the larvae was not well corresponded to that of their prey, clupeid larvae, and the larval feeding incidence was lower than in 1998. recruitment potential assessed by examining the ratio of g:m was lower in 1997 (0.513 in 1997, 0.711 in 1998) due to the lower g and higher m values. prey fish availability may be one of the important determinants for the recruitment potential by controlling the larval mortality due to starvation and/or starvation-related predation.

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Maintained larval growth in mussel larvae exposed to acidified under-saturated seawater

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep23728 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Alexander Ventura ◽

Sabrina Schulz ◽

Sam Dupont

Keyword(s):

Blue Mussel ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Energy Costs ◽

Early Life Stages ◽

Saturation State ◽

Physiological Tolerance ◽

Seawater Ph ◽

Wide Range ◽

Trochophore Stage

Abstract Ocean acidification (OA) is known to affect bivalve early life-stages. We tested responses of blue mussel larvae to a wide range of pH in order to identify their tolerance threshold. Our results confirmed that decreasing seawater pH and decreasing saturation state increases larval mortality rate and the percentage of abnormally developing larvae. Virtually no larvae reared at average pHT 7.16 were able to feed or reach the D-shell stage and their development appeared to be arrested at the trochophore stage. However larvae were capable of reaching the D-shell stage under milder acidification (pHT ≈ 7.35, 7.6, 7.85) including in under-saturated seawater with Ω a as low as 0.54 ± 0.01 (mean ± s. e. m.), with a tipping point for normal development identified at pHT 7.765. Additionally growth rate of normally developing larvae was not affected by lower pHT despite potential increased energy costs associated with compensatory calcification in response to increased shell dissolution. Overall, our results on OA impacts on mussel larvae suggest an average pHT of 7.16 is beyond their physiological tolerance threshold and indicate a shift in energy allocation towards growth in some individuals revealing potential OA resilience.

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Pericarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Another Pebble in the Mosaic of Long COVID?

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13101997 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1997

Author(s):

Francesco Carubbi ◽

Alessia Alunno ◽

Silvia Leone ◽

Nicoletta Di Di Gregorio ◽

Bernardina Mancini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Infection ◽

Disease Process ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Persistent Symptoms ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Pericardial Diseases ◽

Suitable Treatment ◽

The Relationship ◽

Inflammatory Component

With the emerging success of the COVID-19 vaccination programs, the incidence of acute COVID-19 will decrease. However, given the high number of people who contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovered, we will be faced with a significant number of patients with persistent symptoms even months after their COVID-19 infection. In this setting, long COVID and its cardiovascular manifestations, including pericarditis, need to become a top priority for healthcare systems as a new chronic disease process. Concerning the relationship between COVID-19 and pericardial diseases, pericarditis appears to be common in the acute infection but rare in the postacute period, while small pericardial effusions may be relatively common in the postacute period of COVID-19. Here, we reported a series of 7 patients developing pericarditis after a median of 20 days from clinical and virological recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We excluded specific identifiable causes of pericarditis, hence we speculate that these cases can be contextualized within the clinical spectrum of long COVID . All our patients were treated with a combination of colchicine and either ASA or NSAIDs, but four of them did not achieve a clinical response. When switched to glucocorticoids, these four patients recovered with no recurrence during drug tapering. Based on this observation and on the latency of pericarditis occurrence (a median of 20 days after a negative nasopharyngeal swab), could be suggested that post-COVID pericarditis may be linked to ongoing inflammation sustained by the persistence of viral nucleic acid without virus replication in the pericardium. Therefore, glucocorticoids may be a suitable treatment option in patients not responding or intolerant to conventional therapy and who require to counteract the pericardial inflammatory component rather than direct an acute viral injury to the pericardial tissue.

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Keefektifan Nematoda Patogen Serangga Steinernema sp. Terhadap Achaea janata L., Serangga Pemakan Daun Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis)

Buletin Tanaman Tembakau Serat & Minyak Industri ◽

10.21082/bultas.v5n2.2013.58-68 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Heri Prabowo ◽

I.G.A.A. Indrayani

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Infective Juvenile ◽

Pupal Weight ◽

Pathology Laboratory ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Achaea Janata ◽

Negative Impacts

Penggunaan pestisida kimia yang cukup tinggi pada akhir-akhir ini telah menimbulkan dampak negatif ter-hadap lingkungan, sehingga pengendalian hama yang ramah lingkungan sangat diperlukan. Saat ini, peng-gunaan nematoda entomopatogen terutama Steinernema sp., membuka peluang untuk digunakan sebagai pengendalian Achaea janata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keefektifan Steinernema sp. ter-hadap A. Janata , dilaksanakan di laboratorium patologi serangga Balai Penelitan Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Agustus 2011. Penelitian menggunakan rancanagan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat ulangan. Setiap ulangan menggunakan 25 larva A. janata instar 2. Larva diekspose de-ngan berbagai variasi konsentrasi Steinernema sp. dan kematian larva diamati setiap hari sampai 120 jam setelah infeksi. Konsentrasi Steinernema sp. yang digunakan adalah 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva. Hasil penelitian pemberian Steinernema sp. pada konsentrasi 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva cukup efektif untuk membunuh A. janata dengan persentase berkisar antara 80–94% mulai 48–120 jam setelah perlakuan. Se-makin tinggi konsentrasi nematoda, semakin tinggi mortalitas A. janata. Steinernema sp. dengan konsen-trasi 400 JI/larva paling efektif membunuh larva, menurunkan bobot larva, bobot pupa, jumlah telur yang dihasilkan, dan fertilitas telur. High intensity of chemical pesticide application has become a serious concern of environmentalists in recent years, because of various negative impacts of it. Therefore, environmentally friendly techniques of controlling insect pest are needed. Recently, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, especially Steinernema sp., has created new possibilities of promising control techniques against insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Steinernema sp. to A. janata larvae in laboratory. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Insti-tute from March to August 2011. Tests used the 2nd stage larvae of Achaea janata, the leaf eater of castor (Ricinus communis). Treatment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates. For each test used 25 larvae which were exposed to various concentrations of Steinernema sp. Concentration of Steinernema sp. used was 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 infective juvenile/larvae. Daily mortality A. janata larvae, larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and number of hatch eggs were recorded. Steinernema sp. on concentration of 200; 300; and 400 IJ/larvae was effective to cause mortality of A. janata larvae (80–94% mortality after 48–120 hours). The higher the concentration of the nematode the higher larval mortality. Steinernema sp. with concentration of 400 IJ/ larvae was effective decreasing larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and fertility of the eggs produced.

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Effects of larval diet quality on the growth and development of immature stages of Telostylinus angusticollis (Diptera : Neriidae)

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo19021 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 369

Author(s):

Amy K. Hooper ◽

Russell Bonduriansky

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Nutrient Concentration ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Pupal Stage ◽

Immature Stages ◽

Larval Diet ◽

Wide Range ◽

Growth Development

Nutrient abundance during development has profound effects on adult morphology, life history and behaviour in many insects, but effects of nutrition on juvenile development are less well known. We investigated how larval diet quality affects patterns of growth, development and survival of larvae and pupae in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis (Enderlein). We reared flies on two larval diets varying in nutrient concentration (‘rich’ versus ‘poor’) that have been shown previously to affect a wide range of adult traits in this species. We found that nutrient concentration affected larval growth trajectories, with individuals reared on the rich diet exhibiting greatly accelerated growth and reaching a larger body size. By contrast, we found no evidence that diet affected timing of development at the pupal stage, suggesting that developmental constraints may prevent variation in pupal development rate. Although overall mortality during the immature stages was not affected by larval diet, we found some evidence that individuals reared on a poor diet might experience higher larval mortality, whereas individuals reared on a rich diet might experience higher mortality during emergence from the puparium. Our results enhance understanding of the effects of nutrition on growth, development, and life history.

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Alternaria ricini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria ◽

10.1079/dfb/20056400249 ◽

1970 ◽

Author(s):

M. B. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

High Humidity ◽

Seedling Blight

Abstract A description is provided for Alternaria ricini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ricinus communis. DISEASE: Seedling blight, leaf spot, inflorescence and pod rot of castor. Leaf lesions are irregular in outline, variable in size but often quite large, brown, zonate, with a yellow halo. Defoliation can be extensive. The inflorescence is attacked at any age and eventually develops a sooty appearance as sporulation occurs under high humidity conditions. The capsules can wilt suddenly and become purple dark brown, the seed is poorly filled and may become infected; normal dehiscence fails. Alternatively a sunken area appears on one side of the capsule and eventually covers the whole of it, the seed is fairly well grown and dehiscence is normal. Seedlings which are infected have stunted cotyledons, become spotted and may be killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in E. & W. Africa, S. Asia and S. & E. U.S.A., see CMI Map 345, ed. 2; one additional record is Angola. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne. Infected capsules can give rise to seed which may have the coat, caruncle or endosperm infected. Seeds from such capsules give diseased seedlings. Seed dressings did not completely control the disease (39: 211).

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Acute giardiasis and Chapman reflexes: Musculoskeletal symptoms preceding, during and after infection

Osteopathic Family Physician ◽

10.33181/13060 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

Leonard Powell, DO, MS, CMD. ◽

Chad Richmond ◽

Danielle Cooley

Keyword(s):

Acute Infection ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Disease Process ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽

Secretory Diarrhea ◽

Home Exercise ◽

Home Exercise Program ◽

Musculoskeletal Manifestations

Giardiasis is an acute infection caused by Giardia lamblia, which produces profuse secretory diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and electrolyte derangement. Musculoskeletal manifestations resulting because of giardiasis occur due to prolonged inflammation and viscero-somatic reflexes of the pathophysiology for this disease process. By treating the parasitic infection with an antiparasitic agent, as well as treating the somatic dysfunctions with osteopathic manipulative treatment, analgesics and a home exercise program, the patient in the following article experienced an uneventful course of treatment and a complete recovery including resolution of the pain.

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